Lamp marking. Deciphering the designations of lamps. Artificial lighting Occupational health and fire safety

Creation in industrial premises high-quality and economical lighting is impossible without the use of rational luminaires.

An electric lamp is a combination of a light source and fittings.

The most important function of lighting fixtures is redistribution luminous flux, which increases the efficiency of the lighting installation. To characterize the lamp from the point of view of the distribution of light energy in space, a light distribution curve is compiled - a characteristic of the luminous intensity in the polar coordinate system (Fig. 21).

Rice. 21. Graph of the distribution of light intensity in space:

1 - incandescent lamp; 2 - the same lamp installed in the "Universal" lamp

Another no less important purpose of lighting fixtures is to protect the eyes of workers from exposure to excessively high brightness light sources. The light sources used have a bulb brightness that is tens and hundreds of times higher than the permissible brightness in the field of view.

Degree possible limitation The blinding effect of the light source is determined by the protective angle of the luminaire. The protective angle is the angle between the horizontal and the line connecting the filament (lamp surface) to the opposite edge of the reflector (Fig. 22).

Rice. 22. Protective corner of the lamp:

a - a lamp with an incandescent lamp; b - lamp with fluorescent lamps

Light fittings serve to protect the light source from pollution and mechanical damage. It is also necessary for supplying electrical power and fixing lamps.

Luminaires that will combine the functions of air distribution and noise suppression are under development.

An important characteristic of a luminaire is its coefficient useful action. Lighting fittings absorb part of the light flux emitted by the light source. The ratio of the actual luminous flux of a lamp to the luminous flux of a lamp placed in it is called the efficiency factor.

According to the distribution of the luminous flux in space, lamps of direct, predominantly direct, diffused, reflected and predominantly reflected light are distinguished. The choice of those or other lamps according to the light distribution depends on the nature of the work performed in the room, the possibility of dusting the air environment, the reflection coefficients of the surrounding surfaces, etc.

Depending on the design luminaires are distinguished: open, protected, closed, dust-proof, moisture-proof, explosion-proof, explosion-proof.

According to the purpose, the lamps are divided into lamps of general and local lighting.

The above classification applies to all luminaires, regardless of the light source used.

For incandescent lamps, the most common are direct light fixtures in an open or protected version of the "Deep emitter" and "Universal" types (Fig. 23). Lamps of predominant direct and diffused light include, respectively, "Lucetta" and "Ball of milky glass" (see Fig. 23).

Fig 23. Fixtures:

1 - "Universal"; 2 - "Deep emitter"; h - "Lucetta"; 4 - "Milk ball"; 5 - VZG type; 6 - type OD; 7 - PVL type

A number of luminaires are produced for premises with difficult environmental conditions, for explosive premises. For example, for a VZG (explosion-proof) luminaire, the design provides for the localization of the explosion inside the luminaire.

HEALTH AND FIRE SAFETY

The issues of labor protection and fire safety occupy a paramount place in any organization, regardless of the type of activity. special attention requires the activities of the organization, and in this case, the industrial safety testing laboratory, where almost all types of hazardous production factors are present.

Occupational safety is a system for preserving the life and health of workers in the process labor activity, which includes legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Management in the laboratory of labor protection is carried out by the head, and for the organization of work on labor protection, a "Department of labor protection and safety" is created.

5.1. Calculation of artificial lighting and placement of fixtures

To maintain high performance, reduce fatigue, injuries and improve efficiency and safety, it is necessary to properly design and rationally implement the lighting of industrial premises.

When calculating artificial lighting, the main task is to determine the required power of electric lighting installations in order to create a given illumination in the room.

Having calculated artificial lighting, the issues of choosing a lighting system, a light source, lamps and their placement, normalized illumination and calculation of lighting by the luminous flux method should be resolved.

Choosing a lighting system

In industrial premises of all purposes, systems of general or combined lighting are used. The general lighting system is divided into uniform and localized lighting, the choice between them is carried out taking into account the type of activity and the location of production equipment. If the production requires accurate visual work, it is recommended to use a combined (general and local) lighting system.

Choice of light sources

Currently, for artificial lighting, such light sources are used as:

Incandescent lamps;

Discharge lamps.

As a rule, gas-discharge lamps are used for general lighting. They have a long service life and are energy efficient. Fluorescent lamps are widely used and used, which are distinguished by the spectral composition of visible light:

White (LB);

Cold white (LHB);

Warm white (LTB);

Daylight (LD);

Natural light (LE).

If the letter “C” is added at the end, this means that the “de-lux” phosphor is used, which has an improved color rendering, and the addition of “CC” means that the “super de-lux” phosphor has a high-quality color rendering.

Lamps of the LB type, in comparison with other types, are used most often, lamps of the LHB, LD and LDC types are used with increased requirements for color reproduction, and LTB type lamps are used when correct color rendering is required human face. The main characteristics of fluorescent lamps are given in table 5.1.1.

Also in industrial lighting, except for fluorescent discharge lamps ( low pressure), gas-discharge lamps are used high pressure, such as lamps of the DRL type (arc mercury fluorescent), which are used to illuminate rooms with a height of 7 to 12 meters.

Table 5.1.1 . The main characteristics of fluorescent lamps.

Incandescent lamps are used in cases where it is impossible or inappropriate to use gas-discharge lamps.

The choice of fixtures and their placement

In order to choose the type of luminaires, it is necessary to take into account the conditions of the production environment, economic indicators and lighting requirements.

To reduce glare, luminaires with a protective angle or with light-diffusing glasses are selected. If it is necessary to reduce the reflection of glare, lamps with diffusers are used, and in special cases, lamps are made in the form of large diffuse surfaces, shining with reflected or transmitted light.

If it is necessary to illuminate high-lying surfaces, lamps are used that have sufficient luminous intensity in directions adjacent to the horizontal, and sometimes even above the latter.
Of exceptional importance is the creation of sufficient brightness of the ceilings and walls of the illuminated room. Therefore, if these surfaces have a good reflectivity, it is advisable to use luminaires with predominantly direct or diffused light, and with special requirements for the quality of illumination, also with predominantly reflected or reflected light.

For fluorescent lamps, luminaires of the type are more common:

Open two-lamp fixtures (OD, ODO, ODOR, OOD);

Dust-moisture-proof lamps (PVL);

Ceiling lamps.

Open two-lamp luminaires are used in rooms with normal conditions, with good light reflection from the ceiling and walls. But it is also possible to use in cases of moderate humidity and dustiness.

PVL lamps are used in some fire hazardous premises, the lamp power is 2x40 watts.

Ceiling lamps are used for general lighting of closed dry rooms, with a lamp power of 10x30 W (L71B03) and 8x40 W (L71B04).

The main characteristics of luminaires with fluorescent lamps are given in Table 5.1.2.

Table 5.1.2. Characteristics of some luminaires with fluorescent lamps.

To place lamps in a room, you need to know the following indicators:

H is the height of the room;

h c - the distance of the fixtures from the ceiling;

h n \u003d H - h c - the height of the lamp above the floor, the height of the suspension;

h p is the height of the working surface above the floor;

h \u003d h n - h p - estimated height, the height of the lamp above the working surface.

To combat glare and ensure favorable visual conditions in the workplace, requirements are introduced that limit the minimum height of luminaires above the floor. These requirements are given in Table 5.1.3.

L is the distance between adjacent lamps or rows. If the distances along the length (A) and width (B) are different, then L A and L B are denoted.

l is the distance from the extreme lamps or rows to the wall.

Table 5.1.3. The smallest permissible suspension height for luminaires with fluorescent lamps.

Optimal distance l from the extreme row of fixtures to the wall, it is recommended to consider L / 3.

The most effective is the uniform placement of lamps in a checkerboard pattern and on the sides of the square (the distances between all lamps are equal both between rows and in a row)

Fluorescent fixtures, when evenly spaced, are usually arranged in rows parallel to the rows of equipment. If the level of normalized illumination is high, then the rows are arranged continuously, while the lamps are articulated with each other at the ends.

The optimal location of the luminaires is determined by the value l = L/h. Table 5.1.4 shows l values ​​for various types of luminaires.

Table 5.1.4. Optimum positioning of luminaires.

5.1.4. The choice of normalized illumination

SNiP 23-05 - 95 "Natural and artificial lighting" normalizes the illumination values ​​​​of work surfaces, the choice is made depending on the characteristics of visual work. These requirements are shown in Table 5.1.5.

Table 5.1.5. Illumination standards at workplaces of industrial premises under artificial lighting

		Discharge of visual work	Subcategory of visual work	The contrast of the object with the background	Background characteristics	artificial lighting
Illumination, lx
	With general lighting system
Total	including from the general
highest precision	Less than 0.15	I	a	Small	Dark	5000 4500		- -
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark
in	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark
G	Medium Large "	Light « Medium
Very high precision	0.15 to 0.30	II	a	Small	Dark			- -
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark
in	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark
G	Medium Large "	Light Light Medium
high precision	St. 0.30 to 0.50	III	a	Small	Dark
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark
in	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark
G	Medium Large "	Light « Medium

Continuation of table 5.1.4.

Characteristics of visual work	The smallest size of the object of distinction, mm	Discharge of visual work	Subcategory of visual work	The contrast of the object with the background	Background characteristics	artificial lighting
Illumination, lx
With combined lighting system	with general lighting system
Total	including from the general
Medium precision	Over 0.5 to 1.0	IV	a	Small	Dark
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark
in	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark
G	Medium Large "	Light « Medium	-	-
Low precision	St. 1 to 5	V	a	Small	Dark
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark	-	-
in	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark	-	-
G	Medium Large "	Light « Medium	-	-
Coarse (very low precision)	More than 5	VI		Regardless of the characteristics of the background and the contrast of the object with the background	-	-

5.1.5. Calculation of general uniform illumination

Calculation of general uniform artificial lighting is performed using the luminous flux coefficient method, which takes into account the luminous flux reflected from the ceiling and walls.

The luminous flux is determined by the formula:

F \u003d E n × S × K s × Z / (n × h),

E n - normalized minimum illumination, lx;

S is the area of ​​the illuminated room, m 2;

K z - safety factor (according to table 5.1.6);

Z is the coefficient of minimum illumination (the ratio of E cf. / E min);

n is the number of fixtures;

h - luminous flux utilization factor, %.

Table 5.1.6. The safety factor for luminaires with fluorescent lamps.

The utilization factor of the luminous flux h depends on the height of the luminaire h, the type of luminaire, the reflection coefficients of the walls r c and the ceiling r n . The luminous flux coefficient shows what proportion of the lamp flux will fall on the illuminated surface.

Reflection coefficients are evaluated subjectively (see Table 5.1.7), and the room index is determined by the formula:

Table 5.1.7 . The value of the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls.

Table 5.1.8 shows the values ​​of the luminous flux h for luminaires with fluorescent lamps, where the combination of reflectance and room index is the most common.

Table 5.1.8. Coefficients of utilization of the luminous flux of luminaires with fluorescent lamps.

Luminaire type

OD and ODL

ODR

ODO

ODOR

L71BOZ OL1B68

ANOD and SOD

PVL - I

rn, %

r s,%

i

Utilization ratios, %

0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,0 2,25 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 5,0

Thus, having calculated the luminous flux Ф and knowing the type of lamp, according to Table 5.1.1, one should choose a standard lamp that is close in terms of the calculated values, then, one can determine the electric power of the entire lighting system.

In cases where the required luminaire flux is outside the range (-10 ¸ + 20%), then it is necessary either to adjust the number of luminaires n, or change the height of the luminaires.

When calculating fluorescent lighting, instead of the number of lamps n, the number of rows N is substituted into the formula, and F should be understood as the luminous flux of lamps of one row.

The number of fixtures in a row N is defined as

where Ф 1 - the luminous flux of one lamp.

5.2. Calculation of artificial lighting and placement of lamps in the premises of the industrial safety testing laboratory in the construction of the IKBS MGSU.

Calculations of artificial lighting will be made according to the method described above.

Choice of lighting system.

It was decided that the production facilities of the testing laboratory will be equipped with a general uniform lighting system. This decision was made taking into account the characteristics of the type of activity of the laboratory and the types of test equipment that are in the room. The principle of operation of the test equipment is based on remote control processes, which minimizes human participation in the tests and does not require increased visual attention during the tests.

Choice of light source.

Production premises of the testing laboratory have dimensions: H = 6 m; A= 36 m; H=18 m.

Taking into account the size of the production premises, the duration of the service life and for reasons of energy saving, fluorescent gas-discharge lamps of the LD-40 type were chosen as the light source. Since the test procedure does not require increased requirements for color rendering, LD-40 type lamps in this case are able to fully ensure the maintenance of high working capacity of personnel. LD-40 type lamps have high luminous efficiency, long service life (up to 10,000 hours), good color rendering and low temperature.

According to SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", the work carried out can be classified as category IV, "in" sub-display works (medium contrast on a light background). In accordance with the selected category of visual work, the lowest illumination of the working surface E min taken equal to 200 lux.

It is proposed to use ODR type luminaires, since the room is intended for direct testing, which means that normal conditions must be maintained.

1. Determination of the safety factor.

The safety factor K З takes into account the dustiness of the room, the decrease in the luminous flux of lamps during operation. For the production room of the testing laboratory with gas discharge lamps, K З = 1.8 was selected (rooms with an average dust emission)

1. Determination of the minimum illumination coefficient Z.

The minimum illumination coefficient Z characterizes the uneven illumination. It is a function of many variables and is most dependent on the ratio of the distance between the luminaires to the design height (L / h).

When luminaires are arranged in a line (row), if the most favorable ratio L / h is maintained, it is recommended to take Z = 1.1 for LD type lamps.

1. Determination of the luminous flux coefficient η.

To determine the utilization factor of the luminous flux h, find the index of the room i and expected reflection coefficients of the surfaces of the room: the ceiling r p and walls r s.

According to table 5.1.8 for this room, we accept: r p \u003d 50%, r c \u003d 30%,

1. Room index calculation i.

The room index is determined by the formula:

A, B, h - length, width and estimated height (height of the lamp suspension above the working surface) of the room, m.

,

H- the geometric height of the room;

h sv- lamp overhang, accept h sv \u003d 0.5 m;

hp- the height of the working surface. h p = 1.0 m.

We get h= 4.5 m. and room index i= 2.7.

The luminous flux utilization factor is a complex function depending on the type of luminaire, the index of the room, the reflection coefficient of the ceiling of the walls and the floor.

According to table 5.1.8, we find by interpolation h = 61%.

The illuminated area is taken equal to the area of ​​the room:

S \u003d AB \u003d 1296 m 2.

Distance between lamps L defined as:

L=1.1×4.5=4.95 m.

The value l was determined according to table 5.1.4 and was taken equal to 1.1 for the types of ODR luminaires. Thus, we calculate the number of rows of lamps in the room:

N b \u003d 18 / 4.95 \u003d 3.64.

Number of fixtures in a row:

N a \u003d 36 / 4.95 \u003d 7.27.

We round these numbers up to the nearest large N a =7 and N b =4.

Total number of fixtures:

N= N a × N b = 7 × 4=28.

According to the width of the room, the distance between the rows L b \u003d 4.5 m, and the distance from the outer row to the wall we will take 0.5L \u003d 2.25 m. In each row, we will also take the distance between the lamps L a \u003d 4.95 m, and the distance from the last lamp to the wall will be equal to 0.5L = 2.48 m.

Coefficient of use of the luminous flux in fractions of a unit.

We finally accept N = 28, a multiple of 4 lines of 7 lamps.

Thus, when using lamps of the type LD - 40, four in each lamp, the number of lamps N = 28 necessary to ensure normalized illumination

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Currently, the most common is electric lighting. Light sources for it are incandescent lamps and high-pressure discharge lamps - DRL and low pressure - fluorescent lamps. To create rational lighting, light sources are placed in Lighting fixtures, the main purpose of which is to redistribute the luminous flux, protect the eyes from the glare of open lamps, protect the light source from exposure environment. The source of light in a lighting fixture is called a luminaire.

Depending on the nature of the distribution of light, lamps are divided into three groups:
1. Fixtures of direct light, which direct at least 90% of the light flux to the lower zone of the room. They have fittings in the form of an opaque (metal) cap, as a result of which, when using these lamps, the ceiling and the upper part of the walls of the room remain poorly lit. Direct light fixtures include: deep emitter, "generalists", oblique light. "alpha", type OD, type PVL (Fig. 30); they are used most often in industrial premises.

Rice. 30. Various types of lamps. a - universal; b - enameled deep emitter; c - mirror deep emitter; g - oblique light; d - whole glass lucetta; e - lucetta team; oh - milk glass ball; h - lamp of local lighting "alpha".

2. Reflected light luminaires that emit at least 90% of the light flux into the upper zone, which, reflected from the ceiling and the upper part of the walls, is evenly distributed throughout the room. At the same time, it is necessary that the ceiling and walls have a light color and reflect at least 60-70% of the light flux. From a hygienic point of view, reflected lighting is the most appropriate, as it provides uniform, shadow-free illumination without glare. Reflected light fixtures include ring fixtures (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31. Ring lamp.

3. Diffused light fixtures that distribute the luminous flux both to the upper and lower zones of the room and are most often used to illuminate public buildings. They create diffused lighting in the room, the shadows are soft. This class of lamps includes: milk ball, whole milk glass lucetta, team lucetta (see Fig. 30).

In industrial premises with high humidity air or its intense dust content, luminaires with moisture- or dust-proof fittings are used for lighting, and rooms where there is a risk of explosion are equipped with special luminaires with explosion-proof fittings.

Currently, fluorescent lamps are increasingly used to illuminate public and industrial buildings, which have great advantages over incandescent lamps: thanks to their favorable spectral characteristics, they can be used to create artificial daylight and diffused light distribution in rooms. In addition, they are economically more profitable, since they create higher illumination at the same cost of electricity. Fluorescent lamps are glass tubes (Fig. 32), inside which there are mercury vapor, when passing through them electric current(electrodes are soldered into the tube at both ends) gas discharges occur, resulting in ultraviolet radiation. A layer of so-called luminophores, mineral substances (zinc silicate, cadmium tungstate, etc.), which have the ability to glow under the action of ultraviolet rays, is deposited on the tube wall from the inside. The ultraviolet radiation arising in the tube is absorbed by them and transformed into visible light, which enters the surrounding space. Since each phosphor has its own characteristic emission color (green, orange, red, etc.), by selecting different mixtures, it is possible to obtain lamps of various shades of white light, for example, daylight (LD), the spectrum of which approximately corresponds to light light blue sky, white light (LB), having a spectrum close to the light of the sky covered with light clouds, etc. Fluorescent lamps can be connected directly to the 127-220 V network using special starting devices. The main type of lighting fittings for fluorescent lamps, the most rational for lighting schools, offices, drawing offices, etc., is a lamp of the OD type, the SOD type (Fig. 33). Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it has a shielding grille with metal strips in the lower part, which protects the eyes from the glare of the lamps and creates a diffuse light distribution.

One of the most important means of ensuring rational lighting is the use of lamps. Their purpose is the correct distribution of the luminous flux and protection of the eyes from excessive brightness of the light source. The latter depends on the protective angle of the lamp, within which the light source is completely closed from the eyes of the worker by the lower edge of the armature. A protective corner is formed by two lines passing through the center of the light source: horizontal and boundary, going to the edge of the lamp. Individual types of luminaires are characterized by different protective angles. So, the protective angle of the “Universal” is -14 °, the “Deep emitter” is 27-35 °, etc. The lamp consists of a light source, a device for distributing the light flux (fittings) and protecting the eyes from the glare of the lamps, a device for supplying the source electricity to protect it from damage.

Depending on the prevailing type of distribution of the luminous flux into the upper and lower hemisphere, existing lamps are usually classified into several classes: direct light lamps that provide radiation into the lower hemisphere of at least 0.9 of the luminous flux from the light source; reflected light luminaires providing the same radiation to the upper hemisphere, and diffused light luminaires providing the direction of the flow either predominantly downwards, or evenly into both hemispheres, or predominantly upwards.

Direct light luminaires are recommended for illuminating horizontal surfaces in rooms with a low reflection coefficient of the ceiling and walls (p = 0.5) or in cases where the illumination of the ceiling and walls is not dictated by production conditions (forges, foundries, etc.). For these lamps, fittings of the "Universal" type (Fig. 77), "Deep emitter" (Fig. 78), SD, S3L are used.

Rice. 79. Fittings of local lighting.

Lamps of reflected light in industrial premises, as a rule (with the exception of special cases), are not used.

Diffused light fixtures such as "Luceta", "Ball of milky glass" should be used only in rooms with light ceilings and walls. The light flux reflected from them contributes to the creation of illumination of high uniformity. Fittings are used for local lighting various types(Fig. 79).

In addition to incandescent lamps, modern lighting installations are increasingly using gas-discharge light sources close in spectral composition to daylight - fluorescent lamps: low-pressure type LB (luminescent white light), LD (fluorescent daylight), LHB (luminescent cold white light), LT (luminescent warm white light), LDC (fluorescent daylight with correct color rendering); high pressure DRL and DRI corrected color.

Currently, a number of types of fittings are commercially available for fluorescent lamps. The following lamps are most widely used in production conditions.

Luminaires of the OD series (Fig. 80) are suspended open luminaires for 2 fluorescent lamps with a power of 40 or 80 W each, designed for general lighting of industrial premises with normal dust and humidity. Luminaires are produced in two versions: with a solid reflector (code OD) and with a reflector, in the upper part of which holes are made (code ODO). All luminaires of the series are produced with and without screening grating. In the presence of a lattice, the code of ODR and ODOR lamps.

Rice. 77. Fittings of the "Universal" type.

Rice. 78. Armature type "Deep emitter" enamelled.

Rice. 80. Luminaire for fluorescent lamps of the ODR series.

Rice. 81. Luminaire for fluorescent lamps of the PVL-1 series.

Rice. 82. Luminaire for fluorescent lamps of the VOD-1 series.

Luminaires PVL-1 (Fig. 81), PVL-6 - closed, mainly direct light distribution, designed for general lighting of industrial premises with a high moisture content (75%) and dust, at a temperature of 10 to 25 °. Luminaires are produced for 2 fluorescent lamps of 40 and 80 watts.

Lamp VOD-1 (Fig. 82) of a closed type, mainly direct light distribution, for 3-4 fluorescent lamps of 80 watts. They are used for general lighting of industrial lightless premises with a high content of dust, active chemicals at a relative humidity of up to 95%.

Serially produced for production conditions and other lamps - RV L-15 (for coal mines), ML (for local lighting), etc.

Depending on the nature of visual work and the adopted lighting system, it is recommended to use fluorescent lamps:
a) in rooms where the distinction of color shades is required - (color weaving, color printing of fabrics, color printing, clothing production, etc.); To illuminate such premises, it is advisable to use DS and HBS lamps;
b) in industrial premises where operations are performed that require visual strain (instrumentation, textile production, monitoring measuring instruments and etc.);
c) in premises intended for the permanent stay of maintenance personnel and workers, where there is no sufficient natural lighting (assembly shops for precision instrumentation, switchboard rooms for power plants, multi-span shops without overhead light lanterns, etc.).

It is impractical to use fluorescent lamps in local lighting installations due to the pronounced stroboscopic effect.

Finally, more and more attention has recently been paid to the use of color-corrected high-pressure mercury lamps of the DRL type in lighting installations. These lamps differ from low-pressure fluorescent mercury lamps in their greater power and much smaller dimensions. Since there are no orange-red rays in the radiation of the DRL lamps, the correct reproduction of the color of the objects in question is impossible. This serious drawback for production conditions is eliminated by applying a special phosphor to the inner surface of the lamp bulb, which, under the action of ultraviolet radiation from a mercury lamp, emits the long-wavelength part of the spectrum - orange-red rays. In this way, the corrected spectrum of the DRL lamp approaches the spectrum of daylight.

The use of DRL lamps is mainly advisable in high workshops (over 10 m) of metallurgical, machine-building, shipbuilding enterprises, since the power of the produced DRL lamps is quite high (250, 500, 750 and 1000 watts).