Roadbed. The device of road surfaces. Types of highways

Roads are the hallmark of the country; many sectors of the economy directly depend on the development of the road network. By financing the road industry, we contribute to the development of the economy as a whole. The highway is a complex technical object, characterized by a special history of its development and strong technological heredity. To improve its condition in our country, it is necessary to rely on modern methods road construction and take into account the existing technologies of our regions and territories. Only with this approach, roads will meet all the growing needs of society, withstand the ever-increasing growth of cars. Vehicle, increasing traffic intensity and increasing loads. Before designing a device pavement, first of all, one should take into account the basic requirements for such a complex engineering structure, namely: ensuring uninterrupted and continuous, year-round and safe traffic of vehicles with a design load and a strictly established speed mode under any weather conditions.

Base for asphalt pavement

To begin with, let's define what is meant by the term base itself - this is the so-called bearing part of any road "clothing", which allows you to evenly (subject to all technologies) distribute the load on other layers, but lower lying in a uniform amount. The base itself can consist of a certain “pie” of layers, developed in each specific case. It must be understood that there is both a main and an additional base, by additional bases they mean frost-protective, draining layers.

So, what type of base can be?

Can be divided into the following subgroups:

• Crushed stone.
• Gravel.
• Concrete.

Each of the subgroups has its own scope, as well as certain technologies, however, in general, there are no differences in paving.

Sand bedding

Sand bedding is used for almost all known types of foundations, it serves to maintain a sufficient level of drainage.

Sand serves to maintain good cushioning and drainage of the roadway, and therefore road builders are very careful in choosing it. River sand is often used, with grains of 1.7 -2.3 mm, which is considered as medium in size. Great importance they also pay attention to the purity of the material, i.e., clay impurities are excluded to the maximum. The sand cushion is carefully compacted and a geofabric is laid, which will separate it from a layer of crushed stone and gravel.

Keep in mind that the use of even small clay impurities will adversely affect the operation of the entire sand cushion. Since clay properties are absolutely opposite to sand. In view of which, there will be slight or even severe waterlogging and flooding of the road section, not only after precipitation, but also in the spring-autumn period.

When arranging some highways with an increased vehicle flow, a decision is made to use combined type"pillows" - gravel and crushed stone. When constructing the same sidewalks, one of the layers is used to reduce the cost and, accordingly, expenses.

The base, on which layers of crushed stone or gravel are laid, is the bearing (or main) layer of "road pavement", since it has the most important role - it perceives the traffic load and distributes it to subgrade. Its role is great, and work on the construction of a crushed stone base is the most time-consuming. Crushed stone is dumped in layers, followed by compaction. Apply only strictly sorted crushed stone or gravel of various fractions.

The technological cycle consists of the following stages:

• A scattering of coarse crushed stone (h 0.15 -0.25 m).
• Grader planning.
• Careful sealing.
• A scattering of fine crushed stone (h 0.1 - 0.2 m).
• Leveling with a motor grader.
• Seal with spillage.
• Finishing scattering, compaction and pouring with a cleaving fraction.

Coating Technology

For many years now, coating technology has not changed. After preparing the base, regardless of the purpose of the future road network, the so-called finishing is performed.

Finishing is a “black” base, the main purpose of which is to equalize operational loads. A special mineral material with high strength properties is widely used, which is specially treated with a binder.

Asphalt concrete consists of: crushed stone, sand, mineral additives(enveloped with bitumen) and a binder (high molecular weight organic compound). Asphalt-concrete mixtures with a wide temperature range are used for laying - from hot to cold cycles. The stacking process is carried out using the "tracking" system (laser) autolayer. ABS is laid on a surface previously primed with an emulsion, after which it is carefully compacted.

Stages of pavement

The following processes can be attributed to the stages of the roadbed construction:

• Processing the "cushion" with a special primed emulsion.
• Pouring the finished asphalt mixture onto the prepared base using automotive equipment or manually, depending on the task.
• Leveling of the asphalt mixture and its further tamping with the help of construction rollers.
• To last stage include marking and installing fences.

Laying reinforced concrete slabs on the base

When choosing reinforced concrete slabs as “road clothes”, you need to understand that the durability of the use of the road depends on compliance with the technology. But, it is worth noting that slabs are often used for the construction of temporary roads. So, the laying technology itself includes the following steps:

• cut off upper layer soil, the treated surface is leveled.
• A trench is digging with a depth of 250 to 500 mm.
• A layer of geotextile must be laid at the bottom of the trench. Laying this material will prevent the germination of plants.
• One layer of crushed stone (up to 12 cm) is laid on the geotextile, as well as a sand layer (up to 20 cm on average). This will serve as a sand base.

Before laying the slabs, it is necessary to carefully shed the “pillow” with water. Then the slabs are laid, as a rule, the laying technology depends on the characteristics of the material itself. Often the slabs are stacked sequentially, leveled and rammed using special equipment or manually.

The device of pavement from gravel and crushed stone materials

Gravel and crushed stone roads guarantee year-round use, as well as the possibility of construction work in all weather conditions.

Such pavement is arranged on a pre-prepared section of soil, if the ground cover is equipped with a sickle-shaped profile. On soils with high drainage system, it is recommended to install a semi-open profile.

But, the most widespread are roads with a completely dump base, that is, from the beginning a sand cushion is prepared above the ground level, then the roadside is poured, thereby forming the so-called trough profile. This type of construction is most optimal in the absence of building materials.

Gravel and gravel roads are poured in one layer, if the thickness is not more than 20 cm. If the height of the clothes is more than 20 cm, then two layers are arranged, with each carefully compacted.

As you know, there is nothing eternal in our world, but you always want to use something that can serve for many years, invariably maintaining its high functional qualities. When it comes to Russian roads, in principle, I would like them to simply exist. Not broken highways and city asphalt dotted with holes, but full-fledged roads that could be easily and pleasantly driven.

Perhaps one of the eternal Russian problems the resident of Omsk, who came up with a new generation roadbed that has no analogues in the world, will be able to solve it. At first, Alexander believed that his invention would be suitable only for the northern regions of our vast country, but then he adjusted the project for megacities. According to the author, roads with movable elements will be extremely durable and easy to install.

Using miniature metal puzzles, the Russian demonstrated to journalists how his invention would work. The structure will consist of pyramid-shaped concrete blocks connected by special locks. When the pavement is under load, the puzzles will begin to move, simultaneously increasing the strength of the road and creating drainage channels for rain and melt water. At the same time, the more pressure will be exerted on the structure, the more the soil will be compacted from below.

Will Russia really have the best roads in the world?

Omsk craftsman reports that such a paving can be laid directly on the sand without any soil fills and auxiliary layers. This will significantly reduce not only the cost, but also the labor intensity of laying roads in Russia.

Alexander has already managed to patent his innovation. In order for a patent to be issued, an examination was required, during which it was necessary to prove the utility of the invention. A special commission studied an interesting collapsible road surface and tested it on several types of soil. It turned out that the brainchild of a Russian really has undoubted operational advantages over solid concrete slabs. Experts considered that such an innovation could be effectively used even in permafrost conditions.

Omich has already sent letters to the local Ministry of Construction, the regional governor, Rosavtodor, and even the presidential administration. In his messages, the inventor urges officials to get acquainted with his development and evaluate the prospects for its implementation in the country. While civil servants are thinking, Alexander is trying to improve the road surface, making it even more functional and durable.

Multi-lane, oncoming, as well as passing direction of movement of mechanical vehicles.

The term includes a complex of functionally related structural elements and artificial engineering structures, specially designed to ensure the safe movement of automobile and other vehicles with design speeds, loads and dimensions, with a given traffic intensity for a long time, as well as land plots provided for placement of this complex, and the space within the established dimension.

Story [ | ]

The definition of the concept of "road" in Russia is enshrined in law. According to the Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 196-FZ "On Road Safety", road- a strip of land or the surface of an artificial structure, equipped or adapted and used for the movement of vehicles. A road includes one or more carriageways, as well as tram tracks, sidewalks, verges, and medians, if any. AT federal law dated November 8, 2007 No. 257-FZ “On highways oh and about the road activity in Russian Federation and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” defines highway- an object of transport infrastructure intended for the movement of vehicles and including land within the boundaries of the right of way of the highway and structural elements located on them or under them (roadbed, road surface and similar elements) and road structures that are its technological part - protective road structures, artificial road structures, production facilities, elements of the arrangement of roads .

Highways have a large number of intersections, intersections with railway tracks and pipelines, and therefore are designed taking into account safety requirements. The cost of work on current repairs and the maintenance of roads is determined by calculating the output of the road sector. In some countries, to finance work to maintain good condition highways introduced fees from drivers for travel on some roads.

The main elements of the highway[ | ]

Left-hand and right-hand traffic[ | ]

The presence of left-hand or right-hand traffic depends on the specific country. In countries with right-hand traffic, road signs are located mainly on right side roads, at roundabouts traffic is carried out counterclockwise, pedestrians when crossing a two-way road first look to the left, in countries with left-hand traffic - vice versa.

Approximately 34% of the world's population live in countries with left-hand traffic (these include Australia, Great Britain, India, South Africa, Japan, etc.), 66% - in countries with right-hand traffic. By the length of the road with right-hand traffic are also in the lead - 72%. Individual countries can switch from one type of traffic to another: for example, in 1967 Sweden switched from left-hand traffic to right-hand traffic, in 2009 Samoa made the reverse transition.

Roadbed

A strip of land intended for travel.

(Terms of the Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995)

Dictionary of Architectural Terms.. EdwART. 2011 .

See what "Roadbed" is in other dictionaries:

MI 3114-2008: Recommendation. GSI. Automatic weighing devices for weighing vehicles in motion and determining axial loads on the roadway. Verification procedure- Terminology MI 3114 2008: Recommendation. GSI. Automatic weighing devices for weighing vehicles in motion and determining axial loads on the roadway. Verification method: Control car: Car with ... ...

The value of the actual load on the roadway created by a single axle of the car.- The value of the actual load on the roadway created by a single axle of the car. The value of the load on the roadway created by a single axle of a two-axle vehicle on a spring suspension, determined in a static weighing mode ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

The largest measurement limit (LLI) of the axial load on the roadway- Highest Measuring Limit (LLT) of axle load on the roadway: The highest load on the load platform for which the scales for weigh-in-motion without summation are designed. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

The smallest limit for measuring the axial load on the roadway (IMPI)- Lowest Axle Load Limit (CLL): The load below which the result of the weighing in motion before totalization may contain an unacceptably high error. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

ROAD CONSTRUCTION the construction industry concerned with the design, construction, repair and maintenance highways, access roads and city streets. This concept, as a rule, includes management, organization of work and supervision ... ... Collier Encyclopedia

canvas- a/; pl. polo / tna, ten, tnam; cf. see also linen 1) a) Smooth linen or cotton fabric, in which each warp thread is intertwined with each weft thread; artificial or silk fabric of a similar weave Weave, bleach, ... ... Dictionary of many expressions

canvas- a; pl. canvases, ten, tnam; cf. 1. Smooth linen or cotton fabric, in which each warp thread is intertwined with each weft thread; artificial or silk fabric of a similar weave. Weaving, bleaching, spreading p.p. for sails ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Earth roadbed- subgrade structural element, which serves as the basis for the placement of pavement, as well as technical means organization of traffic and arrangement of the highway; ... Source: Decision of the Commission of the Customs Union from ... ... Official terminology

subgrade- A structure that serves as the base of the superstructure of the railway track, which perceives the load from the superstructure of the track and railway rolling stock, evenly distributes it on the underlying natural soil, levels the ner ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

road base- The lower bearing part of the road pavement, consisting of one or more layers of road materials and ensuring the transfer of loads to the subgrade [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages ​​(VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] Topics ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Books

• The game "Flexible autotrack. Fire brigade" (340 parts) (VV 2769), . Help the fire truck get to the scene. Collect one of the proposed route options or invent your own. Create slides and bridges, avoid obstacles and bend the roadway...

A strip of land intended for travel.

(Terms of the Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995)

• - A set of food that was given to ambassadors in Russia to their destination ...

  Pokhlebkin's Great Encyclopedia of Culinary Art

• - notification of the state of the road, conditions, traffic patterns and measures taken by the winter maintenance service for a certain period of time, sent to a higher organization. Performed periodically...

  Construction dictionary

• - stationary lighting, providing in the dark good conditions visibility on the road in order to prevent traffic accidents and ensure the full use of road facilities ...

  Construction dictionary

• - a complex of all types of work performed during the construction of roads, bridges and other engineering structures, as well as road linear buildings ...

  Construction dictionary

• - a method of organizing road construction, in which certain parameters of the road are built according to the standards of higher categories of roads so that in the future, with an increase in traffic intensity, work can be performed ...

  Construction dictionary

• - "...1...

  Official terminology

• - aggregate public relations arising in the process of moving people and goods with or without vehicles within the road ...

  Administrative law. Dictionary-reference

• - a covering consisting of individual slabs various shapes and size, most often reinforced concrete, made off the road and laid on the base with special pavers, mobile cranes or manually ...

  Construction dictionary

• - reinforced monolithic prestressed cement-concrete pavement, arranged by laying a concrete mixture after prestressing steel reinforcement, fixed in temporary supports ...

  Construction dictionary

• - pavement on a road base, arranged from various kinds compacted road mixes or stone materials, treated or not treated with binders, and providing year-round traffic for cars ...

  Construction dictionary

• - capital coating, monolithic, constructed from cement concrete mixtures compacted at the work site, or prefabricated from industrially harvested reinforced concrete slabs. There are monolithic coatings - reinforced and ...

  Construction dictionary

• - a monolithic cement concrete pavement, during the construction of which reinforcement is placed in it, which improves the performance of a cement concrete slab in tension during bending ...

  Construction dictionary

• - cement-concrete monolithic pavement, arranged from a concrete mixture, which includes crushed slag ...

  Construction dictionary

• - coating transitional type, built from raw crushed stone materials with fine crushed stone and compaction with watering ...

  Construction dictionary

• - "...: capital coating, monolithic, constructed from concrete mixtures compacted at the place of work..." Source: "ODM 218.3.015-2011. Industry road methodological document...

  Official terminology

• - devices on highways to prevent vehicles from leaving the road in dangerous places ...

  Big encyclopedic dictionary

Roadbed in books

A road accident