What flower is called iris? Probably, many people ask this question when they hear the unusually affectionate name of the plant. Iris is a flower that is widespread on all continents and is better known as "iris".

It was named so in honor of the radiant and beautiful goddess Irida, who descended along a multi-colored rainbow to bring people news from the terrible gods.

Flower from the past: killer whale

What flower in ancient times was an exquisite decoration of the estates of the pharaohs? Which flower is depicted on the 4000 year old fresco? Which flower is named after "rainbow"? light hand the Greek physician Hippocrates? From the petals of which flower in the territory of Armenia and Azerbaijan they prepare the most delicious jam?

Iris (otherwise iris). Flower (photo), medicinal properties which were appreciated folk medicine and were used for snake bites, getting rid of coughs and indigestion. Extracts from the root of the plant are used in winemaking, the perfume industry and the preparation of some confectionery. In ancient Egypt, fabric dyes were produced on the basis of irises.

What flower is called iris?

Iris is considered a symbolic flower. In Japan, magical amulets for boys are made from it, instilling courage and protecting them from diseases. The ancient one speaks of a certain girl whom the Japanese considered cursed by the gods for the light color of her hair. Walking one day all alone, the girl came across an amazing flower and, deciding not to part with such beauty, dug it up and took it with her. At home, she prepared a decoction from it, with which she washed her hair.

Hair has acquired a golden hue. The villagers, seeing such a striking change, considered that God's grace descended on the girl, so the sun gilded her head. Since then, the iris in Japan has been considered the messenger of the gods and has taken its rightful place in the imperial garden. Its leaves are even used in the preparation of some national dishes of the Land of the Rising Sun, and in the Middle Ages, officials wore wigs made from iris leaves. What flower is called iris in another way? What does a killer whale look like? What is another name for the iris flower? Based on the above, it becomes quite clear that the common people call iris such an affectionate nickname.

External characteristics

Today, iris is a flower that is actively used in landscape design. Thanks to its amazing attractiveness, an incredible variety of varieties and ease of care, it has gained great popularity among flower growers. Iris flowers are characterized by the versatility of colors: white, black, yellow. Breeding science has achieved not only elegance of forms and a more pronounced aroma, but also a combination of two or more shades in one flower. Iris stems are tall (up to 150 cm) erect flower stalks, branched in the upper part. Each of them has from 7 to 9 large flowers, single or combined into inflorescences. The flowers do not have petals and sepals, they are a tubular perianth, divided into 6 bent lobes: three fused inner lobes form a kind of tube, three outer ones are somewhat turned downwards and are most often painted in a different tone. The inflorescence usually blooms in 2-3 buds. The maximum life span of one flower is 5 days.

Rhizomes are superficial, fleshy, rapidly growing, with outgoing cord-like or filiform fibrous roots.

They consist of separate links, each of which represents an annual growth with the necessary supply of substances required for the development of all parts of the plant: leaves, buds, peduncles and replacing lateral buds. The rhizomes contain valuable oil; species with the largest amount are used in the manufacture of perfumery products. The leaves are xiphoid, fleshy, flat, with a wax coating; usually collected in fan-shaped bundles.

The fruit is a three-celled capsule. The life span of the exquisite, unpretentious plant is 10-13 years, although the death of the roots occurs annually.

Growing conditions

Kasatik - a flower that prefers to grow in well-lit areas, is tolerant of shade. The most optimal are slightly acidic and neutral soils. Only some types of irises take root on wet lands (for example, Kaempfer's iris and Bearded varieties love loose soil, cannot tolerate constant dampness and grow well on slopes. It is recommended to plant irises at a distance of at least half a meter from each other; dwarf varieties can be placed closer.

Not required for growing irises a large number fertilizers and abundant watering; almost all varieties are frost-resistant. In all its glory, the plants appear from mid-May. In July, the flowering period ends. With the right selection of varieties and their combination, irises will deliver aesthetic pleasure for 2 months.

Features of care

One of the factors of quality care is the loosening of the soil, which is necessary to ensure oxygen access to the roots. This operation must be carried out very carefully so as not to damage the roots close to the surface. It is advisable to feed the iris with mineral preparations in the spring, during the period of bud setting and in August, before laying the flower buds of the next year. Nitrogen can be added to the first top dressing, subsequent ones can be carried out with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. The introduction of fresh organic matter by gardeners is not recommended.

reproduction

by the most in a simple way reproduction is the division of the rhizome, which is best done at the end of flowering or in early September, when young rhizomes are already formed.

You should not wait until late autumn, as the plant should have time to take root before the soil freezes. With spring division, blooming flowers will have to be admired only next year. For this method breeding should choose a well-developed bush. After division, each part should have a piece of rhizome and leaves. Slices need to be dried, powdered with crushed charcoal, in order to avoid decay. Before planting, the underground part should be dipped in a weak solution of potassium permanganate for about a quarter of an hour, and the leaves should be cut in half.

Breeding of new varieties is carried out by the seed method, but in this case, the plants bloom in the 2-3rd year.

Kasatik in landscape design

Irises, characterized by a superficial rhizome, are excellent neighbors for any shrubs with deep roots: spirea, roses, rough deutsia, coniferous plants, easily get along with peonies.

Low-growing varieties look original as a curb along the paths, as well as in compositions among large stones. Irises are attractive in group plantings, go well with annual plants and tall varieties are often used to frame ponds. For shallow water, swamp irises are most applicable, and Japanese and Siberian representatives can be seated along the banks. Irises look impressive in iridariums - flower beds designed exclusively for their cultivation.

Diseases and pests

Irises are quite resistant to pests and diseases. They can be affected by root rot if they grow in constantly moist soils. It is not difficult to cure a plant: it is enough to dig it up, cut off the rot, disinfect it in potassium permanganate or a special anti-rot preparation and plant it in dry soil.

From garden pests, iris can be affected by gladiolus thrips or aphids. Infected plants look oppressed, cease to bloom. You can get rid of the pest by using the drug "Confidor" according to the instructions.

What flower has the second name "iris"? The above information fully explains this issue, and also talks about the features of growing and caring for such an attractive and unpretentious plant.

Kasatik, or iris, - herbaceous plant for open ground

Iris, or iris, is a herbaceous plant for open ground from the iris family. In its natural environment, it is found in the steppes and plains of the temperate and subtropical climatic zones. Origin - Far East, Central Asia and China.

Description of iris

Endowed with a fibrous filamentous rhizome. Stems solitary or collected in a bunch, with or without branching. The leaves are flat, elongated, with a sharp apex, basal location. Inflorescences are both single and group, different colors: white, lilac, yellow, blue, black. A tubular flower with nectar inside. Blooms in May - July.

Source: Depositphotos

Kasatik - herbaceous plant for open ground

There are up to 250 species. Common irises:

• "bearded";
• "Russian";
• "Siberian";
• "marsh";
• "smooth";
• "German";
• "dwarf";
• "xiphoid";
• "bristly";
• "short";
• "acute".

All representatives differ in height: low - no more than 40 cm, medium - up to 70 cm, high - from 71 cm. The color and place of growth also vary.

Conditions for growing iris

Kasatik is an ideal herbaceous plant for open ground. In one place lives up to 10 years. It is advisable to choose sites with a light shadow, in the vicinity of sprawling trees. The soil is preferably fertile and loamy, with a neutral alkaline environment. It is frost-resistant, maintains temperature decrease to -5 °C. The optimal growth regime is 15–24 °C.

Agrotechnical care measures:

• Watering 1-2 times a week. Excess moisture leads to rotting of the root system.
• Propagated by division of the rhizome. In autumn or spring, the selected area is separated. A sharp instrument is used to minimize harm to the remaining processes.
• Regular weeding and loosening during dry summers.
• Feeding in the first year is not necessary. In poor soils, liquid mineral fertilizers are applied 3 times: in early spring, when laying buds and at the end of summer. The first time - nitrogen, the second and third - potassium with phosphorus.

A plant with persistent immunity, but there is a defeat by rhizome rot. The reason is the damp environment. To eliminate the problem, a bush is dug up and treated with a manganese solution. Then transplanted to a dry place. Pests include aphids and gladiolus thrips. Spraying with a special insecticide "Confidor" helps.

Irises are valued by gardeners for their decorativeness and unpretentiousness in care. Looks good in combination with others flowering crops, with deep roots. In landscape design, dwarf species are used for borders. High representatives look in mixboxers and group compositions.

Iris bloudowii Ledeb., 1830 - Bludov's Iris.

Altai-Sayan hemiendemic. It is included in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory as a rare species on the northern border of the range.

In the "Flora of Siberia" summary, the habitation in the Tunguska floristic region is not noted.

B o t a n i c e charac teristics. The rhizome is thick. Stems 10- 30 cm tall, with 2-4 leaves. At-root leaves are wide, 6- 18 mm , lanceolate-linear, sickle-curved, at the base covered with membranous leafless sheaths. Involucral leaflets, including 3, shortly pointed, 2 lateral swollen. The flowers, including 2, are yellow, with brownish (turning blue when dried) veins. Outer perianth lobes obovate, slightly notched at apex. The perianth tube is equal in length to the ovary. The box is fusiform, on a leg more 15 mm length. Seeds dark brown, wrinkled.

E c o l o g and i. It grows in subalpine meadows, meadow mountain slopes, forest edges and coastal meadows.

Spreading. Within Siberia, plants of this species are distributed in a number ofadministrative entities and floristic regions.

In Western Siberia, these are the Barnaul floristic region and the Republic of Altai.

In Central Siberia, Bludov's iris grows in the Tunguska floristic region, the Republic of Khakassia, the Upper Yenisei floristic region and the Republic of Tyva.

The plant is not found in Eastern Siberia.

Outside of Russia - North-East Kazakhstan.

From the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Status: 3 ( R). A rare species, on the northern border of the range. Altai-Sayan hemiendemic.

Short description. Perennial herbaceous plant 10-30 cm tall. Bases of shoots with membranous leafless sheaths. Leaves(2 -4) 6-18 mm wide, linear-lanceolate, sickle-curved. Involucral leaflets, including 3, shortly pointed, 2 lateral swollen. Flowers (2) yellow, with brownish (turning blue when dried) veins. Outer perianth lobes obovate, slightly notched at apex. The perianth tube is equal in length to the ovary. The box is fusiform, on a stem more than 15 mm long. Seeds dark brown, wrinkled.

Spreading. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory: Eastern Transangaria (village Sosnovka, village Kezma); Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe (Krasnoyarsk); Kansk forest-steppe (Partizansky district - village of Stoyba); Western Sayan (ridge. Mirskaya near the pass; valley of the Mirskaya river; Usinskaya road). In Russia: Altai, Khakassia, Tuva. Outside Russia: Northeast Kazakhstan. The presence of the species in the Western Sayan has not been confirmed by new collections.

Ecology and biology. Grows in subalpine meadows, meadow slopes of mountains, forest edges in the upper part of the forest belt. Blossoms in May - June.

limiting factors. Collection of plants for bouquets.

Protection measures . The species is included in the summary of rare plants of Siberia. Cultivated in the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), promising for cultivation. It is necessary to establish control over the state of populations. Recommend limiting the exploitation of habitats of the species. Prohibit the collection of plants.

Sources of information. 1. Cherepnin, 1959; 2. Flora 1967; 3. Krasnoborov, 1976; 4. Flora..., 1987; 5. Antipova, 2003; 6. Rare and endangered plants 1980; 7. Semyonova, 2001.

Compiler : N.N. Tupitsyn.

Picture: B. C. Stepanov, N.V. Stepanov.

Description

The yellow iris, translated as Iris pseudacorus, this plant from the iris family has a number of other names: marsh iris, lapachuga, false air iris, cattail, water iris, ir, kuga, iris iris, core, chaser, doll, wild tulip, and some other names.

This representative of the flora belongs to the group of perennials with a thick root. Its stem grows up to one meter in height. The leaves have a xiphoid shape, the flowers are beautiful yellowish-golden, the bracts at the top are membranous, there are stamens, they are hidden under the stigmas. Flowering begins in late spring.

plant propagation

In our country, this plant is found in many territories, it grows on the edges, in birch forests, and it can also be seen along river banks and growing in steppe meadows.

Used part

This plant uses all its parts, in particular leaves, stems and rhizomes, this is due to the fact that they contain various substances - carbohydrates, coumarins, flavonoids, numerous organic acids, triterpenoids, as well as other compounds.

Collection and preparation of raw materials

To harvest the rhizomes, you will need a spatula, you can dig out the right amount of raw materials with it. Next, it should be shaken off the ground, which often sticks to the surface of the underground part of the plant. Then you need to wash it, if necessary, and dry it.

Then the roots are cut into pieces, after which they are laid out in a thin layer on a pallet, which is then placed in a drying chamber. In this device, you should set the optimal temperature regime, in this case it should correspond to 50 degrees.

After the raw material acquires a characteristic crunch and dries completely, you can put it in cardboard boxes, and you need to place it loosely enough in the container so that it does not cake or become damp. Then it is taken away for storage in a dry place.

The shelf life of harvested roots is three years, after this time it is recommended to refrain from using it, since the raw materials will lose their medicinal qualities.

The use of yellow iris

Use the raw materials of this plant with therapeutic purpose. Drugs made from this representative of the flora have a hemostatic effect. In addition, the raw materials of the most yellow iris are included in the composition of medicinal fees.

In addition, powder is prepared from the roots, it is used externally, for example, they are sprinkled with various festering wounds, and lotions are made from this raw material, which are effective for long-term non-healing abrasions and ulcers.

Drugs prepared on the basis of yellow iris have anti-inflammatory, hemostatic effects, and also have astringent, expectorant, diuretic and anthelmintic effects on the human body.

Infusions and decoctions are used to rinse the mouth in the presence of inflammatory processes on the surface of the mucous membrane, for example, drugs are used for stomatitis, gingivitis, and also for toothache.

In addition to all of the above, infusion and decoction are used to treat hemorrhoids, while therapeutic baths are carried out, it is recommended to do them daily, as a result of which inflammation subsides, bleeding is removed and an analgesic effect is exerted. But before doing them, you first need to consult with a proctologist.

Infusion recipe

For cooking medicinal infusion you will need raw materials of the yellowest iris in the amount of five grams, while the roots of the plant are first subjected to high-quality grinding, for this you can use an electric mill, in which the rhizomes will turn out to be quite small.

Then the crushed rhizomes are poured into a prepared dry dish, for example, into a small bowl, and 200 milliliters of boiling water is poured into it, after which everything is mixed and be sure to cover with a lid to make the drug infusion better.

After some time, for example, after an hour, you can filter the infusion, for this you need to use gauze, it is pre-folded in several layers and the finished medicinal liquid is poured through it.

After that, the infusion will be ready for direct use, for example, it can be used for rinsing, washing, and also preparing treated lotions with it. The drug has a shelf life of three days, while it must be stored at a cool temperature, after which it is not recommended to use it.

tincture recipe

In the presence of uterine bleeding, the so-called metrorrhagia, you can use the following drug. It is necessary to prepare a tincture based on the rhizomes of this representative of the flora. You will need 10 grams of crushed raw materials, it is placed in a bottle, after which alcohol is poured into it in an amount of 100 milliliters.

Conclusion

Before the direct use of drugs prepared on the basis of this medicinal plant, it is recommended to consult a specialist. It is better to refrain from unauthorized use.

Iris yellow, killer whale

On many garden plots, or near them, there are often ponds, ditches and other bodies of water, the swampy banks of which it is desirable to cultivate and decorate. Varieties of cultivated flower plants there are very few hygrophytes suitable for this; and beautiful "savages" - too. The most suitable of the latter for such work is the yellow iris (photo 1), also called water, swamp, iris, or iris (Iris pseudácorus L.); which has several highly decorative forms. This is the same plant - the image of the flower of which the French kings placed on the coat of arms and flag of medieval France; and since they were not too well versed in the taxonomy of plants, they called it not an iris, but a lily. Kasatik is quite unpretentious, the only prerequisite is the presence of excess, or at least normal soil moisture, i.e. exactly the factor that is the starting point in the search for a suitable species for landscaping the shores of reservoirs. However, with systematic watering, it can also be grown in flower beds.

Yellow iris is a very beautiful perennial herbaceous plant, once planted, you can no longer take care of it. Its leaves are alternate, at the base sheath-stem-embracing, xiphoid, sharp, with a noticeably protruding midrib, long (almost equal to the height of the stem), 15-30 mm wide; bluish-green, covered with a wax coating that prevents blockage of stomata by water. They arise from a thick, branched, creeping horizontal rhizome, which contains essential oil, iridin, ketone, iron, glycosides, organic acids, starch, sugar, vitamin C, tannins; as a result, it is used as a medicinal raw material in medicine.

Its decoction is used as an expectorant for pulmonary diseases (usually together with coltsfoot), for enterocolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, ascites, epilepsy, metrorrhagia. It is also used for rinsing - with toothache, sore throat, stomatitis, gingivitis, as well as to strengthen hair. Compresses with his participation are applied to wounds, ulcers, fresh hemorrhoidal bumps. Crushed powder from rhizomes and roots is prescribed as a local anti-inflammatory and analgesic, especially for inflammation of the gums. In addition, the rhizome of yellow iris is part of M. I. Zdrenko's prescription, which is used in the treatment of papillomatosis Bladder, anacid gastritis and gastric ulcer. In the perfume industry, high-quality essential iris oil is obtained from it, which is used for the production of various perfume products. Harvest rhizomes for medical purposes in autumn or spring. The stems of the plant are compressed-cylindrical, dense, erect, 50-100, and sometimes up to 160 cm tall, branched at the top. Very large (9-10 cm in diameter) regular, bisexual, single or arranged in groups of 3-8 pieces are formed on them on thick pedicels. flowers.

The flower (photo 2) consists of 6 petals, the outer three of which are bent down, three stamens and a pistil with a tripartite petal-like stigma. The ovary is three-celled. The petals are golden yellow, with an orange spot and purple veins, sometimes creamy white. The flowering of an individual flower is short, lasting only 3-4 days, but in general, iris curtains usually bloom for more than a month, from late May to early July, pollinated by bumblebees and flies. Blooming irises are one of our most graceful and beautiful plants, they are suitable for cutting bouquets, but, as already mentioned, they are best used to decorate ponds. The fruit is an oval-trihedral three-winged capsule with a short nose at the top. To save decorative look iris plantations, as well as their best flowering for the next year, in cultural plantings, it is better to remove the tied boxes. Seeds are round, round-oblong or semi-round, shiny, weight 1000 pcs. - 40 g, ripen in late August - October. They can feed the bird, as well as prepare a coffee surrogate from them. Vegetation of plants ends in the first decade of November.

The distribution area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe iris is very wide - almost the entire European part Russia, Western Siberia, Caucasus, Western, Central and Eastern Europe. In nature, it occurs quite often, grows in lowland and transitional, mainly floodplain and lakeside bogs, in damp meadows and marshy banks of reservoirs, contributes to their overgrowth. It is winter-hardy, photophilous, prefers rich soils that are light in texture, but can also grow on relatively poor soils. Diseases and pests are rarely affected.

Propagated by seeds, division of the bush, cuttings and pieces of rhizomes. The first, in culture, are propagated less frequently, since they require either stratification or autumn sowing immediately after harvest; moreover, - in the first year, germination is quite low - 6-16%. Most of seeds germinate only in the second year. Seedlings appear in the first decade of May, and plants formed from seedlings bloom only in the third year. Much more often, killer whales are propagated by cuttings, for this they use rosettes of leaves with a part of the rhizome, planting is done in autumn (in August-September), or in spring; the distance between the seats is 30-50 cm. Before planting, they are slightly dried, or the places of cuts are sprinkled with crushed charcoal. When landing in water, the cuttings are pressed into the bottom and fixed with a flyer made of thick wire. Rooting occurs within three to four weeks, the survival rate is close to 100%. You can harvest cuttings directly in nature. Thus, the yellow iris can be quite easily introduced into the culture, especially since some cultivars bred on its basis are already in the assortment of gardeners.

In addition to yellow, for the purposes of landscaping water bodies, you can also successfully use xiphoid and smooth irises, but they are very rare in nature, they are difficult to get, the latter is even listed in the Red Book (common in the Far East). The first flowers are brown-lilac, and the second - dark red-lilac with a golden spot on the petals.

Partly for this purpose, the Siberian iris (flowers are lilac or purple), which is widespread almost throughout our country (photo 3), is also suitable. It is found in wet meadows, marshes, along ditches; but usually grows not in water, but only near it.

Based on it, many ornamental varieties. However, all cultivars are much more whimsical than their wild ancestors, so to create beautiful compositions requiring minimal maintenance, it is advisable to use the latter. Moreover, they are very attractive and are not much inferior in beauty to their pampered cultural descendants.