Branches of specialization and territorial organization of the UK economy. Industry of England Describe one of the industries of Great Britain

. Great Britain belongs to the highly developed countries of the world. By volume. GNP it ranks seventh in the world. Private capital plays a dominant role in the country's national economy. However, in some industries, especially in low-margin and unprofitable ones, you believe the public sector is of decisive importance. First of all, this concerns the coal, shipbuilding, aviation, military industries, and partly the transport engineering. big role in the economy. Great. Britain is played by American monopolies, which occupy a dominant position in certain branches of industry. On the other hand, the state plays an important role in the international economy, monetary and financial transactions.

Great Britain had in the first half of the 20th century huge colonial possessions, from which it intensively exported raw materials. After. During World War II, it gradually lost almost all of its colonies. Slow

structural changes in the economy led to a certain lag behind other developed countries

Leading place in the sectoral structure of the economy. Great Britain accounts for the industry, which accounts for about 5% of the industrial production of highly developed countries. It is also marked by intensive agriculture.

in the structure of industry. The leading industry is mechanical engineering, chemical industry and electric power industry. Decreased markedly in the second half of XX in the proportion of traditional industries. Veliko j. Britain - mining and textile.

Industry

The coal industry is a traditional branch of the economy. However, production has declined significantly and today the country has turned from an exporter of coal into its importer. A decrease in the volume of wu coal production causes a decrease in its share in the fuel balance, an increase in the share of oil, gas, and nuclear fuel in it. Great Britain has a powerful oil refining industry (more than 20 enterprises).

of all electricity c. UK produce powerful. TPP. They give a large part. nuclear power plant, and specific gravity. HPP is very small

In the metallurgical complex of the state, there is a decline in iron ore production and a reorientation to imported raw materials. The volumes of steel smelting, carried out only by oxygen-converter and electrosmelting methods, have noticeably decreased. Metallurgical enterprises are mainly located in coastal cities located at the mouths of rivers. Among the branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, the leaders are midna, lead-zinc (in terms of lead smelting more than 320 thousand tons - the third place in the world), aluminum. Enterprises for the smelting of non-ferrous metals are concentrated mainly in port cities, as well as nearby. hydroelectric power station in Scotland and. Wales.

Among the branches of engineering, manufacturing dominates technological equipment, agricultural machines, tractors, electrical and electronic devices and machine tools, cars, ships, heat and electric locomotive construction, thin.

British engineering products are competitive, but expensive, which negatively affects the export opportunities of the state

The diversified chemical third of production is exported. The leading role is played by production, chemistry of organic synthesis and the oil refining industry, which are concentrated in port cities. Enterprises producing mineral fertilizers are consumer-oriented. Major centers of the chemical industry is. London (diversified chemistry and pharmaceuticals),. Foley (Naftohimiya) and other cities of the central part. England and Scotland.

Pulp and paper industry enterprises are also concentrated mainly in port cities, focusing on imported wood

Light industry is a traditional branch of specialization. Great Britain. Among the branches of light industry, the leading one is the textile industry, which is now in a state of depression. The country gradually turned from an exporter of cotton fabrics to an importer of them.

Agriculture

. Most of the agricultural land in Great Britain is concentrated in farms with an area of ​​more than 100 hectares. Agriculture country is one of the most productive and well-equipped in the world. It provides the needs of the population of the state in food by 75%. The main branch of agriculture is animal husbandry, which provides 70% of production.

Wheat, rye and barley are the leading crops in crop production. Sugar beets play an important role among industrial crops. The UK is one of the ten largest potato producers in the world.

Suburban farms specializing in the cultivation of vegetables, berries, fruits, flowers, and hops play an important role in the production of high-value crops. They are located on the south coast of Wa Island, in the richok valleys.

Highly productive animal husbandry is based on the cultivation of fodder crops, as well as natural meadows and pastures used all year round. Developed in the state cattle breeding, especially meat direction, pig breeding, sheep breeding (numerous number of sheep in Europe), poultry farming.

Separate areas. Great Britain have their own narrow specialization (for the slopes of the mountains and uplands, breeding of young animals is typical, specializing in the production of milk. South-West, etc.)

Transport

Transport. The UK provides links to its main trading partners. Therefore, maritime transport plays a leading role in cargo turnover.

Rail transport carries out only 20% of the freight turnover within the country. The length of the route was noticeably reduced to 17 thousand km from 29 thousand km in 1960. Road transport occupies a leading position in the domestic

transportation (75% of cargo turnover). The country has a dense network highways. The main highway is. London -. Birmingham -. Manchester -. Glasgow. Underwater tunnel through the strait. The English Channel enables land communication with the mainland.

AT last years a special role is played by pipeline transport, which delivers oil and gas from wells. North Sea to consumers. Many pipelines are laid on the seabed

Water transport operates only on rivers. Thames and. Severn, as well as on. Manchester Canal. Other rivers and lakes are recreational

Heathrow airport approx. London is one of the largest airports in the world, where a lot of international air routes intersect. Domestic importance of air transport, negligible

Foreign economic relations

For 2001-2005, the share. Britain's world trade has more than halved. Among the types of external relations, the first place is occupied by the export of capital and its investment in industries that provide the country's economy with raw materials and foodstuffs.

In the structure of exports, almost 40% is occupied by machinery and equipment, weapons. Important export items are also chemical goods (1/3 of the products of this industry are exported), agricultural products. C. In the structure of imports, the main ones are machinery and equipment (about 40%), finished products, semi-finished products, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal and other mineral raw materials.

Main partners. Great Britain are countries. EU,. Japan i. USA, and in recent years the country began to focus on the market of post-socialist countries. Central and. Eastern. Europe

Despite the insignificant territory of England, its economic and industrial development has a significant impact on the situation not only in Europe, but throughout the world. The industry of England is 30% of the total GDP, it is focused mainly on the export of its products.

Prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution in England

The agrarian revolution of the XV-XVI centuries is the main prerequisite for the industrial revolution that took place in England. After its implementation, highly commercial agriculture is developing at a rapid pace, which is developed on a farm basis. English farmers are actively managing, constantly improving agriculture and agricultural technology. Crop rotation and grass sowing are spreading. Steam plows, drainage work, steam engines are widely used, and mineral fertilizers are actively used.

Agrarian transformations led to the release of a large number of people and formed a reserve of a single national market that stimulates the development of economic activity. The foreign economic prerequisites for the development of the industrial revolution in England were reckless robberies of the colonies.

England at the end of the 18th century turned into a large colonial and maritime world state. Huge profits, which were provided by dominance in world trade, the use of wealth North America, India and other colonial possessions, were fully invested in the industry of England.

Remark 1

The geographical location of Great Britain, as well as the natural and economic conditions of England - convenient harbors, water communications, large deposits of coal and iron ore, and the availability of minerals for the textile industry - were extremely favorable for the industrial revolution.

Foreign economic conditions of the industrial revolution and the development of England

The constant and stable demand of Europe for the products of England, which was caused by incessant wars, provided her with a sales market and also influenced the emergence of the industrial revolution. An important role in this was played by the policy of mercantilism and protectionism, which was implemented by the British government.

Remark 2

The key factor in the industrial revolution was the emergence of a qualitative and technically new level of the cotton industry, which was ensured by the gradual introduction of new mechanisms and machines into industrial production.

Weaving processes have lagged behind mechanized yarn for some time. However, this discrepancy was soon eliminated by the development and implementation of a new loom by E. Cartwright, which was invented in 1785. He replaced the work of 45 weavers. So the first machines and factories appeared in the industry of England. In the 80s. XVIII this equipment appeared in other branches of British industry.

In the history of the development of industry in England, the invention of the Scottish mechanic James Watt, who invented the steam engine in 1769, is of epochal importance. Watt improved it in 1782, and since that time the steam engine has been the main source of energy for the textile industry in England.

Thanks to this invention, coal became widely used as the main fuel. Dependence on the water engine was eliminated, new regions of the country were opened for industry. Soon, after the opening of steam engine factories, they began to be actively used in various industries.

Richard Arkwright in 1771 created the world's first weaving machine, and in 1785 Cort invented a method for obtaining pure iron. During this period, coal mining for industrial purposes is actively developing. As a result of the transition from manufactory to factory production in the 60s. In the 18th century, optimal and favorable conditions were created for the start of the industrial revolution. Large capital, free labor force and the presence of the internal market have become good ground for this.

The use of machines greatly accelerated the development of the coal industry and metallurgy. Mechanical engineering was formed, which was based on the widespread use of lathe drilling machine. The growth of production and industry in England led to the emergence of new Vehicle. The presence of a steam engine made it possible to use it in maritime and rail transport.

In 1812, for the first time in England, a steamboat was launched, at the same time, experiments on the railway began. R. Treutik and J. Stephenson built several models of steam carts and a self-propelled steam power plant, which was invented on the basis of a steam engine. In 1831, a railway was built that connected Liverpool and Manchester, it was of great economic importance. The construction of the railway caused fundamental changes in the economy of England, forming stable communications between various industries and regions of the country.

Industrial translation has dramatically changed the economic geography of England. New industrial regions were formed that specialized in specific types of products. The volume of industrial production has grown rapidly. England in the middle of the XIX century was transformed into a world "workshop", which produced about half of the world's industrial output. It has taken a central place in international politics and the world economy.

The industrial and commercial hegemony of England was provoked by the economic policy of the country. When industrialization was not yet completed, customs duties on foreign goods dominated the country.

Definition 1

When English industry became stronger and no longer afraid of foreign competition, it proclaimed unlimited opportunities for trade - free trade (free trade).

Its essence was the complete exemption from duties of all products that are imported into England. Free trade was designed to:

• counter cancellation of the duty;
• a significant reduction in duties on the export of British goods to other countries.

Thanks to this, England was provided with the free sale of its products abroad, as well as with cheap imported raw materials and food. The development of machine production gave impetus to England to form the social structure of an industrial society. The industrial proletariat made up almost 50% of the employed working population. Urbanization transformed England into a country of cities and factory settlements. AT late XIX For centuries, almost 70% of the population lived in cities.

Modern industry in England

To date, in England, the following industries are most developed:

1. Oil industry. England extracts oil from its own sources and refines raw materials from other countries. It is one of the top ten oil-producing countries in the world. The most famous oil field in England is Fortis and Brent. There are currently 9 specialized oil refineries operating in the country.
2. Minerals. More than 85 gas fields have been discovered on the territory of England, the extraction of which began in the 60s. last century. The produced gas is sold on the domestic English market.
3. Metallurgy. Deposits of iron ore, coal and limestone allow England to be in the 8th place in the world ranking for iron smelting. Non-ferrous metallurgy is considered the most developed throughout Europe, despite the fact that the country operates at the expense of foreign raw materials.
4. Engineering. This industry is the most extensive in England. The first place belongs to the transport engineering. For example, JCB is a leading manufacturer of construction equipment. England also occupies a leading position in the supply of trucks, selling products to the markets of Iran, the USA, New Zealand and South Africa. I also produce cars in the country - Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Land Rover. In recent years, the production of machine tools has increased, thanks to which England has risen to 6th place in the world ranking of this industry.
5. Power industry. A properly built economic system allows consumers and large industries not to experience a shortage of electricity. Many thermal power plants in England run on coal, but oil products have recently begun to be used.
6. Chemical industry. The basis of this industry is oil and gas products, so the range of products produced is strictly limited. These include pharmaceuticals, plastics, which are used in electronics and aircraft rocketry, as well as chemicals for agriculture and the land industry.
7. Textile industry. This direction is considered traditional for England: the production of wool, silk, cotton fabrics is famous for its high-quality products all over the world.
8. Manufacturing industry. A significant part of the capacity is allocated to the printing industry and the food industry. In recent decades, food products have been the most demanded products for export. Therefore, the whole world knows about whiskey, English tea and tobacco.

Despite the successful conduct of industrial activities, England continues to develop rapidly. After the emergence of new industries and production automation, economic indicators countries are growing rapidly. According to experts' forecasts, in the future, British goods will occupy the first positions in world rankings not only in terms of quantity, but also in terms of quality. It is quality that is a traditional feature of the national mentality of England.

Thanks to industry, the UK receives approximately 35-40% of the gross national product. Enterprises usually use imported raw materials, and most of them have modern machines and use advanced technologies. Some industrial companies in the UK are lagging behind, including enterprises specializing in coal mining, cotton production, and iron and steel. The main backbone of industry falls on West Yorkshire, Gloucestershire, Lancashire. In South Wales, in the north-east of the country and in central Scotland are the largest industrial areas.

Top 5 industrial cities in the UK

1. Birmingham
2. Liverpool
3. Edinburgh
4. London

Birmingham is an important industrial center

Birmingham is the industrial heart of the West Midlands. It also plays an important role as a transport hub, belongs to the major cities of Great Britain, and most of its inhabitants are employed in the industrial sector. The city specializes in ferrous metallurgy, which became possible thanks to the iron mines. Active production is demonstrated by companies engaged in the production of metal products. Now Birmingham has become a major automotive center.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking attract many specialists from all over the world. BMC is located on the territory of the city - one of the largest automobile companies in the world, established in 1952. The company is now called British Motor Holdings. She developed and produced such models of Austin, Morris cars, numerous vans based on cars, light trucks. BMC played a significant role in the creation of household equipment. Birmingham receives a significant part of its income from companies engaged in the production of electrical equipment, car tires, cars, fulfillment of orders of the Ministry of Defense. The famous General Electric has a large branch here. An interesting specialization of the city was the production of jewelry. It was Birmingham that became the jewelry center of Great Britain, proof of this is the many jewelry shops, large chains, and now the city accounts for 70% of all products made in the UK. The brand name of the city is the anchor. It is affixed to all jewelry made here. Birmingham owes the development of the jewelry industry to Charles II, who was very fond of wearing jewelry, especially brooches and buckles.

Liverpool is an important city for the oil industry

Not far from Liverpool is a major center of oil production. The many oil producing areas located around make Liverpool the hub for the transportation of fuel, which is distributed through a large port.

The main owner of the oil field is Darcy Exploration. This company is Anglo-Iranian, famous for seismic and gravimetric surveys. Exploration for mineral fertilizers plays an important role in oil production. It was Liverpool that became one of the first cities in which such activities were put on stream.

Edinburgh - the pearl of the UK oil industry

All of Scotland is known for its oil production. And if Liverpool plays the role of a distributor of minerals, then Edinburgh is known precisely as a miner of an important mineral. Oil has been extracted here since 1970. For transportation, a pipeline system and transportation by tankers are used. In addition, natural gas is being produced. The oil terminal plays a significant role in this matter. It is managed by the world-famous British Petroleum company. Specialists took care of the production of a huge number of tons of oil. Since 1964, more than 40 billion tons have been extracted from the fields in the North Sea.

Edinburgh is popularly known as a producer of alcoholic beverages. For example, it is here that the famous Scotch whiskey is made. The city is also famous for its beer, which is distributed throughout the country and even beyond its borders. Local museums can tell in detail about the process of making alcoholic beverages, the main raw materials for which are malt and barley. Scotch whiskey made in Edinburgh is considered the benchmark.

One of the largest British brewing companies, Scottish and Newcastle, is located on the territory of Edinburgh. Having begun work in the middle of the XVIII century, now it has become one of the most dynamically developing. At present, the Danish company Carlsberg has become the main owner of the enterprise.

London is a major industrial city

On the territory of London there is a whole industrial area. Here, the automotive industry, the construction of machine tools, ships, ship repairs, and the production of electronics have developed. Less developed:

• light;
• food;
• petrochemical and oil refining industries.

From here, goods are transported all over the world. Large companies are based in London, for example, Corus Group, which specializes in the production of metal products. No less famous is Shell, which is considered one of the largest oil and gas companies, occupying the top lines of the Forbes Global 2000 rating. The Fullers brewing company, whose drinks are considered elite, has gained great fame.

Uniliver enterprises deserve a separate word. It was Uniliver that became the leader in the production of household chemicals, and a large proportion of the company's products are perfumes. Her path began with the production of margarine, then there was a merger with a large factory producing soap products. The transportation of palm oil also played a significant role, allowing a single concern to receive a powerful impetus for development. Now "Uniliver" specializes in the production of ice cream, cheese, tea, it owns famous brands (Dove, Lipton). Interesting feature"Uniliver" is to distribute branches around the world, which allows you to save on costs. Approximately 50% of branches are located in developing countries.

Slough is an example of a high-tech industry

Slough is home to Reckitt Benckiser, a personal care company. The company has 19 brands, it has its branches in Russia and many other countries. Despite the sustainable development and numerous awards associated with achievements in the field of economics, the company has been marked by a number of scandals related to the content of hazardous substances in its products. For example, Reckitt Benckiser humidifiers have caused the death of more than a hundred people. Also, the effectiveness of painkillers produced by the enterprise is often questioned.

UK industry is based not only on the extraction of minerals and the production of products used in engineering or construction. Many enterprises of the country provide the whole world with goods that are widely popular. This allows the UK to compete significantly, outpacing and competing with the real titans in the field of production.

As stated above, the coal mining industry has declined and the energy sector of the economy has been transformed by domestic deposits of natural gas and oil. Nuclear fuel slightly increased the level of energy produced in the country, while hydroelectric power stations retained their positions, and in some places, for example, in Scotland, remained the main source of energy. The vast majority of energy is produced in conventional power plants.

Overall, the manufacturing sector continues to shrink both in terms of workers employed in this sector and in terms of share (now less than one-quarter) of the gross national product (GNP). This sector of the economy was the main cause of the rapid increase in unemployment in the early 1980s. When production began to rise again, there was a significant increase in productivity and profits.

The most important sectors of industry are mechanical engineering, food industry (including the production of non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages), tobacco and chemical industries, paper and printing industries, and light industry. The fastest growing sectors of industry were the chemical, timber, furniture, rubber and plastics industries. Within the chemical industry, the pharmaceutical industry began to develop especially actively. The food and light industries, as well as engineering in general, work below average.

In the 1980s, imports of industrial products increased significantly, but despite this, Great Britain continues to export a significant part of its goods, the balance still remains in favor of imports. However, the support of a competitive industry is considered of paramount importance for international trade, where it has more weight than the service sector.

centers of industry.

• 1. Refining: Shell Haven, Foley, Grangemouth, Milford Haven, Pembroke, Barry, Coryton, Llandarcy, Stanlow-Carrington, Billingham-Wilton, Teesport.
• 2. Ferrous metallurgy: Sheffield Rotherham, Port Talbot, Llanvern, Scunthorpe, Skinningrow, Redcar, Llanelli, Carron, Clyde Iron, Middlesbrough, Ravenscrag, Cardiff.
• 3. Non-ferrous metallurgy: Swansea, London and its suburbs, Holyhead, Lynmouth, Avonmouth, Prescott.
• 4. Aluminum industry: Burntiland, Dolgarrog, Newport, Kinlohliven, Foyers, Fort William, Holyhead, Invergordon.
• 5. Lead-zinc industry: Avonmouth, Manchester, Northfleet, Glasgow.
• 6. Copper industry: Bootle, Liverpool.
• 7. Electrical and instrumentation: Greater London, Glasgow, Edinburgh, East Kilbright, Livingston, Birmingham, Coventry, Dundee, Newcastle upon Tyne, Liverpool, Manchester.
• 8. Machine tool industry: Birmingham, Greater London, Coventry, Leicester.
• 9. Automotive industry: Greater London, Birmingham, Coventry, Luton, Oxford, Derby, Sunderland, Liverpool.
• 10. Aviation and space industry: Greater London, Bristall with the suburbs of Filton, Derby, Gloucester, White, Yeovil, Luton, Manchester, Preston.
• 11. Shipbuilding: Clydeside, Barrow-in-Furness, Belfast, Sunderland, Birkenhead, Newcastle, Glasgow, Greenock, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton.
• 12. Chemical Industry: Greater London, Foley Southampton, Stanlow Carrington, Billingham Wilton, North Tees, Grangemouth, Mossmoran, Bristol Suburbs, Immingham, Londonderry, Glasgow, Birmingham, Newcastle, Middlesbrough Suburbs, Aberdeen, Hythe, Liverpool, Manchester, Hull, Shell Haven.
• 13. Nuclear industry: Amersham, Harwell, Aldermaston, Springfield, Capenhurst, Riseley, Wantage.
• 14. Textile industry: London, Nottingham, Leicester, Dundee, Leeds, Huddersfield, Bradford, Arbroath, Montrose, Macclesfield, Greenfield, Grimsby, Wolverhampton, Preston, Wilton, Coventry, Kilrud, Manchester, Belfast.

Lecture 2

2.1. UK industry.

2.2. Agriculture in the UK.

2.3. Transport and external economic relations.

The UK industry provides 1/3 of the gross national product, it accounts for more than 1/3 of all employees. It uses mainly imported raw materials and is increasingly oriented towards foreign market. On the one hand, the UK is characterized by the rapid growth of modern industries using progressive production technology and work organization, the latest equipment and perfect methods management, on the other hand, the lag behind the old traditional industries. The first group includes electronics, the latest branches of general and precision engineering, most branches of the chemical industry; to the second - coal mining, cotton and wool industry, shipbuilding, ferrous metallurgy.

The process of concentration of production in the industry of Great Britain has led to the creation in many industries, especially modern, of the largest associations of industrialists. A small number of huge companies control almost all production in them. The country's largest industrial monopolies are Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI, Unilever, British Leyland, and General Electric Company, which each employ 200,000 people.

The main part of the industrial enterprises of Great Britain is concentrated in a densely populated industrial belt, including the counties from London to Lancashire and from West Yorkshire to Gloucestershire. The largest industrial areas outside this belt are south Wales, the northeast of England and central part Scotland.

Those areas in which old industries and traditional industries developed became lagging behind, or depressed. This most of Scotland,

Northern Ireland, almost all of Wales, the extreme northeast and part of the southwest of England.

The main branch of the mining industry in Great Britain is coal mining. It has been going on for three centuries. Until 1910, British coal dominated the world market. However, since 1913, when a record amount of 287 million tons was mined, production has been steadily declining. Only from 1970 to 1977 did it decrease from 140 to 119 million tons.

Nevertheless, coal still remains one of the leading types of fuel in the country. It provides 1/3 of the energy consumed in the UK, second only to oil, which provides almost half of it. The largest coal basin in the British Isles is Yorkshire, where in 1975 28 million tons of coal were mined. It is followed by Northumberled Durham and North Western.

When natural gas fields were discovered in the North Sea in 1959, Great Britain was given the right to extract it in the western part. In 1965, 70 km east of Clinthorps, the first well gave gas, which marked the beginning of its commercial production. Through a gas pipeline laid on the bottom of the North Sea, the gas reaches the east coast of the island of Great Britain in the area of ​​Easington in Yorkshire. There are five main natural gas fields in the British zone, which provide 1/6 of the energy consumed in the country. Almost all gas now comes from natural sources.

The country's needs for electrical energy are fully satisfied from domestic sources. In 1975, 86% of electricity was produced by thermal power plants, 12% by nuclear and 2% by hydroelectric power plants. The vast majority of thermal power plants run on coal, but in recent years some of them have switched to oil. The largest thermal power plants (with a capacity of more than 1 million kW) are located on the river. Trent and near London. In the last two decades, 13 nuclear power plants, the total production of which is more than 30 billion kW. h. Five more nuclear power plants are under construction. For the production of electricity at nuclear power plants, Great Britain ranks first in foreign Europe.

Hydro stations are usually small, located mainly in the Scottish Highlands. Back in the 1930s, the first electrical grid (“grid”) was created in the UK, which had great importance for the development of industry, especially in those areas where there were no coal deposits. And in 1970, construction was completed in the UK unified system transmission lines (“Supergrid”) with b about more tension.

Most energy is consumed by one of the leading branches of British industry - ferrous metallurgy. Great Britain ranks eighth in the world in iron and steel smelting, which in 1977 amounted to 13 and 20 million tons, respectively. Almost all of the country's steel is produced by the state corporation British Steel.

The leading metallurgical region of Great Britain in the 19th century. was the "Black Country", located on the Midland coal plateau, where 170 blast furnaces worked simultaneously. Today, the championship has passed to South Wales, whose metallurgical plants provide 30% of the total production of iron and steel and provide almost all the country's need for sheet iron.

Until 1972, the British automotive industry developed very rapidly. She owned the third place in the world after the USA and Germany in terms of the number of cars produced. However, in recent years, production rates have been declining. Economic crisis of 1974-1975 threw the British automotive industry back several years: in 1977, about 1.7 million cars rolled off the assembly lines of car factories, that is, 400 thousand less than in 1972. On average, 2/5 of automotive products are exported . The UK is the world's largest exporter of trucks. A series of off-road vehicles of the Land Rover brand is widely known. The main buyers of British cars are the USA, New Zealand, Iran and South Africa.

Almost all mass-produced cars and trucks are produced by several major British Leyland automobile companies, factories of the international American company Chrysler U.K. and subsidiaries of the American firms Vauxhall and Ford.

In terms of aircraft production, Great Britain is second only to the United States in the foreign world. It produces about 20 types of vehicles: military, passenger, cargo and several types of small aircraft for special purposes. Together with the French government, the first supersonic passenger liner in the capitalist world, the Concorde, was created at public expense. Produced and sold different types missiles and hovercraft.

The English say that they have been shipbuilders almost since the formation of the British Isles. Until 1955, the United Kingdom was the world's largest ship supplier, but in subsequent years, Japan took the lead, and the UK was already in fifth place.