Orthoepic minimum exam Russian language. orthoepic norms. When is the exam

A.P. Chekhov once famously said: “In fact, for an intelligent person, speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write.” And one cannot but agree with this. A person learns to speak from the first days of his life: first, he singles out his name from the general cacophony of surrounding sounds, then the words that are spoken most often. Later, the child begins to reproduce the words, repeating them exactly as he hears from loved ones.

But, unfortunately, not everything that we learn from others corresponds to the norms of our native language! Science is called to help understand the rules of pronunciation orthoepy(Greek orthos- "correct" and epos- “word”), one of the sections of which is the study of the placement of stresses in Russian speech.

Accented words to remember

Take a look at the spelling dictionary and you will be surprised to find how many mistakes we all make in our everyday speech! Here and there we hear daily the ugly: "p O nyala", "vz I la", "sn I la."

Cake BUT x or t O mouths

And, after all, you just need to remember one simple rule: In feminine verbs in the past tense, the ending -a becomes stressed.. Remember and enjoy the correct pronunciation of words such as: understood BUT, stripped off BUT, took BUT, lied BUT, lied BUT, waited BUT, drove BUT, perceived BUT called BUT .

There are not so many exceptions to remember: BUT la, sl BUT la, cr BUT la, cl BUT la and all words with the prefix you-(you drink - in S saw, in S kick - in S zero).

Another trap was the use of plural nouns. Here the error lies in wait for us at the stage of the formation of the plural. For some reason, many turn the word "dogs O r" to "agreement BUT", and "professor" and "doctor" turn into monstrous "professor BUT' and 'doctor BUT". In fact, everything easier than a steamed turnip»:

1. Most masculine plural nouns end in -ы.
2. The ending is always unstressed!

Remember? Now you should have no problem with words like: aerop O rt - aerop O mouths, prof E quarrel - prof E quarrel, d O ktor - d O who, bow - b BUT nts, ​​scarf - sh BUT rfs, dogs O r - Great Danes O ry, elevator - l And ft, cake - t O mouths, boo BUT lter - bukhg BUT lters

We are all proud that the Russian language is rightfully considered one of the richest languages ​​in the world. But the penetration of foreign words into speech is an inevitable and quite natural phenomenon. Few people know that in the true Russian language there are no words starting with the letter " BUT «.

Most words that begin with the first letter of the alphabet And that one is of Greek origin, and some came to us from Turkic (for example: watermelon, arshin, argamak). The fashion for the use of French among representatives of the upper classes, which began during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and ended during the Napoleonic Wars, enriched our speech with a huge number of Gallicisms.

The current generation is watching how the Russian language is actively enriched with words of English origin. Alien words that have settled in our dictionaries, for the most part, retain stress in their usual place.

So for French borrowings, the stress falls on the last syllable, for Latin - on the penultimate one. The correctness of stress in words of foreign origin is best checked in dictionaries, but those words that have become firmly established in our everyday life must be remembered: alphabet And t, apostrophe O f, def And with, shutters And , rolled O g, necrol O g, quart BUT l, part E r, esp E rt, fet And w, f O rzats, fax And miles.

You should also remember the rules for placing stress in the following adjectives: At honny, sl And new, gr At sew, ukra And nsky, moza And chny, wholesale O wow, long time ago And shny.

The most popular words with stress at the olympiads

Learning the correct placement of stress can be an exciting experience. Often, just knowing the rules of the Russian language is not enough. Many stresses need only be remembered by referring to special orthoepic dictionaries.

When preparing high school students for passing the exam, it is usually proposed to study up to 500 of the most common word forms, which can cause difficulties with the correct placement of stresses, but their number is not limited to this. The study of stress norms is a laborious process, but the result can exceed all expectations: our speech will not be full of illiterate I la", "pr O cents", "contract BUT”, which means we will not be ashamed in front of the classics of Russian literature.

The orthoepic norm is the only possible or preferred option for the correct pronunciation of a word.

In order not to violate this norm, you should simply look into the spelling dictionary more often. But there are a few rules that you can use.

Nouns

• In the nominative plural, the accent falls on the ending -and the ending -ы is unstressed.
  

  For example: airports, cakes, lifts, bows, cranes, lecturers, scarves.

• In the genitive plural forms, the ending -ov is most often unstressed, and the ending -е is stressed.

  For example: accountants, cones, lecturers, cakes, positions, news
  BUT: LOCATIONS, JUDGES

• In nouns of foreign origin, the stress usually falls on the last syllable.

  For example: agent, alphabet, hyphen, dispensary, document, blinds, catalogue, obituary, quarter, parter, apostrophe, percentage, cement, expert, fetish
  BUT: endpaper, facsimile

• Often in derivative words, the stress from the generating words is preserved.
  

  For example: religion - to confess, agreement, agreement - agree intention - measure, provision - ensure, aristocracy - aristocrat, sign - banner

airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable
banty, fixed stress on the 1st syllable
beard, V. p., only in this form of unit. h. stress on the 1st syllable
BukhgAlterov, R. p. pl. h., fixed stress on the 2nd syllable
creed, from: confess the faith
citizenship
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word came from English through French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
agreement
document
leisure
blinds, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
catalog, in the same row with the words: dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
self-interest
cranes, fixed stress on the 1st syllable
lecturers, lecturers, stress on the 1st syllable, as in the word bow (s)
localities, R. p. pl. h., on a par with word forms: honors, jaws ... but: news
intention
ailment
news, news, but: localities
nail, nail, fixed stress in all forms of units. h.
Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager
briefcase
handrails
beet
orphans, I. p. pl. hours, stress in all forms pl. h. only on the 2nd syllable
means, I. p. pl. h.
convening
customs
cakes, cakes
chain
scarves like bows
chauffeur, in the same row with the words: kioskёr, controller ...
expert, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable

Adjectives

• The stress in short forms of adjectives and passive participles always falls on the stem. But in the feminine singular form, it is transferred to the ending.
  

  For example: created - created - created, taken - taken - taken, busy - busy - busy, started - started - started.

correct, short adj. and. R.
significant
prettier, adjective and adverb in comparative degree
beautiful, superlative adjective
kitchen
dexterity, short adjective. R.
mosaic
wholesale
perspicacious, short adjective. p., on a par with the words: cute, fussy, talkative ... but: gluttonous
plum, derived from: plum

Communions

delivered
folded
busy - busy
locked - locked
inhabited - populated
endowed
amassed
poured
started
started
relegated - relegated
encouraged - encouraged - encouraged
aggravated
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
adopted
tamed
lived
removed - removed
bent

Verbs

• Many feminine past tense verbs have a stressed ending:
  

  Example: take away - took away - taken away - taken away, understood - understood - understood - understood - understood, start - started - started - started; but: put - put - put - put - put.

• In verbs formed from adjectives, the stress usually falls on the ending:
  

  For example: deep - to deepen, light - to facilitate, vigorous - to encourage, cheer up

take - took
take - take
take - took
take - took
pour in - poured in
burst in - burst in
perceive - perceived
recreate - recreated
hand over - hand over
drive - drove
chase - chased
get - got
get - got
wait - waited
get through - get through, get through
wait - waited
live - lived
cork up
take - took, took, took, took
lock - locked
lock up - locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
call - called
call - call, call, call
put - put
lie - lie
pour - lilA
pour - poured
lie - lied
endow - endow
overstrain - overstrained
name - name
tilt - tilt
pour - poured
narwhal - narwhala
start - started, started, started
call - call
lighten - ease
pour over - poured over
hug - hug
overtake - overtaken
rip off - rip off
encourage
cheer up - cheer up
exacerbate
borrow - lend
embitter
paste over
surround - surround
seal, in the same row with the words: form, normalize, sort ...
become aware - become aware
depart - departed
give - gave
uncork - uncorked
withdraw - withdrew
respond - responded
pour - poured
fruit
repeat - repeat
call - called
call - call - call
water - watered
put - put
understand - understood
send - sent
arrive - arrived - arrived - arrived
accept - accepted - accepted
to tear - tore
drill - drill - drill
take off - took off
create - created
pluck - plucked
remove - removed
deepen
strengthen - strengthen
scoop
pinch - pinch
click

Participles

started
starting
having given
raising
having understood
arrived

Adverbs

in time
white
to the top
utterly
bottom
dry
before dark
prettier, adj. and adv. in comp. Art.
up
over a long time
for a long time

Orthoepic dictionary from the FIPI website with the words, the pronunciation of which on the exam must be known exactly.

An important aspect of orthoepy is stress , that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of the word. The stress on the letter is usually not indicated, although
in some cases (when teaching the Russian language to non-Russians), it is customary to set it.

Distinctive features of Russian stress are its heterogeneity and mobility . The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signed- on the first syllable; lantern, underground- on the second; hurricane, orthoepy- on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes its place (compare: ton – tons and wall – wall – walls and walls).

The last example demonstrates the mobility of Russian stress. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However,” as K. S. Gorbachevich rightly notes, “if the heterogeneity and mobility of the Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (flour – flour, cowardly – cowardly, immersed on the platform – submerged in water) and even functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (Bay leaf, but in botany: laurel family). Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms. As established by scientists, most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) are distinguished by a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.

Here are some rules of orthoepy in the area of ​​stress, which will help to prevent the corresponding errors.

Stress in adjectives

In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between little-used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. In fact, little-used and bookish words are more often stressed at the stem, while frequent, stylistically neutral or reduced words are more often accented at the end.

The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-Earth and near-Earth, minus and minus, cleaning and treatment. Such words are not included in the USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.

And yet, the choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm, according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful – beautiful – beautiful – Beautiful – beautiful; unthinkable – unthinkable – unthinkable – unthinkable – inconceivable etc.

The number of adjectives with mobile stress in Russian is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments. The stress often falls on the stem in the plural form, as well as in the singular in the masculine and neuter forms, and on the ending in the feminine form: right – rights – right – right – rights; gray - gray – gray – sulfur – sulfur; slim – slender – slender – slender – slender.

Such adjectives, as a rule, have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with the simplest suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another, it becomes necessary to refer to the orthoepic dictionary, since a number of words “knock out” of the specified norm. You can, for example, say: lengths and long, fresh and fresh, full and full etc.

It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in a comparative degree. There is such a rule: if the stress in the short form of the feminine falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix
-her: strong - stronger, sick - sicker, alive - livelier, slim - slimmer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative extent it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - more nasty. The same applies to the superlative form.

Stress in verbs

One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs
lah are forms of the past tense.

The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid, start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lilo - lili - lila. Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.).

The exception is words with the prefix you-, which takes on the stress: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out.

Verbs put, steal, lay, send the stress in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis: slala, sent, stlala.

And one more pattern. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes
at the end: start - started, started, started, started; to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.

About the pronunciation of the verb to call in conjugated form

Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: you call, call, call, call, call. This tradition is based on classical literature (primarily poetry), the speech practice of authoritative native speakers.

Stress in some participles and participles

The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles.

If the stress in the full form is on the suffix -yonn-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it passes to the ending: carried out – carried out, carried out, carried out, carried out; delivered-
ny – imported, imported, imported, imported. However, it is sometimes difficult for native speakers to choose the right place of stress in the full form. They say:
"imported" instead of imported,"translated" instead of translated etc. In such cases, it is worth referring to the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation.

A few remarks about the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -t-. If suffixes of an indefinite form -o-, -nu- have an accent on themselves, then
in participles, it will go one syllable forward: weed – weedy, prick – chipped, bend – bent, wrap – wrapped.

Passive participles from verbs pour and drink(with the suffix -t-) are characterized by unstable stress. You can speak: spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled, spilled(only!), spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled; drunk and drunk, dopit and supplement, supplement and supplement, dopito and added, supplements and supplements.

The participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: having put, having set, having filled, having taken, having taken, having exhausted (DO NOT: have exhausted), having begun, having raised, having lived, watering, having put, having understood, having given, having undertaken, having arrived, having accepted, having sold, having cursed, having spilled, having penetrated, having drunk, having created.

Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary.

Compiled on the basis of the list of paronyms from FIPI. Contains not only paronymic pairs, but also the meanings of each paronym. Ideal for preparation, indispensable for solving tests.

List of paronyms from FIPI

Words are given without lexical meanings. The list is for informational purposes only.

Sometimes when preparing for an exam, practice is more important than knowledge. The assignment for paronyms in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language is the same case. No matter how brilliant thinking is, it is impossible to correct one word for another if the student has not encountered them before. To succeed, you need to practice a lot, solving tests and just periodically reading a list of paronyms that you can get caught on the exam.

The dictionary of paronyms is built on the basis of the list of paronyms (second file) published by FIPI. This list is exhaustive. This means that words that are not included in it will definitely not meet on the exam. We suggest using the first file. It contains the same words, but with lexical meanings. You can print them out or save them to your computer to re-read periodically. The dictionary of paronyms does not need to be memorized: reading and solving test tasks is enough.

Among the 27 tasks of KIM in the Russian language in 2019, there will traditionally be questions on spelling, so at the preparation stage it is important to learn all the words included in the USE spelling minimum, compiled by FIPI.

Orthoepy is a section of the Russian language that studies the norms and rules for pronunciation of words and placement of stress.

Orthoepic norms in oral speech

Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important parameter for assessing oral speech, because incorrect pronunciation of words and incorrect stress cut the hearing of others and characterize the speaker as an illiterate and uneducated person.

Among the millions of words that everyone hears, there is a small group whose memorization is problematic for many people.

It is worth noting that the norms of orthoepy are not something static. Over time, the pronunciation of some words changes under the influence of a variety of factors. All modern norms are collected in an orthoepic dictionary, but in order to successfully pass the USE in Russian in 2019, graduates of the 11th grade will know the orthoepic minimum well enough, which includes about 300 words.

Structure of KIM 2019

The exam in Russian lasts 3.5 hours (210 minutes).

The 2019 Russian language ticket will include 27 tasks, 5 of which will be aimed at checking how the graduate speaks the language norms of oral speech. Among these tasks of the USE in 2019, there will definitely be questions on the placement of stress in the words included in the orthoepic minimum.

All ticket tasks will be divided into difficulty levels as follows:

Thus, for the correct performance of 27 tasks, the examinee will be able to score 58 primary points.

List of words for spelling assignments

Especially for 11th grade students who are preparing for the Unified State Examination in 2019, FIPI compiled an orthoepic minimum - a mini-dictionary, which lists all the stressed vowels in difficult-to-remember words.

We bring to your attention such a dictionary with a convenient division of words alphabetically and indicating the correct stress.