Which industry has the most impact on the environment? The impact of the enterprise on the environment. The impact of enterprises on the environment

Unfortunately, for quite a long time, due attention was not paid to the natural environment during its operation. The reality is that economic development has to be paid for by the destruction of flora, fauna and vast territories.

Today, it becomes extremely important to ensure the maximum possible protection of the environment from industrial facilities, which, consuming a huge amount of natural resources, are powerful sources of pollution.

Impact on nature

It is possible to talk about the effective protection of the natural environment in the process of industrial production, provided that the relationship between them is determined. Human activity in the 21st century has been a determining factor in the impact on nature, not only in a positive, but also in a negative way. Therefore, the protection of nature has become global today, and not formal, as in the recent past, in nature. In a market economy, entrepreneurs are not interested in increasing the cost of environmental protection, which naturally leads to an increase in the cost of products, and hence to a decrease in profits. The impact on nature is becoming more massive every year, and to date, in some parts of the world, it has led to an ecological crisis. For the first time, a serious environmental crisis was observed in the 1960s and 70s. Even then, members of the Club of Rome warned humanity about the impending environmental catastrophe, but their words were not heard. Meanwhile, the ecological crisis was already beginning to deepen, as evidenced by a noticeable decrease in the self-purification of the biosphere, which could no longer cope with the waste thrown into it by enterprises and people.

The main direction of protecting the natural environment today is the maximum possible maintenance of ecological balance and ensuring the natural interconnections of the ecosystem. The most pressing environmental problems at present are the following:

global environmental pollution;
intensive reduction of natural resources;
rational use of all types of resources;
reasonable sufficiency of production and consumption;
ecological education of people;
recycling of industrial and human waste;
ensuring normal life and human health.

Relationship with production

The interaction of industrial production and nature should be considered in unity, as a process of nature management by state institutions. It is social in nature, as it is committed by people within the framework of labor relations. Since production is an integral part, a public institution of any state, it is characterized by almost all the problems of society. The mutual influence of industry and the environment acts as a constituent element of the ecological system "man - nature".

Environmental problems are extremely relevant both for an individual enterprise and the entire industrial complex of the country, and for the Earth as a whole. The development of industry, on the one hand, is the result of scientific and technological progress and the production activities of people. On the other hand, industry is the main consumer of natural resources and a powerful source of pollution. Despite the fact that the environmental safety of individual industrial facilities is constantly increasing, in the country as a whole, environmental protection issues are becoming more acute, which is caused by a number of many objective and subjective reasons. Quantitative and qualitative improvement of industrial enterprises as one of the elements of the ecosystem "enterprise - natural environment" invariably leads to a quantitative and qualitative change in another element of this ecosystem - nature, and the development of enterprises takes these changes to a qualitatively new level. Thus, an increase in production capacity at an enterprise and an increase in output lead to an increase in the amount of resources consumed, and hence to an increase in harmful emissions into the environment. The relationship between two parallel processes - the process of development of enterprises and industry as a whole and the process of environmental degradation reflect a dialectical negation, which shows three main directions for solving the issue of protecting the natural environment.

First direction. Complete cessation of industrial production.

This is supported by the Green Party and the Greenpeace organization, which, while promoting the virginity of the surrounding nature, forget that the protection of nature and the progress of mankind are completely opposite or inversely proportional processes. The development of human civilization inevitably leads to a violation of the natural environment, and, conversely, the struggle for the purity of nature requires a return to a pre-production society.

Second direction. The development and functioning of industrial enterprises while ignoring the state of the natural environment, that is, the denial of environmental problems. However, this inevitably leads to an ecological crisis.

These directions are the solution of the problem by destroying one of the elements of the ecosystem "enterprise - natural environment", namely, enterprises and industry (in the first case) and the natural environment (in the second case).

The third direction is the optimal combination of the functioning of industrial enterprises with the maintenance of their maximum possible environmental safety. Reduction of production to reasonable sufficiency and its optimization while protecting the natural environment.

Solving environmental problems requires a scientific approach, no matter how different the current environmental situation in the world is from the situation with nature one hundred to one hundred and fifty years ago.

Environmental controversy

In the process of interaction between industrial enterprises and nature today, the following environmental contradictions exist:

between the number of enterprises and the volume of pollution (liquid, solid, gaseous and other wastes and the level of various radiations) of the natural environment;
between the production capacity of the enterprise and the resources consumed;
between the number of personnel working at enterprises and the amount of waste;
between the level of ecological consciousness of employees of enterprises and the state of the natural environment;
between the technological processes used at the enterprise and the level of various physical radiations (electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, thermal, vibronoise, radiation, etc.) into the environment.

At their core, these contradictions are internal (for the ecosystem "enterprise - natural environment"), basic, general and not antagonistic. Internal, because changes occur within a given ecosystem. The main ones, as they express the essence of the interaction from beginning to end, causing the greatest impact at this stage. Common, because they are typical for all ecosystems "enterprise - natural environment". Not antagonistic, because they can be eliminated by a person.

Development fee

A feature of today is the formation of a consumer society in many countries of the world. However, in accordance with the laws of conservation of matter and their circulation in nature, nothing is taken from anywhere and nothing disappears anywhere. This means that if a consumer society has been built and is functioning somewhere, then somewhere there must be a production society. And this production society really exists, for example, in the People's Republic of China. Today, in terms of growth rates of industrial production, China is ahead of all countries of the world, which, naturally, has given rise to many environmental problems that have not yet been solved. Therefore, let us consider the impact of the rapid development of industry and the ecological state of the environment on the example of this country.

The process of industrialization in China is developing more intensively than in Japan and South Korea, but the development of industry in the PRC takes place with a large shortage of water resources. The economic costs associated with water scarcity are compounded by losses caused by increased levels of water pollution. Today, at least 70 percent of water resources in the PRC are polluted, while the water from fifty-two rivers flowing through urban settlements cannot even be used for drinking and irrigating land. Due to the poor quality of drinking water as a result of pollution of water sources, cases of typhoid fever and the spread of hepatitis A are observed in China.

The pollution of the atmosphere with dust particles and gases has also reached a large scale in China. Unlike the economically developed countries of Europe, in which the main air pollutant is motor transport, in China the main source of harmful emissions into the atmosphere are thermal power plants, various industrial and domestic boilers, steam locomotives, etc., burning coal.

The main air pollutant from coal combustion is carbon dioxide, in terms of which China firmly ranks second in the world after the United States, in addition, unburned carbons (coal soot), fly ash and sulfur dioxide are emitted into the air. About 70 percent of harmful gas emissions into the atmosphere come from industry. Among more than 600 Chinese cities, less than 1 percent meet China's state standard for maximum permissible levels of air pollution, which causes significant damage to the health of the country's population.

Due to intensive agricultural production, soil erosion in the PRC has now acquired a state character. It is especially great in the largest and most densely populated areas. Soil erosion not only reduces fertility and reduces crop yields. As a result of soil erosion, artificially constructed water reservoirs are silted up much faster than usually envisaged in projects, which reduces the possibility of obtaining electricity from hydroelectric power plants.

A particularly difficult situation arises when not only the soil layer is demolished, but also the parent rock on which it develops. As a result of "deep" plowing and disturbance of the vegetation cover, as well as the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, the problem of chernozem erosion in the northeastern part of China is becoming more and more urgent and causes concern among Chinese specialists.

Another of the most serious and longstanding environmental problems of modern China, associated with the lack of water, is the desertification of the territory. Despite the fact that the problem of desertification began to be addressed by the government since the 1950s, every year the area of ​​land lost to agricultural production has steadily increased. The greatest sand control efforts have been made over the past two decades. The country has 2.62 million square kilometers of desert area, which is 27 percent of the entire country. At present, this trend is under control in some areas, but the process of further desertification is proceeding at a fairly rapid pace.

Over the past twenty years, China has continued to rapidly increase its economic growth rate, averaging 8-9 percent per year. The success of China's economic development is called the "economic miracle" in the world, but this "miracle" is performed due to the destruction of the natural environment, which leads to environmental degradation and, according to many experts, affects not only the health of the population of China itself, but also further prospects for economic growth of the country. At the same time, there is a clear lack of human and financial resources, the inadequacy of fines and other penalties for environmental violations, which hinders the successful implementation of laws and programs of environmental improvement adopted by the relevant institutions.

Over the past thirty years, China has been actively involved in the international environmental protection process. During this time, the leaders of the PRC have demonstrated their concern about the negative impact of the Chinese economy on global environmental processes and the role of China in the world community. The leaders of the country today openly admit that the measures taken earlier to stop the process of environmental degradation have not yielded the expected results. Laws on the cleanliness of the environment are practically non-existent, but the Chinese leadership and scientists are still taking steps to significantly reduce environmentally hazardous emissions.

Thus, industrial and agricultural production in the PRC is developing to the detriment of the natural environment, which has already given its negative results. In China, there are huge polluted, abandoned, “dead”, lifeless territories and ghost towns, which is a vivid example of the development of an ecological crisis.

What to do

The right direction for the development of industry today is the optimal combination of industrial production and the purity of the natural environment.

On the whole, the real ways of solving environmental problems are connected with the research of a complex of fundamental shifts, including scientific and technological progress, but not limited to it.

The development of science and technology only makes it possible to solve environmental problems, which only under certain conditions becomes a reality.

Modern man must and must develop harmonious relations with the natural environment of his habitat, understand all the processes of development of natural nature and reasonably dispose of them, contributing to the enrichment, humanization, harmonization of nature.

Any sane person understands that further scientific and technological progress is necessary to improve people's lives, but not everyone understands that along with progress it is necessary to remember the protection and protection of the natural environment, which is why the basis of any development and functioning, including industrial, the interests of nature, and not of people, should be set. The solution of environmental problems is possible only by knowledgeable, competent specialists who foresee the result of their actions. Indeed, in any ecosystem created by people, a person is its active element, and nature is a passive element, which is why all responsibility for the protection and protection of the natural environment lies with a person.

Any human activity should be carried out only with its environmental support based on modern environmental and resource-saving technologies. Environmental support of enterprises consists in the simultaneous implementation of constructive, organizational, technical and ergotic measures.

Structural measures are laid in the design process and implemented in the construction process. Since this group of measures corresponds to the stage of design and construction of the facility, then, given their duration, they often become obsolete by the time the facility is put into operation. Structural measures can be supplemented and adjusted in the process of construction, repair, modernization and re-equipment of the facility.

When designing an object, it is necessary to equip it with a wastewater treatment system; equip with containers for collecting hazardous pollutants, control systems for water discharged into the environment; to provide coolers and cleaners for flue gases, as well as devices for cleaning and neutralizing industrial gases discharged into the atmosphere; eliminate the consumption of resources for other purposes (leaks, spills, etc.); prevent leakage of lubricants, fuel from systems and equipment.

Security measures

Organizational and technical measures to ensure the environmental safety of industrial enterprises are developed at the design stage and adjusted during construction. Taking into account the accumulated experience of operating enterprises, organizational and technical measures can be changed and supplemented.

These activities include:

maintenance of equipment and systems during operation in good condition;
organizing the activities of the enterprise to prevent the ingress of harmful emissions into the environment;
organization of control over the state of systems for cleaning harmful emissions and the environment;
providing enterprises with portable means of monitoring the state of the natural environment and collecting leaks of polluted waters;
providing all enterprises with visual campaigning for the protection of the natural environment.

Ergotic measures to ensure the environmental safety of industrial enterprises are set out in rules, instructions, manuals, manuals, directives, etc. and determine the actions of each employee of the enterprise to reduce the harmful effects of the site, workshop and enterprise as a whole on the environment, as well as primary actions to localization of harmful accidental releases into the biosphere. These activities are implemented in the daily activities of enterprises.

The following activities are ergotic:

correct and accurate performance of all official duties, including those related to the protection of the environment;
understanding of the responsibility of all categories of managers and employees for environmental pollution;
special training of all personnel of industrial complexes in accordance with their position;
environmental education of managers and employees;
training of service personnel to combat environmental pollution.

Unfortunately, currently used measures for environmental protection are passive, and for maximum environmental safety of enterprises, it is necessary to use active environmental measures, for example, the widespread introduction and use of resource-saving and waste-free technologies.

The practical implementation of the presented activities is not easy and requires some time with the involvement of scientific potential, but it is no longer possible to postpone their practical implementation for the future.

Industrial production and the natural environment are two opposite inseparable components of the development of modern human civilization. Today, our planet is home to more than 7 billion people, and everyone naturally wants to live better and safer. It is obvious that the only way for the further existence of a person in the present and future is to live in complete harmony with the outside world, which implies the development and functioning of industrial production, taking into account the interests of nature.

The further development of modern civilization based on the use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress is unthinkable without environmental support, that is, without a careful and rational attitude to the natural environment.

Industrial enterprises benefit the economy of many countries, but the environment is harmful. To date, the following industries have a negative impact on the environment:

• metallurgical;
• petrochemical;
• engineering;
• chemical.

As a result of the operation of these facilities, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, ash and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. These elements primarily pollute the atmosphere, as well as soil and water, and affect flora and fauna.

Pollution from metallurgical enterprises

Experts believe that among all enterprises, the most pollution comes from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy plants. As a result of their activities, emissions of harmful substances enter the air. Metallurgical enterprises discharge a large amount of wastewater into reservoirs. To reduce the negative impact of factories on the environment, they need treatment facilities. Old ones need to be replaced with new ones, and they should be used to their full potential.

Pollution from chemical industries

Chemical enterprises, as the name implies, cause direct damage to the environment. In the process, rubber, various acids, dyes, polymers and other substances are used. They emit harmful elements that are released into the atmosphere and washed off with water. During the production of some chemicals and materials, not only synthetic, but also natural resources are used. When interacting, raw materials of a natural nature are contaminated with other substances.

At chemical and petrochemical enterprises, the following substances enter the environment:

• nitrogen oxides;
• carbon dioxide;
• sulfur dioxide;
• various gases.

Surface waters are polluted with formaldehydes and phenols, methanol and various heavy metals, chlorides and nitrogen, benzene and hydrogen sulfide.

The results of environmental pollution by industrial enterprises

While working, industrial enterprises produce a lot of useful products, ranging from dishes and household utensils to cars, ships and aircraft. For the manufacture of certain items, a large amount of resources is required. During their processing, a large amount of waste is generated. They need to be well reviewed, since some can be recycled. Using a rational approach to nature management, it is possible to significantly reduce environmental pollution by industrial enterprises.

INTERACTION OF THE ENTERPRISE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

Ecological passport of the enterprise- This is a comprehensive document containing a description of the relationship of the enterprise with the environment. The environmental passport contains general information about the enterprise, the raw materials used, the description of the technological schemes for the production of the main types of products, the schemes for the treatment of wastewater and air emissions, their characteristics after treatment, data on solid and other waste, as well as information on the availability of technologies in the world that ensure the achievement of the best specific indicators for nature protection. The second part of the passport contains a list of planned activities aimed at reducing the burden on the environment, indicating the timing, costs, specific and total emissions of harmful substances before and after the implementation of each activity.

Indicators of the enterprise's impact on the state of the environment:

1. Environmental friendliness of products.

2. Impact on water resources.

3. Impact on air resources.

4. Impact on material resources and production waste.

5. Impact on land resources

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENTERPRISES

METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISE

A modern metallurgical enterprise for the production of ferrous materials has the following main stages: the production of pellets and agglomerates, coke, blast furnace, steelmaking and rolling production. The enterprises also include ferroalloy, refractory and foundry production. All of them are sources of air and water pollution.

All metallurgical stages are sources of pollution with dust, carbon oxides and sulfur.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises account for 15-20% of the total atmospheric pollution by industry, which is more than 10.3 million tons of harmful substances per year, and up to 50% in areas where large metallurgical plants are located. On average, per 1 million tons of annual productivity ferrous metallurgy plants emit dust 350, carbon monoxide 400, nitrogen oxide - 42 tons/day. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the largest consumers of water. Water consumption is 12-15% of the total water consumption by industrial enterprises in the country. 49% of water is used for equipment cooling, 26% for gas and air purification, 11% for hydrotransport, 12% for metal processing and finishing, and 2% for other processes.

ENERGY ENTERPRISE

The interaction of an energy enterprise with the environment occurs at all stages of the extraction and use of fuel, conversion and transmission of energy. The thermal power plant actively consumes air.

One of the environmental impact factors of coal-fired thermal power plants are emissions from fuel storage, transportation, dust preparation and ash removal systems. During transportation and storage, not only dust pollution is possible, but also the release of fuel oxidation products. The removal of slag and ash affects the environment differently. The main factors of the impact of thermal power plants on the hydrosphere are heat emissions, which can result in: a constant local increase in temperature in a reservoir; temporary increase in temperature; changes in freezing conditions, winter hydrological regime; changing flood conditions; change in the distribution of precipitation, evaporation, fog.

During normal operation, nuclear power plants produce significantly less harmful emissions into the atmosphere than TPPs operating on fossil fuels. Thus, the operation of a nuclear power plant does not affect the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, does not change its chemical state. The greatest danger is nuclear power plant accidents and the uncontrolled spread of radiation. Therefore, NPP designs must guarantee sulfurs ensuring the nuclear safety of the environment in case of any possible single violation of any NPP system.

Hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) also have a significant impact on the natural environment, which manifests itself both during construction and during operation. The construction of reservoirs in front of the HPP dam leads to flooding of a large adjacent area and affects the coastal relief in the area of ​​HPP construction, especially when it is built on flat rivers. Changes in the hydrological regime and flooding of territories cause changes in the hydrochemical and hydrological regimes of water masses. With intensive evaporation of moisture from the surface of reservoirs, local climate changes are possible: an increase in air humidity, the formation of fogs, increased winds, etc.

MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE

Of the large volume of industrial emissions released into the environment, only a small part of 2% is accounted for by mechanical engineering.

However, at machine-building enterprises there are basic and supporting technological processes of production with a very high level of environmental pollution. These include: - in-plant energy production and other processes associated with fuel combustion; -Foundry; -metalworking of structures and individual parts; - welding production; - galvanic production; - paint and varnish production. In terms of the level of environmental pollution, the areas of electroplating and dyeing shops of both machine-building in general and defense enterprises are comparable with such major sources of environmental hazard as the chemical industry; foundry production is comparable to metallurgy; the territories of factory boiler houses - with areas of thermal power plants, which are among the main pollutants. Thus, the machine-building complex as a whole and the production of defense industries, as an integral part of it, are potential environmental pollutants: -airspace; - surface water sources; -soils.

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Atmospheric pollution is caused by the emission of harmful substances. There are more and more cars on the roads every year, and the exhaust gases produced by cars every day pollute the air. Industry also has a strong negative impact on the atmosphere. Huge amounts of harmful emissions enter the atmosphere every day from plants and factories. The cement, coal, and steel industries pollute the atmosphere the most, which leads to the destruction of the ozone layer, which protects the planet from aggressive ultraviolet rays.

Contamination with radioactive elements

This type of environmental pollution causes the most serious damage. Accidents that occur at nuclear power plants, nuclear waste that is stored in the ground for decades, the development of nuclear weapons and work in uranium mines affect both human health and pollution of the entire planet.

Soil pollution

Pesticides and harmful additives that are commonly used in agriculture heavily pollute the soil. Waste from agricultural enterprises, which are dumped into the sewers, also has an extremely negative impact on its condition. Deforestation and mining also damage the soil.

Water pollution

Reservoirs are exposed to severe toxic effects due to garbage discharges into rivers. Tons of human waste enter the water every day. In addition, plastic bottles and plastic products, which pose a great danger to fauna, are very harmful to nature. Rivers and other bodies of water in large cities with developed industry are especially affected.

Noise pollution

This type of pollution is specific. Unpleasant, loud, harsh sounds that factories, cars, trains make every day cause noise pollution. Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and hurricanes also cause noise pollution. Because of these processes, people develop headaches and other health problems.

In terms of scale, pollution can be global, regional and local. However, any of them leads humanity to health problems, as well as a reduction in life by about 8-12 years. Unfortunately, every year environmental pollution progresses, and only humanity itself can cope with this problem.

P The production activities of food industry enterprises cause damage primarily to water resources.

The volume of formation and features of the composition of wastewater from food industry enterprises

The share of the food industry in the total discharge of polluted wastewater (WW) by the industry is about 2-3%.

Discharge of wastewater in certain industries per year is (million m 3): in meat - 18-30, dairy - 25-30, alcohol - 5.6, baking - 14.8, oil and fat - 22.2, brewing - 33.7 (picture 1).

At the same time, the ratio of the amount of wastewater discharged to the consumption (use) of water is (%): in meat - 90, dairy - 80-90, bakery - 55-60, alcohol - 70-80, starch - 90 (potato starch production) and 55 ( starch corn), sugar - 68, oil-fat - 80.

Specific indicators of water consumption and WW volumes in the food industry are shown in Table 1.

As can be seen from the above data, industry enterprises consume a significant amount of fresh water. Even for enterprises equipped with circulating water supply systems, the amount of fresh water consumed is several times higher than the volume of processed raw materials. The high level of water consumption also determines the large volume of WW formation.

The share of polluted waters in the total volume of wastewater discharged is about 77%.

Pollutants in wastewater are very different in their composition, volume of formation, state of aggregation and the nature of the impact on the environment. They can be roughly divided into two main groups - mineral (suspended particles of earth, sand, clay, etc.) and organic (remains of green mass, root crops, fats, proteins, humic substances, etc.).

Effluents from enterprises containing residues of plant and animal origin are poorly filtered, quickly sour, rot, releasing strong unpleasant odors, their increased concentration causes irreversible pollution of the environment, threatening people's health. When such untreated wastewater is discharged into water bodies, the properties of water deteriorate, as the oxygen content in it decreases, leading under certain conditions to death.fish and plankton. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that most of the food and processing industries are located in cities and towns, so their polluted wastewater enters the city sewer.

The most typical types of pollutants discharged with wastewater into water bodies for the activities of food industry enterprises are suspended solids, fat, total and ammonium nitrogen, chlorides, heavy metals, surfactants, oil products, etc.

The impact of pollution is characterized by the degree of pollution, which is determined by a number of physical and chemical indicators. The main ones are chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), the content of suspended solids, the active reaction of the environment, etc.

COD (chemical oxygen demand) is the amount of oxygen in mg required to chemically oxidize pollutants contained in 1 dm3 3 waste water.

BOD (biological oxygen demand) is the amount of oxygen in mg required for the complete decomposition of those present in 1 dm 3 wastewater organic matter by biochemical oxidation. BOD is determined after 5 days (BOD 5 ), after 20 days (BOD 20 ) and after the time required for complete microbiological decomposition of contaminants (BOD full).

In all sectors of the food industry, indicators of the main types of wastewater pollution have been determined. The values ​​of indicators of (specific) pollution of wastewater were developed to analyze the state of the impact of enterprises on the environment, the damage caused to it, as well as to justify the need for capital investments in water management facilities, taking into account environmental requirements.

The composition of enterprise effluents depends on the type of production and is characterized by averaged data presented in Table 2.

Wastewater from food enterprises is discharged into the sewerage of a settlement or, after appropriate treatment, into surface water bodies (provided that after discharge the water in them meets the requirements specified in Table 3).

The volume and composition of gas emissions from food industry enterprises

Air emissions are divided into solid, liquid and gaseous: solid emissions account for 36.5%, gaseous and liquid emissions - 63.5%.

Many technological processes are accompanied by the formation and release of dust into the environment (bakeries, sugar factories, oil and fat, starch factories, tobacco, tea factories, etc.).

A large amount of water vapor enters the air of a number of enterprises (canning factories, meat processing plants, dairies, etc.).

At enterprises whose technological process is associated with fermentation (breweries, wineries, yeast production, etc.), carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) enters the air.

In a number of industries, solvent vapors enter the indoor air, for example, in the extraction shops of oil and fat enterprises.

The food industry, unlike metallurgy, the chemical industry, etc., does not belong to the main air pollutants, however, emissions from a number of food industries containing dust, vapors, gases adversely affect the environment, causing pollution of air, soil, and green spaces.

These harmful phenomena can be largely prevented or attenuated by the operation of ventilation and dust collection systems.

The most harmful gaseous pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by industry enterprises are carbon dioxide and monoxide, sulfur oxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, organic dust (dust of dry products), fluorine-containing emissions, hydrocarbons, soot, gasoline and other hydrocarbons.

Tables 4 and 5 show the specific emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air by enterprises of various industries and their maximum permissible concentrations in the working area of ​​enterprises.

Notes. 1. If two MPC values ​​are given, then the numerator is the maximum, and the denominator is the average shift MPC. 2. Symbols: n - vapors and (or) gases; a - aerosol; + - requires special protection of the skin and eyes; O - substances with a highly directional mechanism of action, requiring automatic control over their content in the air; A - substances that can cause allergic diseases in industrial conditions; F - aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action.
Table 5 - Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of a number of harmful substances in the air of the working area

However, the most common specific emission from food and processing industries is the dust of dry products, which is formed at the stages of grinding, transportation, drying of raw materials and products (Table 6).

As can be seen from the data presented, the removal of such a quantity of dust products is not only environmentally unsafe, but is also associated with significant losses of food raw materials.

Dust of technological origin, including dust of food production, is diverse in chemical composition: size, shape and nature of the edges of the particles; density, etc.

Hygienists believe that particles up to 5 microns are able to penetrate into the lungs up to the alveoli, particles of 5-10 microns are mainly retained in the upper respiratory tract, larger particles almost do not penetrate into the lungs. Such particles settle rather quickly.

Dust particles with sharp jagged edges injure the mucous membrane. Particularly dangerous are metal, glass, quartz and other dusts. Inhalation of dusty air leads to pneumoconiosis. Dusts containing free silicon dioxide SiO are especially dangerous. 2 causing silicosis. Inhalation of cotton dust leads to the occurrence of byssiosis, flour, grain, etc.causes chronic bronchitis. The impact of dust on the organ of vision causes conjunctivitis, on the skin - dermatitis. Toxic dusts with solubility poison the body. Organic dust, such as flour, is a favorable environment for the development of microorganisms.

Dust deposition on process equipment impairs its operation and can lead to an accident.

Almost all food production dusts are flammable, and many of them (sugar, flour, starch, tea, etc.) form explosive mixtures with air.

The content of dust is also high in the ventilation emissions of food enterprises supplied for cleaning (table 7).

Thus, taking into account the possibility of significant air pollution with dusty products of food enterprises of various composition and properties, special attention should be paid to the system for organizing emissions treatment. The environmental consequences of dust entering the atmosphere are the possibility of a number of diseases of the population, including allergic ones, as well as the ability of food dust to be a substance for the development of pathogenic microorganisms and cause general diseases of the body.

A significant environmental hazard is posed by gaseous pollution of industrial emissions from enterprises in the industry, summarized data on the composition of which are given in Table 8.

Thus, a food enterprise must be equipped with an air-gas emission purification system, which includes devices for trapping dust particles and gaseous substances.

Increasing the level of greening of food enterprises

• grain processing industry

1. To develop aspiration systems with a minimum emission of dusty air into the atmosphere based on the use of packed filters, dust-free bulk bags for grain, dust collectors with counter swirling flows; their implementation will lead to a 1.5-2 times reduction in air pollution by industrial dust emissions compared to existing equipment.
2. Organize industry-specific services for environmental review of new developments on the basis of existing organizations that have licenses for the review of industrial safety projects for production facilities for the storage, processing and use of plant raw materials.
3. In order to expand the methods of waste disposal and improve the environmental situation, use known methods for processing hard husks (rice, millet, buckwheat) in the manufacture of fuel briquettes, building blocks, facing plates, etc.
4. Develop and revise regulatory documentation in the field of secondary raw materials (SRW), waste and ecology, including a methodology for determining the parameters of gas flows and calculating emissions from stationary sources of various types of enterprises, rules for organizing and conducting a technological process at flour and cereal enterprises, taking into account the requirements ecology, at the HRV of cereal production ..

• Starch industry

1. In order to reduce the consumption of fresh water by accounting for it, install water meters.
2. To carry out the design and construction of modern treatment facilities at a number of plants in the industry.
3. To design and build cooling towers for vapor condensation at corn starch boiling stations at a number of plants, which will make it possible to reduce the consumption of fresh water by 5 times per 1 ton of commercial extract.
4. Thus, the greening of production is inextricably linked with the introduction of science-intensive technologies that allow us to provide a modern level of energy and resource consumption and minimize the anthropogenic impact on the natural environment.
5. In order to increase the production of dry corn gluten, build workshops for its drying with exhaust gas purification at a number of plants, which will increase the share of the use of secondary raw materials and reduce the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere by 30-40%.
6. To build facilities for the mechanical purification of conveyor-washing water at potato-starch factories, which will reduce the consumption of fresh water by 7 m 3 during the processing of 1 ton of potatoes.
7. Conduct an audit of the state of existing treatment facilities at the enterprises of the starch industry, develop recommendations for improving their efficiency.

• Fat and oil industry

Implement:

1. sunflower seed extraction technology using imported complete lines that provide an additional 3 thousand tons of oil during the processing of 1530 thousand tons of seeds;
2. alkali-free refining of oils and fats in order to increase the yield of the target product;
3. refining (neutralization) of oils in a constant magnetic field (without the use of bleaching earths), which makes it possible to reduce the amount of unused HRV;
4. hydrogenation of fats by saturation method in order to improve the ecological state of the air and water basins;
5. production of low-fat margarines and mayonnaises, which save raw materials and reduce the formation of HRV;
6. technology for obtaining isolated soy proteins and modified soy proteins in order to reduce their shortage and the volume of imports and deeper processing of raw materials;
7. purification of oil-containing wastewater using ultrafiltration, which provides an increase in the degree of their purification, the extraction of additional volumes of fat for soap making;
8. purification of soap liquor, drainless soap making cycle in order to increase the degree of purification of raw materials and return sodium chloride and other products to production;
9. treatment of acidic fat-containing wastewater, non-drainage production technology using sulfuric acid treatment of wastewater, which makes it possible to increase the degree of wastewater treatment and return fats and sodium sulfate to production.

• Alcohol industry

1. Organize the processing of high-concentration wort into alcohol and the return of the stillage filtrate, which will lead to a reduction in its formation.
2. To carry out a complete transition at a number of plants to the use of enzyme preparations instead of malt in order to reduce the volume of waste water (WW).
3. Introduce the drying of post-alcohol grain stillage and its processing into dry fodder yeast.
4. In order to reduce dust emissions during dry grinding of grain, equip areas with effective dust collection or switch to wet grinding of grain.
5. Introduce full capture of emissions from yeast growers and dryers in the production of fodder yeast, which will lead to a significant reduction in dust and yeast cell emissions.
6. To reduce the generation of waste at the stage of brew distillation, reduce the steam consumption for heating the brew columns, equip them with remote boilers, and introduce brew distillation plants of indirect-co-current action.
7. To reduce the consumption of fresh water and the formation of WW, develop individual standards for water consumption and water disposal for distilleries.
8. To develop and revise the methodology for rationing the output of post-alcohol grain stillage, individual production regulations for the methods of disposal of grain stillage and environmental passports of enterprises.

• brewing industry

1. To introduce technologies for the complex processing of HRV and waste (alloy, malt sprouts, malt grains, protein sludge, residual yeast) with the production of dried fodder yeast on their basis and
   granulated feed concentrate.
2. Develop organizational and technological solutions to reduce water consumption.
3. Create environmental services at the enterprises of the industry.
4. Introduce environmental audit into the real practice of enterprises in the industry.
5. Implement programs (activities) for ISO 9000 and 14000 certification

• sugar industry

1. In order to reduce the consumption of fresh water and the discharge of polluted wastewater, master autonomous circulating water supply systems.
2. To equip sugar refineries with modern dust-collecting and cleaning equipment.
3. To reduce the losses of HRV, improve the environmental situation near the enterprises, organize the industrial development of the drying of pulp.
4. In order to rationally use the filtration sludge, to master the introduction of chamber filters using pneumatic transport to move the dried sludge to storage sites.
5. For mechanical dehydration of conveyor-washing sludge, use vertical settling tanks, vertical thickeners or special centrifuges.
6. Use biological wastewater treatment of the third category, providing an increase in the degree of purification up to 90%.
7. Revise the outdated and develop a new NTD to create a regulatory framework for improving the environmental situation at the enterprises of the industry.

• Dairy industry

1. Create a branch system of environmental monitoring.
2. Implement a more efficient wastewater treatment (pre-treatment) system, including the use of an equalizer-floater, which will reduce the cost of construction of treatment facilities and operating costs by 20%.
3. To introduce modern technologies for the processing of whey with its rational use for the production of food and feed products with a simultaneous reduction in the pollution of enterprises with wastewater.
4. In order to release about 5% of inefficiently used milk, to carry out in the future the priority development of whole-milk production as more environmentally friendly

• Meat industry

1. Ensure the maximum possible collection and processing of the blood of slaughtered animals and concentrated effluents after washing the equipment.
2. Increase the volume of circulating water supply by using water after local treatment of wastewater from the slaughter shop and cutting carcasses for wet cleaning of the ante-slaughter shop, which will reduce the consumption of fresh water by 5-7%.
3. To reduce emissions of unpleasantly smelling substances into the atmosphere, biological methods of air purification should be used.
4. Develop and improve efficient ways to reuse brines and broths in order to save raw materials and reduce discharges to wastewater.
5. Implement energy-saving technology for biological wastewater treatment (SND method), which reduces the operating costs for treatment, the volume of sludge formed by 15-25%.
6. Establish a system of industry-specific production environmental laboratories for continuous monitoring of the main environmental indicators of production

• bakery industry

1. In order to improve the environmental situation at the enterprises of the industry, it is necessary to install treatment facilities for industrial and storm wastewater, including grease traps and settling tanks.
2. Implement circulating water supply systems that reduce water consumption at industry enterprises by 50%.
3. In order to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by 70% at each bakery, excluding small-tonnage ones (bakery), to replace solid and liquid heat carriers with gaseous,
   master new types of boilers equipped with modern burners and flue gas traps, install electric heated baking ovens, absorption filters for cleaning process emissions.
4. To eliminate the impact of solid waste on the environment, enterprises should equip special sites with containers for their collection and storage

• Food concentrate industry

1. Introduce a method for recycling coffee sludge as a component of compost mixtures, which will reduce the amount of unused HRV in the industry.