Formulation of the sentence in German. Simple sentences in German. Complex sentence and its structure

In order to clearly and concisely express your thoughts orally or in writing, it is not enough to master such grammatical norms as verb conjugation, declension in cases of nouns and adjectives, etc. The German proposal has a well-organized structure, which initial stage learning may be incomprehensible to people who do not speak German.

Before proceeding with the grammatically correct construction of any sentence, it is necessary to determine what the speaker wants to say, that is what sentence will be for the purpose of the statement:

narrative- gives the interlocutor the available information;

interrogative- the proposal asks a question in order to obtain any information;

Incentive- contains a call to the interlocutor to perform an action.

In order to visually understand the structure of the German sentence, the inhabitants of Germany themselves compare it with an orchestra in which conductor is an verb-predicate. He "sets the tone" for each instrument in the orchestra - a member of the proposal.

In a declarative simple sentence verb-predicate always worth it in 2nd position. But what is before him, it does not matter at all. This does not have to be subject, expressed by a noun or pronoun. 1st place can be placed and secondary members.

For example:

If the proposal uses compound predicate, then in 2nd place necessarily put its mutable part, and its unchanging part heading off In the end.

There are such variants of the compound predicate:

1. So to speak modal predicate (it means >> modal verb + semantic).

For instance,

• Wir konnen heute arbeiten. We can work today.

! konnen, can- modal verb/ arbeiten, to work is a semantic verb. !

2. Temporary form(auxiliary verb + semantic).

For instance,

• Ich habe zwei Jahre Deutsch gelernt. — I studied German for 2 years.

! haben- auxiliary verb / lernen- semantic verb. !

3. Infinitive construction (verb + verb/infinitive with particle zu or otherwise compound infinitive).

For instance,

• Frau Horst beginnt zu sprechen. Mrs. Horst begins to speak.

! beginnen- verb / zu sprechen- infinitive with a particle zu!

• Ich verspreche zu kommen. I promise to come.

! verspreche- verb / zu kommen- infinitive with a particle zu!

4. Verb phrases(established linkages of words, where there is a verb and a part related to it).

For instance,

Ich Weiss Bescheid. — I am in the know/informed.

! Bescheid Wissen- verb phrase!

Frauen legend mehr Wert auf Vertrauen und Loyalität als Männer. “Women value trust and loyalty more than men. / Women value trust and loyalty more than men.

! Wert legend- verb phrase!

5. A verb with a separable prefix.

For instance,

Dominic macht die Augen zu. Dominic closes his eyes.

! zu machen - to close- vb. with a detachable prefix!

Separately, it is worth mentioning those parts of speech that are located between constituent parts complex predicate.

This part of the sentence in German sounds like Mittelfeld. The words in this segment cannot be arranged arbitrarily, they also obey certain rules:

Pronouns are always placed before nouns, no matter what case they are in.

For example:

• Linda hat ihm mein Auto geliehen! Linda lent him my car!
• Helga hat mir diese Uhr geschenkt. Helga gave me this watch.

Several nouns following one after another are arranged according to cases - Nominativ, Dativ, Akkusativ, Genetiv.

For example:

• Heute hat meine Mutter (Nom.) mir (Dat.) etwas besonderes (A) gekauft. My mom bought me something special today.

Several pronouns in a row are also arranged according to cases: Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ.

For example:

• Heute hat sie(N) es(A) mir (D) gekauft. She bought this for me today.

Such a part of the sentence, as a circumstance, in the German text is located according to the rule TEKAMOLO. What does it mean? TE (or temporal) means time, KA (or kausal) is cause, MO (or modal) means course of action, LO (or lokal) means place. In other words, first the circumstances will be named that answer the questions “how long / when / how often?”, then - for what reason? / why, the next place - how? / in what way?, and the final position - where? / where? /from where?.

For example:

• Wir fahren morgen ( temporal) mit dem Zug ( modal) nach Frankreich ( local). Tomorrow we will go by train to France.
• Sven wurde gestern ( TE) wegen einer Infection ( KA) schnell ( MO) ins Krankenhaus ( LO) gebracht. Sven was rushed to the hospital yesterday due to an infection.

Nouns used with definite articles are placed in front of nouns with articles in a declarative simple sentence. eine, eine.

For example:

• Ich habe dem Sohn meiner Tante ein Hemdgekauft. — I bought a shirt for my aunt's son.
• kimmi hat den Eltern ein Neues Café empfohlen. Kimmy recommended a new cafe to her parents.

An indirect object, consisting of an object and a preposition, is placed before a direct object that requires Dativ and Akkusativ.

For example:

• Die Mutter hat ihrer Tochter (D) ein neues Kleid (A) aus Baumwolle (Präposition/preposition + D) genaht. The mother sewed a cotton dress for her daughter.

Circumstances, if any, are usually placed between the additions.

For example:

Du must dir unbeddingt diese Serie anschauen! You should definitely watch this series!

Ich danke Ihnen herzlich fur Ihre Gluckwünsche, juhuuu! “I thank you from the bottom of my heart for your congratulations, yuhoo!”

When studying the question of the structure of a German sentence, it is impossible not to touch on the construction of a complex sentence.

Complex sentence and its structure

A sentence consisting of two or more stems (subject + predicate) is called difficult. In German, as in Russian, such sentences are divided into two types:

Compound, in which simple sentences are connected by unions aber and und. The arrangement of words in them is traditional;

For example:

Ich fliege nach Spanien und meine Kinder bleiben zu Hause (natürlich mit Oma haha). - I'm flying to Spain, and my children stay at home (with their grandmother, of course, haha).

Ich habe Magdalena eingeladen, aber sie ist nicht gekommen. - I invited Magdalena, but she did not come.

Complicated - consisting of 2 parts: the main - Hauptsatz, and the subordinate Nebensatz. In the main part, the arrangement of words should be straight. As for the subordinate part, it has the reverse word order - the verb is carried to the end.

For example:

Markuss ist nicht zu meiner Geburtstagsparty gekommen, obwohl ich ihn eingeladen habe (verb at the end).“Marcuss didn’t come to my birthday even though I invited him.

2. Interrogative sentence

Suggestions-questions in german speech are divided into two categories:

General- imply a specific answer "yes / no";

Special , in the structure of which the word-question must be present.

In a general question in the 1st position should be the inflected part of the verb-predicate, in the 2nd place - the subject, then the remaining members of the sentence. If the predicate is complex, its invariable part is put at the end of the question.

For example:

Kommt Helena Morgen? Will Helena come tomorrow?

Magst du Heine nothing? - You don't like Heine?

Hat Erik dir mein Buch gegeben? Did Eric give you my book?

Special interrogative sentences start with question words. The second position in the structure is occupied by the predicate, denoted by the verb, then the subject (noun or pronoun) and all the remaining secondary members.

For example:

Wann hat Erik dir mein Buch gegeben? — When Eric gave you my book?

Wem gehort diese Kaffeetasse? — Whose/to whom does it belong this coffee cup?

Warum kommst du so fruh? — Why are you coming so early?

3. Incentive offer

The purpose of the utterance of an incentive sentence is a call to perform some action. As a rule, in German imperative sentences are formulated in the Imperative mood. A feature of the structure is the fact that a predicate-verb is placed in position 1, and at the end an exclamation mark is placed instead of a dot. When pronounced, the exclamation is emphasized by the voice. The subject in this type of sentence may be absent. If it is, then it is placed after the predicate.

For example:

Komm! — Come!

Schließ Bitte die Tur! - Close the door, please!

Zeig mir bitte das Foto! Show me the photo, please!

That's all for now 😉

General rules for word order in a simple German sentence

1. The sentence consists of certain members of the sentence, namely: subject, predicate, additions, circumstances, etc.
2. In each language, there is a certain order of the members of the sentence relative to each other.
3. A special feature of the word order of a German sentence is place of the conjugated part of the predicate, for example: ich gehe, du gehst.
4. The place of the conjugated part of the predicate in a simple and subordinate clause fundamentally different.
5. A simple sentence is a complete, independent sentence. The conjugated part of the predicate is always in second place.. (A place is not a word, but a member of a sentence!)
6. The subject of a simple sentence can be either in the first, or in the third or fourth place relative to the conjugated part of the predicate - a kind of sentence axis.

Notes

1. In the following presentation, the numbers I, II, III, (IV) are used as a designation of the place occupied by a member of the proposal.
2. The transition of the subject from the first to the third place is indicated by the term inversion (= permutation). See Russian terms "direct word order" (the subject comes before the predicate) - "reverse word order" (the subject comes after the predicate).
3. The order of the remaining members of the sentence depends on the meaning of the sentence or the context, therefore it is not fixed and does not receive a digital designation in the subsequent presentation.
4. On negation: If the whole sentence is negated, then the negation nicht is, if possible, at the end of the sentence or before the second part of the verbal predicate. When negating only one member of the sentence, the negation of nicht comes before this member of the sentence.

Der Postbote kommt heute nicht. (=denied the whole sentence)
Der Postbote ist heute nicht gekommen. (=denied the whole sentence)
Der Postbote kommt nicht heute, sondern morgen. (= circumstance denied)
Nicht der Postbote kommt heute, sondern die Postbotin. (= subject negated)

Word order of a German common simple sentence with additions

The subject is in I place, in II - the conjugated part of the predicate.

a + b + c) In the present, imperfect and futurum, the predicate is in the second place.
d) In the perfect and pluperfect, the second place is the conjugated part of the predicate - the auxiliary verb. Participle II is at the end of the sentence.
e) A number of verbs require after themselves either an object in the dative or accusative, or two objects - in the dative and accusative cases.

If a sentence contains both dative and accusative objects, the dative object usually comes before the accusative object.

Inversion

1. In inversion, the secondary member of the sentence is in the 1st place, then the conjugated part of the predicate is in the 2nd place, the subject follows in the 3rd place. In this case, almost any minor member of the sentence can stand in the first place.
2. The meaning of the sentence as a result of inversion practically does not change, while the first place connects the sentence in meaning with the previous statement and emphasizes the continuation of the action:

Wir fruhstucken immer um 8 Uhr. Heute haben wir verschlafen.
Einstein emigrierte nach America. Dort konnte er weiterarbeiten.
Man stellte den Zeugen einige Manner vor. Den Tater erkannte niemand.
Mein Fotoapparat ist nicht in Ordnung. Damit kannst du nichts anfangen.

a + b + c) In inversion, only positions I and III are reversed, otherwise the word order remains the same

German sentences are usually classified according to the following criteria:

1. According to the content (purpose of the statement), there are:

• declarative sentences (Aussagesätze). These are sentences that contain a message:

Das Museum wurde 1949 gegrundet. The museum was founded in 1949.

• interrogative sentences (Fragesätze). Sentences that contain a question:

Studiert sie Deutsch? Is she studying German?

• incentive (imperative) sentences (Befehlsätze). Sentences that contain a request, an order, a recommendation, etc.:

Geben Sie mir bitte Ihr Lehrbuch. — Give me your textbook, please.

Wiederholen Sie das! - Repeat it!

• exclamatory sentences (Ausrufesätze). Sentences that convey feelings of joy, admiration, desire, etc.:

Wie schön ist dieser See! How beautiful is this lake!

Wenn er fruher gekommen ware! If only he had come earlier!

1. According to the nature of the utterance, there are:

• affirmative suggestions. Sentences that state the commission of an action, the presence of a certain state, quality, etc.:

Dieser Student hat schon die Prüfungen abgelegt. This student has already passed his exams.

• negative suggestions. Sentences that deny the commission of this or that action, the presence of this or that state, quality, etc.:

Dieser Student hat die Prüfungen noch nicht abgelegt. This student has not passed his exams yet.

In diem Haus gibt es keinen Aufzug. — There is no elevator in this building.

1. By the nature and presence of the subject, they distinguish:

• personal suggestions. Sentences in which the subject to which the statement refers is named:

Der Zug fährt um 9 Uhr ab. — The train leaves at 9 o'clock.

Die Fahrt dauert eine Stunde. - The trip lasts one hour.

• indefinitely personal proposals. Offers that actor indefinitely (but people are implied). In German, in such sentences, the role of the subject is played by the indefinite pronoun man:

Man hat davon schon vielmals gesprochen. - This has already been discussed many times.

Man kann dorthin mit der U-Bahn fahren. - You can go there by subway.

• impersonal offers. Sentences in which there is no acting person (subject). The function of the subject is the impersonal pronoun es:

Es ist warm. - Warmly.

Esschneit. - Snowing.

1. The composition is distinguished:

• two-part and one-part sentences. Two-part sentences are sentences in which there are both main members of the sentence - both the subject and the predicate. Bipartite sentence - salient feature German language. One-part sentences are sentences that consist only of a subject or predicate (less often additions or circumstances). In Russian, this type of sentence is more common than in German.
• complete and incomplete sentences. Complete sentences contain all the members of a sentence that are necessary to express a particular thought. In incomplete sentences, one or more sentence members are omitted. The absence of one or more members necessary for understanding the thought is made up for by the close semantic connection of this incomplete sentence with the adjacent ones. Incomplete sentences most often found in oral German speech.

"Wir gehen heute ins Kino. Und Sie?” -Ins Theatre. “We are going to the cinema tonight. And you?" - "To the theatre". Incomplete sentences Und Sie? and Ins Theatre. are understandable due to their semantic connection with the sentence Wir gehen heute ins Kino.

• simple and complex sentences. A sentence that has one grammatical basis is called a simple sentence. A sentence consisting of two or more simple sentences, as well as a main clause and a subordinate clause, is called a complex one.

Erschweigt. He is silent (simple sentence).

Es wurde kühl, und wir gingen nach Hause. It got cold and we went home (complex sentence).

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There are no easy languages ​​in the world - the language of any nation is quite complicated and studying it will be a very painstaking task if you set yourself the goal of competently mastering it and fully using it in regular communication at the household or professional level. When learning some languages, it will be easier to quickly learn the correct pronunciation, when mastering others, grammar may seem less difficult. But you will always have to work and make efforts.

The German (German) language has its own specifics, due to which, for a correct and adequate translation of German. texts into Russian (and, of course, vice versa) it is necessary to get acquainted with the main features of the construction of German. speech.

Bipartite

The very first and, perhaps, the main rule for constructing it. sentences is their duality, which is manifested in the obligatory presence of the subject and the predicate in the statement, as well as the rigidly fixed place of the predicate, which depends on the type of sentence in which it is used. For example:

• Dein Blumenstrauss ist heute der schönste. Your bouquet of flowers is the most beautiful today. (In the German variant, it is impossible to omit the linking verb in the compound predicate, while for the Russian language in the present tense its omission is a regular occurrence, since there is no need to indicate the time).
• Dein Blumenstrauss ist gestern der schönste gewesen. Your bouquet of flowers was the best yesterday. (Here, in both cases, there is a link, since its function also includes an indication of the past tense, as a result of which it cannot be omitted in the Russian version either).
• In dieser Familie hat man immer viel gelesen . - In this family, they always read a lot (in a two-part sentence, the pronoun (indefinitely personal) acts as an obligatory subject, without which the sentence would be grammatically defective).

The place of the predicate in the sentence

The above examples also clearly demonstrate the fact that the predicate is in a simple narrative it. proposal is in second place. Without any reservations, this applies only to a simple verbal predicate (see example 1). If a simple verbal predicate is used in a complex form (see example 2) or is compound (verbal or nominal), then the second place is occupied by the conjugated part of the predicate, and the last place is invariable, for example:

• Lothar wollte eine neue Krawatte kaufen. – Lothar wanted to buy a new tie (the predicate is a compound verb, the conjugated part is modal verb(vb.) wollen, and unchangeable - with the semantic verb kaufen).
• Meine Schwester ist perfekte Sportlerin. – My sister is an excellent athlete (the predicate is a compound nominal, the linking verb sein in the personal form ist and the invariable nominal part is perfekte Sportlerin).

In interrogative sentences, the place of the verb is determined by the presence of the interrogative word. If it is present in the sentence, then it takes the first place, the predicate or its inflected part takes the second place, followed by the subject and other secondary members, and at the very end of the statement is the invariable part of the predicate (if any). If an interrogative sentence is constructed without an interrogative word, then the verb comes first. or its conjugated component, followed by the subject and other secondary members of the sentence, and the construction is closed by the same invariable part of the predicate (of course, if it is available). For example:

• Was wollte Lothar kaufen ? What did Lothar want to buy?
• Wollte Lothar eine Krawatte kaufen ? Did Lothar want to buy a tie?
• Hat Lothar eine Krawatte gekauft ? Did Lothar buy a tie?
• Was hat Lothar gekauft? What did Lothar buy?
• Was kaufte Lothar heute? What did Lothar buy today?

German nouns

German nouns also have a number of features unusual for a Russian person. Firstly, they are all and always written with a capital letter and in most cases are accompanied by functional words - articles. The second, already more serious difficulty, is the very frequent mismatch of numbers and genders of nouns in it. and Russian, which makes it necessary to memorize all new words with their inherent articles, for example: pig (female) - das Schwein (middle), spoon (female) - der Löffel (male), trousers (plural) - die Hose (singular , feminine), etc. Thus, in many cases, the usual Russian associations cannot be used here - you just need to learn the vocabulary.

Another specific phenomenon characteristic of him. language and atypical for Russian, is the active compounding of nouns, which allows one word, consisting of several stems, to replace entire fragments of text, for example: AC controller - der Wechselstromschalter, construction nuclear power plants– der Kernkraftwerksbau, etc. The wording of this plan is especially actively used in German technical language. In Russian, in similar cases, as a rule, various definitions and additions are used.

Frame structures

In him. All kinds of frame constructions are widely used in the language, the main function of which is to organize a certain statement and link it into a single whole. Such constructions in it. a lot of language, for example:

• Der trübe Herbsthimmel - overcast autumn sky (frame of article and noun).
• Er setzte seine Aktivitäten aktiv fort. – He actively continued his activities (frame from the verb and its separable prefix).
• Peter hat viele alte Zeitungen aus dem Keller geholt . - Peter brought a lot of old newspapers from the basement (a frame of an auxiliary and semantic verb in a complex form of a verbal predicate).
• Sie sollte eine neue Jacke für ihren kleinen Sohn kaufen .- She had to buy a new jacket for her little son (frame from modal and semantic verb in compound verb predicate).
• Cecilia wollte sich gut ausschlafen, um besonders munter und frisch morgen auszusehen. – Cecilia wanted to sleep well in order to look especially cheerful and fresh tomorrow (frame from um + infinitive with particle zu).
• Sie bleibt hier, statt ihre Zeit in seiner Gesellschaft zu verlieren. – She will stay here instead of wasting her time in his company (statt box + zu infinitive).
• Er wollte ins Hotel gehen, weil sein Begleiter schon mehrere Stunden auf ihn wartete . - He wanted to go to the hotel, because his companion had been waiting for him for many hours (a box from the conjunction and the corresponding verb in the subordinate clause).

negation in german

As for the negatives in it. statements, then here you need to remember for the rest of your life that the German language allows the presence of only one negation in a sentence, never within the framework of one it. sentences cannot get along with two or more negatives, as is often the case in Russian, for example:

• Du hast keinen einzigen Satz richtig geschrieben! - You did not write a single sentence correctly (one negation in a German sentence against two in Russian)!
• Nie habe ich von so einem Auto geträumt. - I never dreamed of such a car (one negative in it. And characteristic two negatives in Russian).

Management of verbs

When using it. verbs and, accordingly, the translation of German. proposals Special attention should be given to verbal control. The use of certain cases and prepositions with various verbs. often does not match. and Russian languages. German verbs can have non-prepositional and prepositional controls. Among the verbs with unprepositional control, a special place is occupied by a group of transitive verbs that control the accusative Akkusativ without a preposition. Correct use prepositions and cases controlled by him. verbs, allows you to clearly formulate your thought and convey information to the interlocutor exactly in the form in which it is necessary to do this, since the whole meaning of a separate verb can depend on the choice of a certain preposition or case. in general, and its important shades. For example:

• Sein Bruder freut sich über seine Errungenschaften. - His brother rejoices in his achievements (which have already been achieved in the past - in this case, you need to use the preposition über).
• Sein Bruder freut sich auf den bevorstehenden Wettkampf. - His brother rejoices at the upcoming competition (this preposition is used with the verb sich freuen in the case when the event has not yet occurred, but will only happen in the future).
• Die Beispiele können diesem Buch entnommen werden. – Examples can be taken from this book (the unprepositional control of the dative case Dativ of the German verb entnehmen corresponds to the prepositional control in the Russian translation).
• Ihre Erzählungen entbehren gewisser Phantasie . – Her stories lack a certain fantasy (in this example the unprepositional control of the genitive case Genitiv is inherent in both German and Russian).