The letter designation of the thermal relay in the diagram. The first step to understanding circuits is the designation of network elements. Designation of measuring instruments and radio components
GOST 2.702-2011
Group T52
INTERSTATE STANDARD
one system design documentation
RULES FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL SCHEMES
Unified system of design documentation. Rules for presentation of electrical schemes
ISS 01.100
OKSTU 0002
Introduction date 2012-01-01
Foreword
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for the development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation
About the standard
1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State unitary enterprise"All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering" (FGUP "VNIINMASH"), Autonomous non-profit organization "Research Center for CALS-technologies "Applied Logistics" (ANO NRC CALS-technologies "Applied Logistics")
2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes of May 12, 2011 N 39)
Voted for the adoption of the standard:
Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 | Abbreviated name of the national standards body |
|
Azerbaijan | Azstandard |
|
Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia |
||
Belarus | State Standard of the Republic of Belarus |
|
Kazakhstan | State Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan |
|
Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyzstandart |
|
Moldova-Standard |
||
Russian Federation | Rosstandart |
|
Tajikistan | Tajikstandart |
|
Uzbekistan | Uzstandard |
|
Gospotrebstandart of Ukraine |
4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated August 3, 2011 N 211-st, the interstate standard GOST 2.702-2011 was put into effect as a national standard Russian Federation since January 1, 2012
5 INSTEAD OF GOST 2.702-75
Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the index "National Standards".
Information about changes to this standard is published in the "National Standards" index, and the text of the changes is published in the "National Standards" information indexes. In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"
1 area of use
1 area of use
This standard applies to electrical circuits of products in all industries, as well as electrical circuits of power facilities and establishes the rules for their implementation.
Based on this standard, it is allowed, if necessary, to develop standards for the implementation of electrical circuits for products of specific types of equipment, taking into account their specifics.
2 Normative references
This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:
GOST 2.051-2006 Unified system for design documentation. Electronic documents. General provisions
GOST 2.053-2006 Unified system for design documentation. Electronic structure of the product. General provisions
GOST 2.104-2006 Unified system for design documentation. Basic inscriptions
GOST 2.701-2008 Unified system for design documentation. Scheme. Types and types. General requirements to fulfillment
GOST 2.709-89 Unified system for design documentation. Symbols of conditional wires and contact connections of electrical elements, equipment and sections of circuits in electrical diagrams
GOST 2.710-81 Unified system for design documentation. Alphanumeric designations in electrical circuits
GOST 2.721-74 Unified system for design documentation. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. General purpose symbols
GOST 2.755-87 Unified system for design documentation. Conditional graphic designations in electrical circuits. Switching devices and contact connections
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year , and according to the corresponding monthly published information signs published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 The following terms are used in this standard with their respective definitions:
3.2 The following abbreviations are used in this standard:
ESKD - Unified system of design documentation;
UGO - conventional graphic symbols;
ESI - electronic structure of the product;
CD - design document.
4 Fundamentals
4.1 Electrical diagram - a document containing in the form of conventional images or symbols the components of the product, acting with the help of electrical energy, and their interrelations.
4.2 Electrical diagrams can be made as a paper and (or) electronic CD.
4.3 General requirements for implementation, types and types of schemes - according to GOST 2.701.
Rules for constructing conditional alphanumeric designations of elements, devices and functional groups in electrical circuits - according to GOST 2.710.
Note - If the electrical circuit is performed as an electronic design documentation, GOST 2.051 should be additionally followed.
4.4 Electrical circuits, depending on the main purpose, are divided into the following types:
- structural;
- functional;
- fundamental;
- connections;
- connections;
- general;
- location.
4.5 It is allowed to place explanatory inscriptions, diagrams or tables on the diagram that determine the sequence of processes in time, as well as indicate the parameters at characteristic points (values of currents, voltages, shapes and sizes of pulses, mathematical dependencies, etc.).
5 Rules for the execution of schemes
5.1 Rules for the execution of block diagrams
5.1.1 The block diagram depicts all the main functional parts of the product (elements, devices and functional groups) and the main relationships between them.
5.1.2 Functional parts in the diagram are depicted in the form of rectangles or UGOs.
5.1.3 The graphic construction of the diagram should provide the best idea of the sequence of interaction of functional parts in the product.
On the lines of relationships, it is recommended that arrows indicate the direction of the course of processes occurring in the product.
5.1.4 The diagram should indicate the names of each functional part of the product, if a rectangle is used to designate it.
It is allowed to indicate the type of element (device) and (or) the designation of the document (main design document, standard, technical specifications) on the basis of which this element (device) is used on the diagram.
When depicting functional parts in the form of rectangles, it is recommended to enter names, types and designations inside the rectangles.
5.1.5 With a large number of functional parts, instead of names, types and symbols, it is allowed to put serial numbers to the right of the image or above it, as a rule, from top to bottom in the direction from left to right. In this case, the names, types and designations are indicated in the table placed on the field of the scheme.
5.2 Rules for the execution of functional diagrams
5.2.1 The functional diagram depicts the functional parts of the product (elements, devices and functional groups) involved in the process illustrated by the diagram, and the links between these parts.
5.2.2 The functional parts and the relationships between them are depicted in the diagram in the form of UGOs established in the ESKD standards. Separate functional parts are allowed to be depicted in the form of rectangles.
5.2.3 The graphical construction of the diagram should give the most visual representation of the sequence of processes illustrated by the diagram.
5.2.4 Elements and devices are depicted on the diagrams in a combined or spaced way.
5.2.5 In the combined method, the components of elements or devices are shown on the diagram in close proximity to each other.
5.2.6 In the case of a spaced method, the components of elements and devices or individual elements of devices are depicted in a diagram in different places in such a way that the individual circuits of the product are depicted most clearly.
It is allowed to depict all and individual elements or devices in a spaced way.
When executing schemes, it is recommended to use the line method. At the same time, UGO elements or their constituent parts, included in one chain, are depicted sequentially one after another in a straight line, and individual chains - side by side, forming parallel (horizontal or vertical) lines.
When executing the scheme in a line way, it is allowed to number the lines with Arabic numerals (see Figure 1).
Picture 1
5.2.7 When depicting elements or devices in a spaced way, it is allowed to place UGOs of elements or devices made in a combined way in the free field of the scheme. At the same time, the elements or devices used in the product in part are depicted in full with an indication of the used and unused parts or elements (for example, all contacts of a multi-contact relay).
The conclusions (contacts) of unused elements (parts) are shown shorter than the conclusions (contacts) of the used elements (parts) (see Figure 2).
Figure 2
5.2.8 Schemes are performed in a multi-line or single-line image.
5.2.9 With a multi-line image, each circuit is depicted as a separate line, and the elements contained in these circuits are shown as separate UGOs (see Figure 3 a).
a- multi-line image | b- single line image |
Figure 3
5.2.10 With a single-line image, circuits that perform identical functions are depicted with one line, and the same elements of these circuits are depicted with one UGO (see Figure 3 b).
5.2.11 If necessary, electrical circuits are indicated on the diagram. These designations must comply with the requirements of GOST 2.709.
5.2.12 When depicting different functional circuits on the same diagram, it is allowed to distinguish them by line thickness. In one scheme, it is recommended to use no more than three line sizes in thickness. If necessary, appropriate explanations are placed on the field of the diagram.
5.2.13 To simplify the diagram, it is allowed to merge several electrically unconnected interconnection lines into a group interconnection line, but when approaching contacts (elements), each interconnection line is depicted as a separate line.
When merging interconnection lines, each line is marked at the merging point, and, if necessary, at both ends with symbols (numbers, letters or a combination of letters and numbers) or symbols adopted for electrical circuits (see 5.2.11).
Line designations are affixed in accordance with the requirements given in GOST 2.721.
Electrical interconnection lines merged into a group interconnection line, as a rule, should not have branchings, i.e. each conditional number must occur twice on the group interconnection line. If branching is necessary, their number is indicated after the serial number of the line through a fractional line (see Figure 4).
Figure 4
5.2.14 It is allowed, if this does not complicate the diagram, to connect the separately depicted parts of the elements with a mechanical interconnection line indicating that they belong to one element.
In this case, the item designations of the elements are affixed at one or both ends of the mechanical relationship line.
5.2.15 The diagram should indicate:
- for each functional group - the designation assigned to it on the schematic diagram, and (or) its name; if the functional group is shown as a UGO, then its name is not indicated;
- for each device shown in the form of a rectangle - the reference designation assigned to it on the circuit diagram, its name and type and (or) document designation (main design document, standard, specifications), on the basis of which this device is applied;
- for each device depicted in the form of a UGO, the reference designation assigned to it on the schematic diagram, its type and (or) document designation;
- for each element - reference designation assigned to it on the circuit diagram, and (or) its type.
The designation of the document on the basis of which the device was used, and the type of element may not be indicated.
Names, types and designations are recommended to be entered in rectangles.
5.3 Rules for the execution of circuit diagrams
5.3.1 The schematic diagram depicts all electrical elements or devices necessary for the implementation and control of installed electrical processes in the product, all electrical relationships between them, as well as electrical elements (connectors, clamps, etc.) that end the input and output chains.
5.3.2 It is allowed to depict connecting and mounting elements installed in the product for structural reasons on the diagram.
5.3.3 Schemes are performed for products that are in the off position.
In technically justified cases, it is allowed to depict individual elements of the circuit in the selected working position with an indication of the mode for which these elements are depicted on the field of the circuit.
5.3.4 Elements and devices, the UGOs of which are established in the ESKD standards, are depicted in the diagram in the form of these UGOs.
Note - If the UGO is not established by the standards, then the developer performs the UGO on the margins of the diagram and gives explanations.
5.3.5 Elements or devices used in the product in part may not be depicted in the diagram in full, limited to depicting only the parts or elements used.
5.3.6 When performing the circuit diagram, it is allowed to use the provisions specified in 5.2.4-5.2.14.
5.3.7 Each element and (or) device that has an independent circuit diagram and is considered as an element included in the product and depicted in the diagram must have a designation (reference designation) in accordance with GOST 2.710.
Devices that do not have independent circuit diagrams, and it is recommended to assign designations to functional groups in accordance with GOST 2.710.
5.3.8 Positional designations for elements (devices) should be assigned within the product (installation).
5.3.9 Serial numbers to elements (devices) should be assigned, starting from one, within a group of elements (devices), which are assigned the same letter designation in the diagram, for example, , , etc., , , etc.
5.3.10 Ordinal numbers should be assigned in accordance with the sequence of arrangement of elements or devices on the diagram from top to bottom in the direction from left to right.
If necessary, it is allowed to change the sequence of assigning serial numbers, depending on the placement of elements in the product, the direction of the signals, or the functional sequence of the process.
When changes are made to the schema, the order in which sequence numbers are assigned can be changed.
5.3.11 Positional designations are put down on the diagram next to the UGO elements and (or) devices with right side or above them.
It is allowed to put down the positional designation inside the UGO rectangle.
5.3.12 On the product diagram, which includes devices that do not have independent circuit diagrams, it is allowed to assign reference designations to elements within each device.
If the product includes several identical devices, then reference designations should be assigned to the elements within these devices.
Sequence numbers for elements should be assigned according to the rules specified in 5.3.9.
Elements that are not included in the devices are assigned reference designations, starting from one, according to the rules established in 5.3.8-5.3.10.
5.3.13 On the product diagram, which includes functional groups, reference designations are assigned to elements according to the rules established in 5.3.8-5.3.10, while at the same time, designation designations are first assigned to elements that are not included in functional groups, and then to elements included in into functional groups.
If the product has several identical functional groups, the reference designations of the elements assigned in one of these groups should be repeated in all subsequent groups.
The designation of the functional group, assigned in accordance with GOST 2.710, is indicated near the image of the functional group (top or right).
5.3.14 When an element or device is depicted in a diagram in a spaced way, the reference designation of the element or device is put down near each component (see Figure 5).
Combined device image method | Exploded way of displaying a device |
Figure 5
If the circuit field is divided into zones or the circuit is made in a line way, then to the right of the reference designation or under the reference designation of each component part of the element or device, it is allowed to indicate in brackets the zone designations or line numbers in which all other components of this element or device are shown (see .figure 6).
Figure 6
When depicting an element or device on a diagram in a spaced way, it is allowed to affix the reference designation of each component part of the element or device, as in the combined method, but indicating for each part the designations of the leads (contacts).
5.3.15 When depicting individual elements of devices in different places, the position designation of the device in which they are included should be included in the designation of these elements, for example = A3-C5 - capacitor C5 included in the device A3.
5.3.16 With a spaced method of representing a functional group (if necessary, and a combined method), the designation of the functional group must be included in the positional designations of the elements included in this group, for example, T1-C5 - capacitor C5, included in the functional group T1.
5.3.17 With a single-line image near one UGO, replacing several UGOs of identical elements or devices, indicate the reference designations of all these elements or devices.
If the same elements or devices are not found in all circuits depicted in a single line, then to the right of the reference designation or below it in square brackets indicate the designations of the circuits in which these elements or devices are located (see Figure 3).
5.3.18 On the circuit diagram, all elements and devices that are part of the product and shown on the diagram must be unambiguously identified.
Data on the elements should be recorded in the list of elements, drawn up in the form of a table in accordance with GOST 2.701. In this case, the connection of the list with the UGO elements should be carried out through reference designations.
For electronic documents the list of elements is drawn up in a separate document.
When including circuit elements in the ESI (GOST 2.053), a list of elements drawn up in accordance with GOST 2.701 is recommended to be obtained from it in the form of a report.
It is allowed in some cases established by the standards to place all information about the elements near the UGO.
5.3.19 In case of a complex entry, for example, when a device that does not have an independent circuit diagram includes one or more devices that have independent circuit diagrams and (or) functional groups, or if a functional group includes one or more devices, etc. etc., then in the list of elements in the column "Name" before the name of devices that do not have independent circuit diagrams and functional groups, it is allowed to put down serial numbers (i.e., similar to the designation of sections, subsections, etc.) within the entire scheme of the product (See Figure 7). Functional nodes or devices (including those made on a separate board) are distinguished by dashed lines. If on the diagram the item designation includes the device designation or the functional group designation, then in the list of elements in the column "Pos. designation" indicate the element designation without the device designation or functional group designation.
Figure 7
5.3.20 When specifying the values of resistors and capacitors near the UGO (see Figure 8), it is allowed to use a simplified method for designating units of values:
- for resistors:
from 0 to 999 Ohm - without specifying units,
from 1 10 to 999 10 ohms - in kiloohms with the designation of the unit of quantities by a lowercase letter k,
from 1 10 to 999 10 ohms - in megaohms with the unit designation of the capital letter M,
over 1 10 Ohm - in gigaohms with the designation of the unit of quantities with a capital letter Г;
- for capacitors:
from 0 to 9999 12 F* - in picofarads without specifying the unit of values,
________________
* The text of the document corresponds to the original. - Database manufacturer's note.
from 1 10 to 9999 10 F - in microfarads with the designation of the unit of magnitude in lowercase letters MK.
Figure 8
5.3.21 The diagram should indicate the designations of the leads (contacts) of the elements (devices) applied to the product or installed in their documentation.
If the designation of the element (device) and its documentation do not indicate the designations of the leads (contacts), then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to them on the diagram, repeating them in the future in the relevant design documents.
When conditionally assigning designations to outputs (contacts), an appropriate explanation is placed on the circuit field.
When depicting several identical elements (devices) on the diagram, it is allowed to indicate the designations of the leads (contacts) on one of them.
With the spaced method of depicting identical elements (devices), the designations of the leads (contacts) are indicated on each component of the element (device).
To distinguish on the diagram of the designations of the leads (contacts) from other designations (designations of circuits, etc.), it is allowed to write the designations of the leads (contacts) with a qualifying symbol in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.710.
5.3.22 When an element or device is depicted in a spaced way, an explanatory inscription is placed near one component of the product or in the field of the diagram near the image of an element or device made in a combined way.
5.3.23 It is recommended to indicate on the diagram the characteristics of the input and output circuits of the product (frequency, voltage, current strength, resistance, inductance, etc.), as well as the parameters to be measured on control contacts, sockets, etc.
If it is impossible to indicate the characteristics or parameters of the input and output circuits of the product, then it is recommended to indicate the name of the circuits or controlled quantities.
5.3.24 If the product is obviously designed to work only in a certain product (installation), then it is allowed to indicate on the diagram the addresses of the external connections of the input and output circuits of this product. The address must ensure unambiguous connection, for example, if the output contact of the product must be connected to the fifth contact of the third device connector, then the address must be written as follows: =3:5.
It is allowed to indicate the address in a general form, if the uniqueness of the connection is ensured, for example, "Device A".
5.3.25 The characteristics of the input and output circuits of the product, as well as the addresses of their external connections, are recommended to be written in tables placed instead of UGOs for input and output elements - connectors, boards, etc. (See Figure 9).
Figure 9
Above the table it is allowed to indicate the contact UGO - a socket or a pin.
Tables are allowed to be performed in a spaced way.
The order of contacts in the table is determined by the convenience of constructing the circuit.
It is allowed to place tables with circuit characteristics if there are input and output elements on the UGO circuit - connectors, boards, etc. (See Figure 10).
Figure 10
Similar tables are recommended to be placed on lines depicting input and output circuits and not ending on the diagram with connectors, boards, etc. In this case, positional designations are not assigned to tables.
Notes
1 If there are several tables in the schema, it is allowed to show the head of the table in only one of them.
2 In the absence of characteristics of input and output circuits or addresses of their external connection, the table does not provide a column with these data.
If necessary, additional columns can be added to the table.
3 It is allowed to put down in the column "Kont." several consecutive pin numbers if they are interconnected. Contact numbers are separated from each other by a comma.
5.3.26 When depicting multi-pin connectors on the diagram, it is allowed to use UGOs that do not show individual contacts (GOST 2.755).
Information about the connection of connector contacts is indicated in one of the following ways:
- near the image of the connectors, on the free field of the diagram or on subsequent sheets of the diagram, tables are placed that indicate the connection address [circuit designation (see Figure 11 a) and (or) reference designation of the elements connected to this contact (see Figure 11 b)].
a- a table placed on the free field of the scheme or on subsequent sheets of the scheme | b- a table placed next to the image of the connector |
Figure 11
If necessary, the table indicates the characteristics of circuits and addresses of external connections (see Figure 11 a).
If the tables are placed on the diagram field or on subsequent sheets, then they are assigned the positional designations of the connectors to which they are compiled.
in the column "Cont." - connector pin number. Contact numbers are written in ascending order,
in the column "Address" - the designation of the circuit and (or) the reference designation of the elements connected to the contacts,
in the column "Chain" - a characteristic of the circuit,
in the column "External address" - the address of the external connection;
- connections with connector contacts are depicted in a spaced way (see Figure 12).
Figure 12
Notes
1 Dots connected by a dashed line to a connector indicate connections to the corresponding pins on that connector.
2 If necessary, the characteristics of the circuits are placed in the free field of the diagram above the continuation of the interconnection lines.
5.3.27 When depicting elements on the diagram, the parameters of which are selected during regulation, asterisks (for example *) are put down near the reference designations of these elements on the diagram and in the list of elements, and a footnote is placed in the field of the diagram: "* Selected during regulation".
The list should include elements whose parameters are closest to the calculated ones.
The limit values of the parameters of the elements allowed for selection are indicated in the list in the "Note" column.
If the parameter selected during regulation is provided by elements various types, then these elements are listed in the technical requirements in the field of the scheme, and in the columns of the list of elements indicate the following data:
in the column "Name" - the name of the element and the parameter closest to the calculated one;
in the column "Note" - a link to the relevant paragraph technical requirements and admissible limiting values of parameters during selection.
5.3.28 If a parallel or series connection is made to obtain a certain parameter value (capacitance or resistance of a certain value), then in the list of elements in the "Notes" column indicate the total (total) parameter of the elements (for example, 151 kOhm).
5.3.29 When depicting a device (or devices) in the form of a rectangle, it is allowed to place tables with the characteristics of input and output circuits in the rectangle instead of UGO input and output elements (see Figure 13), and outside the rectangle it is allowed to place tables indicating the addresses of external connections (see see figure 14).
Figure 13
Figure 14
If necessary, it is allowed to enter additional columns into the tables.
Each table is assigned a positional designation of the element, instead of the UGO of which it is placed.
In the table, instead of the word "Kont." it is allowed to place a symbolic graphic designation of the connector contact (see Figure 14).
On the product diagram, it is allowed to place structural or functional diagrams devices or completely or partially repeat their circuit diagrams.
The elements of these devices are not recorded in the list of elements.
If the product includes several identical devices, then the device diagram is recommended to be placed in the free field of the product diagram (and not in a rectangle) with the appropriate inscription, for example, "Scheme of blocks A1-A4", or at the first occurrence of such a block, open its diagram, and later designate similar blocks with rectangles with the corresponding letter designation.
5.3.30 In the field of the diagram, it is allowed to place instructions on the brands, sections and colors of wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords), which should be used to connect elements, as well as instructions on specific requirements for electrical installation this product.
5.4 Rules for executing circuit diagrams
5.4.1 The connection diagram should depict all devices and elements included in the product, their input and output elements (connectors, boards, clamps, etc.), as well as connections between these devices and elements.
5.4.2 Devices and elements on the diagram depict:
- devices - in the form of rectangles or simplified external outlines;
- elements - in the form of UGO, rectangles or simplified external outlines.
When depicting elements in the form of rectangles or simplified external outlines, it is allowed to place UGO elements inside them.
The input and output elements are depicted as UGO.
It is allowed to depict input and output elements according to the rules established in 5.3.25, 5.3.26 and 5.3.29.
5.4.3 The location of the graphic symbols of devices and elements on the diagram should approximately correspond to the actual placement of elements and devices in the product.
The arrangement of images of input and output elements or outputs within graphic symbols and devices or elements should approximately correspond to their actual placement in the device or element.
It is allowed not to reflect the location of devices and elements in the product on the diagram if the diagram is performed on several sheets or the placement of devices and elements at the place of operation is unknown.
5.4.4 Elements used in the product in part may not be depicted in the diagram in full, limited to depicting only the parts used.
5.4.5 In the diagram, near the graphic designations of devices and elements, the reference designations assigned to them on the schematic diagram are indicated.
Near or inside the graphic designation of the device, it is allowed to indicate its name, type and (or) designation of the document on the basis of which the device was used.
5.4.6 The diagram should indicate the designations of the leads (contacts) of the elements (devices) applied to the product or installed in their documentation.
If the designation of the device or element and its documentation do not indicate the designations of input and output elements (outputs), then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to them on the diagram, repeating them in the future in the relevant design documents.
When conditionally assigning designations to input and output elements (outputs), an appropriate explanation is placed on the circuit field.
When depicting several identical devices on the diagram, it is allowed to indicate the terminal designations on one of them (for example, the pinout of electrovacuum devices).
5.4.7 Devices and elements with the same external connections may be depicted on a diagram indicating the connection for only one device or element.
5.4.8 Devices with independent connection diagrams may be depicted on the product diagram without showing the connection of wires and cable cores (stranded wires, electric cords) to input and output elements.
5.4.9 When depicted on the connector diagram, it is allowed to use UGOs that do not show individual contacts (GOST 2.755).
In this case, tables indicating the connection of contacts are placed near the image of the connector, on the field of the diagram or on subsequent sheets of the diagram (see Figure 15).
Figure 15
When placing tables on the field of the scheme or on subsequent sheets, they are assigned positional designations of connectors, in addition to which they are compiled.
It is allowed to enter additional columns in the table (for example, wire data).
If the bundle (cable - stranded wire, electric cord, group of wires) connects the same-name connector contacts, then it is allowed to place a table near one end of the image of the bundle (cable - stranded wire, electric cord, group of wires).
If information about the connection of contacts is given in the connection table, then tables indicating the connection of contacts on the diagram may not be placed.
5.4.10 On the product diagram, inside rectangles or simplified external outlines depicting devices, it is allowed to depict their structural, functional or circuit diagrams.
5.4.11 In the absence of a circuit diagram of the product on the connection diagram, positional designations are assigned to devices, as well as elements that are not included in the circuit diagrams of the component parts of the product, according to the rules established in 5.3.7-5.3.11, and write them down in the list of elements.
5.4.12 On the connection diagram of the product, it is allowed to show the external connections of the product according to the rules established in 5.5.8, 5.5.9.
5.4.13 Wires, groups of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) must be shown in the diagram as separate lines. The thickness of the lines depicting wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) in the diagrams should be from 0.4 to 1 mm.
To simplify the outline of the diagram, it is allowed to twist individual wires or cables (stranded wires, electric cords) that run in one direction on the diagram into a common line.
When approaching the contacts, each wire and cable core (stranded wire, electric cord) is depicted as a separate line.
Lines depicting wires, groups of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) are allowed not to be drawn or cut off near the connection points if their image makes it difficult to read the diagram.
In these cases, on the diagram near the connection points (see Figure 16) or in the table on the free field of the circuit (see Figure 17), information is placed in an amount sufficient to ensure an unambiguous connection.
Figure 16 Figure 17
5.4.14 On the product diagram, which includes multi-contact elements, lines depicting bundles (cables - stranded wires, electrical cords, groups of wires) can only be brought up to the contour of the graphic designation of the element, without showing connection to the contacts.
Instructions for connecting wires or cable cores (stranded wire, electric cord) to contacts are given in this case in one of the following ways:
- at the contacts, they show the ends of the lines depicting wires or cable cores (stranded wire, electric cord), and indicate their designations. The ends of the lines are directed towards the corresponding bundle, cable (stranded wire, electric cord), group of wires (see Figure 18);
- a table indicating the connection of contacts is placed next to the image of the multi-contact element. The table is connected by a leader line with the corresponding bundle, cable (stranded wire, electric cord), group of wires (see Figure 19).
Figure 18
Figure 19
5.4.15 The input elements through which the wires pass (a group of wires, bundles, cables - stranded wires, electrical cords) are depicted in the form of UGOs established in the ESKD standards.
Bushings, glands, glands, contacts and holders, soldered in printed circuit board, are depicted in the form of UGO, shown in Figure 20.
a- a line depicting a wire (a group of wires, a bundle, a cable - a stranded wire, an electric cord)
Figure 20
5.4.16 The diagram should indicate the designations of the input elements applied to the product.
If the designations of the input elements are not indicated in the product design, then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to them on the connection diagram, repeating them in the relevant design documentation. In this case, the necessary explanations are placed on the field of the scheme.
5.4.17 Single-core wires, bundles, cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) must be marked with serial numbers within the product.
Wires, bundles, cables (stranded wires, electric cords) should be numbered separately. In this case, the wires included in the bundle are numbered within the bundle, and the cores of the cable (stranded wire, electric cord) are numbered within the cable (stranded wire, electric cord).
Notes
1 Continuous numbering of all wires and cable cores (stranded wires, electric cords) within the product is allowed.
2 End-to-end numbering of individual wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) within the product is allowed. In this case, the wires included in the bundle are numbered within the bundle, and the cores of the cable (stranded wire, electric cord) are numbered within the cable (stranded wire, electric cord).
3 It is allowed not to designate bundles, cables (stranded wires, electric cords) and individual wires if the product for which the diagram is made is included in the complex and designations for bundles, cables (stranded wires, electric cords) and wires will be assigned within the entire complex.
4 It is allowed to assign designations to groups of wires.
5.4.18 If on the circuit diagram the designations are assigned to electrical circuits in accordance with GOST 2.709, then all single-core wires, cable cores (stranded wires, electric cords) and wire harnesses are assigned the same designations. At the same time, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) are designated in accordance with the requirements of 5.4.17.
5.4.19 On the diagram, using an alphabetic (alphanumeric) designation, it is allowed to determine the functional affiliation of a wire, bundle or cable (stranded wire, electric cord) to a specific complex, room or functional circuit.
An alphabetic (alphanumeric) designation is put down before the designation of each wire, bundle, cable (stranded wire, electric cord), separating it with a hyphen. In this case, the letter (alphanumeric) designation is included in the designation of each wire, bundle and cable (stranded wire, electric cord).
The hyphen in the designation is allowed not to be affixed, if this does not confuse the reading of the diagram.
If all wires, bundles, cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) shown in the diagram belong to the same complex, room or functional circuit, then the letter (alphanumeric) designation is not affixed, and an appropriate explanation is placed on the field of the diagram.
5.4.20 The numbers of wires and cores of cables (stranded wires, electric cords) in the diagram are usually put down near both ends of the images.
The numbers of cables (stranded wires, electric cords) are put down in circles placed in breaks in the images of cables (stranded wires, electric cords) near the branching points of the cores.
The harness numbers are put down on the shelves of the leader lines near the branching points of the wires.
The wire group numbers are put down near the callout lines.
Notes
1 When designating cables (stranded wires, electric cords) in accordance with the requirements of 5.4.19, as well as with a large number of cables (stranded wires, electric cords) running in the same direction on the diagram, cable numbers (stranded wires, electric cords) are allowed put in a line break without a circle.
2 When depicting wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) of a large length on the diagram, the numbers are put down at intervals determined by the convenience of using the diagram.
5.4.21 The diagram should indicate:
- for cables (stranded wires, electric cords) recorded in the specification as a material - the brand, number and cross section of the cores and, if necessary, the number of occupied cores. The number of occupied cores is indicated in a rectangle placed to the right of the cable data designation (stranded wire, electric cord);
- for bundles, cables and wires manufactured separately, - the designation of the main design document.
The diagram shows the characteristics of the input and output circuits of devices and elements or other initial data necessary for the selection of specific wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords), if, when developing the scheme of the complex, data on wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) cannot be defined.
Characteristics of input and output circuits are recommended to be indicated in the form of tables (see 5.3.25) placed instead of conventional graphic symbols of input and output elements.
5.4.22 Data (brand, section, etc.) about wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) indicate near the lines depicting wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords).
In this case, it is allowed not to assign designations to wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords).
When specifying data on wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) in the form of symbols, these designations are deciphered in the field of the diagram.
The same brand, section and other data on all or most wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) can be indicated in the field of the diagram.
5.4.23 If the connection points are not indicated on the diagram (for example, individual contacts are not shown in the image of connectors) or it is difficult to find the points of connection of wires and cable cores (stranded wire, electric cord), then data on wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) and the addresses of their connections are summarized in a table called the "Table of Connections". The connection table should be placed on the first sheet of the diagram or performed as a separate document.
The connection table, placed on the first sheet of the diagram, is usually placed above the title block. The distance between the table and the title block must be at least 12 mm.
The continuation of the connection table is placed to the left of the main inscription, repeating the head of the table.
The table of connections in the form of an independent document is performed on A4 format. The main inscription and additional columns to it are performed in accordance with GOST 2.104 (forms 2 and 2a).
5.4.24 The form of the connection table is chosen by the circuit designer, depending on the information that needs to be placed on the circuit (see Figure 21).
Figure 21
The columns of the tables indicate the following data:
in the column "Wire designation" - designation of a single-core wire, cable core (stranded wire, electric cord) or bundle wire;
in the columns "Where it comes from", "Where it comes from" - conditional alphanumeric designations of the connected elements or devices;
in the column "Connections" - conventional alphanumeric designations of the connected elements or devices, separating them with a comma;
in the column "Wire data":
- for a single-core wire - brand, section and, if necessary, coloring in accordance with the document on the basis of which it is used;
- for a cable (stranded wire, electric cord) recorded in the specification as a material - the brand, cross section and number of cores in accordance with the document on the basis of which the cable (stranded wire, electric cord) is used;
in the column "Note" - additional clarifying data.
Notes
2 It is allowed to divide columns into subgraphs.
5.4.25 When filling in the connection table, the following order should be followed:
- when making connections with separate wires, the wires are recorded in the table in ascending order of the numbers assigned to them;
- when making connections with wires of bundles or cores of cables (stranded wires, electric cords), before recording the wires of each bundle or cores of each cable (stranded wire, electric cord), a heading is placed, for example: "Bundle 1" or "Bundle ABVG.ХХХХХХ.032" ; "Cable 3" or "Cable ABVG.ХХХХХХ.042"; "Wire 5". The wires of the bundle or cores of the cable (stranded wire, electric cord) are recorded in ascending order of the numbers assigned to the wires or cores;
- when making connections with individual wires, wire harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords), the individual wires (without a header) are first recorded in the connection table, and then (with appropriate headers) the wire harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords).
If insulating tubes, shielding braids, etc. are to be put on individual wires, then appropriate instructions are placed in the "Note" column. It is allowed to place these instructions on the field of the scheme.
Note - When using the wiring diagram only for wiring, a different recording order is allowed if it is established in industry standards.
5.4.26 On the connection diagram near both ends of the lines depicting individual wires, wires of bundles and cores of cables (stranded wires, electric cords), it is allowed to indicate the address of the connections. In this case, the connection table is not compiled. It is allowed not to assign designations to wires.
5.4.27 On the field of the scheme above the main inscription it is allowed to place the necessary technical instructions, for example:
- inadmissibility requirements joint laying some wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords);
- minimum allowable distances between wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords); data on the specificity of the laying and protection of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords), etc.
5.5 Rules for the implementation of wiring diagrams
5.5.1 The connection diagram should show the product, its input and output elements (connectors, clamps, etc.) and the ends of wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) connected to them for external installation, near which connection data is placed products [characteristics of external circuits and (or) addresses].
5.5.2 The product in the diagram is shown as a rectangle, and its input and output elements are shown as UGO.
It is allowed to depict the product in the form of simplified external outlines. The input and output elements are depicted in this case in the form of simplified external outlines.
5.5.3 Placement of images of input and output elements within the graphic designation of the product should approximately correspond to their actual placement in the product.
5.5.4 The diagram should indicate the reference designations of the input and output elements assigned to them on the schematic diagram of the product.
5.5.5 Lead-in elements (for example, glands, cable glands, bushings, contacts and holders soldered into a printed circuit board) through which wires or cables pass (stranded wires, electrical cords, coaxial cables) are shown in the diagram according to the rules established in 5.4.15.
5.5.6 The diagram should indicate the designations of the input, output or output elements applied to the product.
If the designations of input, output and output elements are not specified in the design of the product, then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to them on the diagram, repeating them in the corresponding design documentation. In this case, the necessary explanations are placed on the field of the scheme.
5.5.7 On the diagram near the UGO connectors to which wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) are connected, it is allowed to indicate the names of these connectors and (or) the designations of the documents on the basis of which they are applied.
5.5.8 Wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) should be shown in the diagram as separate lines.
5.5.9 If necessary, the diagram indicates the brands, sections, colors of wires, as well as brands of cables (stranded wires, electric cords), the number, cross section and employment of cores.
When specifying brands, sections and colors of wires in the form of symbols in the field of the scheme, these designations are deciphered.
5.6 Rules for the execution of general schemes
5.6.1 The general diagram shows the devices and elements included in the complex, as well as wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) connecting these devices and elements.
5.6.2 Devices and elements in the diagram are shown as rectangles. It is allowed to depict elements in the form of UGO or simplified external outlines, and devices - in the form of simplified external outlines.
The location of the graphic symbols of devices and elements on the diagram should approximately correspond to the actual placement of elements and devices in the product.
It is allowed not to reflect the location of devices and elements in the product on the diagram if their placement at the place of operation is unknown.
In these cases, the graphic designations of devices and elements should be located in such a way as to ensure simplicity and clarity of showing the electrical connections between them.
5.6.3 On the graphic designations of devices and elements, the input, output and input elements are depicted according to the rules established in 5.4.9, 5.4.15.
The location of the UGO of the input, output and input elements inside the images of devices and elements should approximately correspond to their actual placement in the product. If, to ensure the clarity of the connection display, the location of the graphic symbols of these elements does not correspond to their actual placement in the product, then an appropriate explanation should be placed in the diagram field.
5.6.4 The diagram should indicate:
- for each device or element depicted as a rectangle or a simplified external outline, their name and type and (or) designation of the document on the basis of which they are applied;
- for each element depicted in the form of UGO, its type and (or) document designation.
5.6.5 Devices and elements grouped into posts and (or) rooms are recommended to be recorded in the list by posts and (or) rooms.
5.6.6 The diagram should indicate the designations of the input, output and input elements applied to the product.
If the designations of input, output and input elements are not indicated in the product design, then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to these elements in the diagram, repeating them in the corresponding design documentation. In this case, the necessary explanations are placed on the field of the scheme.
5.6.7 On the diagram, it is allowed to indicate the designations of connector documents on the shelves of leader lines, as well as the number of connector contacts, using their following UGO (see Figure 22).
Figure 22
5.6.8 Wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) must be shown in the diagram as separate lines and marked separately by serial numbers within the product.
Continuous numbering of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) within the product is allowed if the wires included in the bundles are numbered within each bundle.
If on the circuit diagram electrical circuits are assigned designations in accordance with GOST 2.709, then all single-core wires, cable cores (stranded wires, electrical cords) and wire harnesses are assigned the same designations.
5.6.9 If the product for which the circuit is being developed includes several complexes, then single-core wires, cables (stranded wires, electric cords) and bundles should be numbered within each complex.
The belonging of a single-core wire, bundle, cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) to a particular complex is determined using an alphabetic (alphanumeric) designation put in front of the number of each single-core wire, bundle and cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) and separated by a hyphen.
5.6.10 It is allowed on the diagram using an alphabetic (alphanumeric) designation to determine whether a wire, bundle or cable (stranded wire, electric cord) belongs to certain rooms or functional circuits according to the rules established in 5.4.19.
5.6.11 The numbers of single-core wires in the diagram are put down near the ends of the images; the numbers of single-core short wires, which are clearly visible in the diagram, can be placed near the middle of the images.
5.6.12 The numbers of cables (stranded wires, electric cords) are put down in circles placed in the gaps in the images of cables (stranded wires, electric cords).
Note - When designating cables (stranded wires, electric cords) in accordance with the requirements of 5.6.9, 5.6.10, the designations do not fit into the circle.
5.6.13 The harness numbers are put down on the shelves of the leader lines.
5.6.14 On the diagram, near the image of single-core wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords), the following data is indicated:
- for single-core wires - brand, section and, if necessary, color;
- for cables (stranded wires, electric cords) recorded in the specification as a material - brand, number and cross-section of cores;
- for wires, cables and harnesses made according to drawings, the designation of the main design document.
If, when developing a diagram, data on wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) laid during installation cannot be determined, then appropriate explanations are given on the diagram indicating the initial data necessary to select specific wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords ).
With a large number of connections, it is recommended to write down the specified information in the list of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords).
5.6.15 The list of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) (see Figure 23) is placed on the first sheet of the diagram, as a rule, above the main inscription or is made in the form of subsequent sheets.
Figure 23
The columns of the list indicate the following data:
in the column "Designation" - the designation of the main design document of the wire, cable (stranded wire, electric cord), bundle, made according to the drawings;
in the column "Note" - cables (stranded wires, electric cords) supplied with the complex or laid during its installation.
Cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) laid during installation may not be included in the list.
5.6.16 The general scheme, if possible, should be performed on one sheet. If the circuit, due to the complexity of the product, cannot be performed on one sheet, then:
- on the first sheet, the product is drawn as a whole, depicting the posts and (or) premises with conditional outlines and showing the connections between the posts and (or) premises;
- inside the conditional outlines of posts and (or) premises, only those devices and elements are depicted to which wires and cables (stranded wires, electric cords) connecting posts and (or) premises are connected;
- on other sheets, diagrams of individual posts and (or) premises or groups of posts and (or) premises are completely drawn;
- general scheme each complex is performed on a separate sheet if the product includes several complexes.
5.7 Layout Rules
5.7.1 The layout diagram depicts the component parts of the product, and, if necessary, the connections between them, the structure, room or area on which these component parts will be located.
5.7.2 The components of the product are depicted in the form of simplified external outlines or conventional graphic symbols.
5.7.3 Wires, groups of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) are depicted as separate lines or simplified external outlines.
5.7.4 The location of the graphic designations of the component parts of the product on the diagram should approximately correspond to the actual placement in the structure, room, on the ground.
5.7.5 When executing the layout, it is allowed to use various ways construction (axonometry, plan, conditional sweep, construction section, etc.).
5.7.6 The diagram should indicate:
- for each device or element depicted as a simplified external outline - their name and type and (or) designation of the document on the basis of which they are applied;
- for each element depicted in the form of a conventional graphic symbol, its type and (or) document designation.
With a large number of devices and elements, it is recommended that this information be recorded in the list of elements.
In this case, positional designations are put down near the graphic designations of devices and elements.
Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2011
An electrical diagram is one of the types of technical drawings, on which various electrical elements are indicated in the form of symbols. Each element has its own designation.
All conditional (conditional-graphic) designations on electrical circuits consist of simple geometric shapes and lines. These are circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, simple lines, dotted lines, etc. The designation of each electrical element consists of a graphic part and an alphanumeric part.
Due to the huge number of various electrical elements, it becomes possible to create very detailed electrical circuits that are understandable to almost every specialist in the electrical field.
Each element on the electrical circuit must be carried out in accordance with GOST. Those. in addition to the correct display of the graphic image on the electrical circuit, all standard sizes each element, line thickness, etc.
There are several basic types of electrical circuits. This is a single-line, schematic, assembly diagram (connection diagram). There are also schemas general view structural, functional. Each type has its purpose. The same element on different schemes can be designated both in the same way and in different ways.
The main purpose of a single-line diagram is a graphical display of the electrical power system (power supply of an object, electrical wiring in an apartment, etc.). Simply put, a single-line diagram depicts the power part of an electrical installation. By name, you can understand that a single-line diagram is performed in the form of a single line. Those. electrical power (both single-phase and three-phase) supplied to each consumer is indicated by a single line.
To indicate the number of phases, special notches are used on the graphic line. One notch means that the power supply is single-phase, three notches - that the power is three-phase.
In addition to a single line, the designations of protective and switching devices are used. The first devices include high-voltage switches (oil, air, SF6, vacuum), automatic switches, devices protective shutdown, differential automata, fuses, load switches. The second includes disconnectors, contactors, magnetic starters.
High-voltage circuit breakers are shown as small squares on single-line diagrams. As for circuit breakers, RCDs, differential automata, contactors, starters and other protective and switching equipment, they are depicted as a contact and some explanatory graphic additions, depending on the device.
The wiring diagram (diagram of connection, connection, location) is used for direct production electrical work. Those. these are working drawings, using which the installation and connection of electrical equipment is carried out. Also, individual electrical devices (electrical cabinets, electrical panels, control panels, etc.) are assembled according to wiring diagrams.
The wiring diagrams show all wired connections both between individual devices (circuit breakers, starters, etc.), and between different types of electrical equipment (electrical cabinets, shields, etc.). For the correct connection of wire connections, the wiring diagram shows electrical terminal blocks, terminals electrical apparatus, brand and section of electrical cables, numbering and letter designation of individual wires.
Electrical circuit diagram - the most complete diagram with all electrical elements, connections, letter designations, technical characteristics of apparatus and equipment. According to the schematic diagram, other electrical circuits are performed (mounting, single-line, equipment layout diagrams, etc.). The circuit diagram shows both the control circuits and the power section.
Control circuits (operational circuits) are buttons, fuses, coils of starters or contactors, contacts of intermediate and other relays, contacts of starters and contactors, phase (voltage) control relays, as well as connections between these and other elements.
The power section depicts circuit breakers, power contacts of starters and contactors, electric motors, etc.
In addition to the graphic image itself, each element of the circuit is provided with an alphanumeric designation. For example, a circuit breaker in a power circuit is designated QF. If there are several machines, each is assigned its own number: QF1, QF2, QF3 etc. The coil (winding) of the starter and contactor is designated KM. If there are several of them, the numbering is similar to the numbering of automata: KM1, KM2, KM3 etc.
In each circuit diagram, if there is any relay, then at least one blocking contact of this relay is necessarily used. If there is an intermediate relay KL1 in the circuit, two contacts of which are used in operational circuits, then each contact receives its own number. The number always starts with the number of the relay itself, and then comes the serial number of the contact. In this case, it turns out KL1.1 and KL1.2. In the same way, the designations of auxiliary contacts of other relays, starters, contactors, automata, etc. are carried out.
In electrical circuit diagrams, in addition to electrical elements, electronic designations are also often used. These are resistors, capacitors, diodes, LEDs, transistors, thyristors and other elements. Each electronic element on the diagram also has its own letter and number designation. For example, a resistor is R (R1, R2, R3…). Capacitor - C (C1, C2, C3 ...) and so on for each element.
In addition to the graphic and alphanumeric designation, some electrical elements indicate specifications. For example, for a circuit breaker, this is the rated current in amperes, the cutoff operation current is also in amperes. For an electric motor, the power is indicated in kilowatts.
For the correct and correct drawing up of electrical circuits of any kind, it is necessary to know the designations of the elements used, state standards, and the rules for drawing up documentation.
The ability to read electrical circuits, the ability to recognize various conventional graphic symbols of switching devices and network elements indicated on the drawing of a house will allow you to understand the arrangement of wiring on your own.
A diagram understandable to the user gives him the answer to the question of which wires to connect to certain terminals of the electrical appliance. But to read the drawing, it is not enough to remember the symbols of various electrical devices, you also need to understand what they do, what functions they perform in order to capture the relationship between them, which is necessary in order to understand the operation of the entire system.
A lot of time is devoted to the study of the entire range of electrical devices in special educational institutions, and there is no way in one article to contain the designation of all these devices, with a detailed description of their functionality and characteristic relationships with other devices.
Therefore, you need to start by studying simple circuits, which includes a small set of elements.
Conductors, lines, cables
The most common component of any electrical network is the designation of wires. In the diagrams, it is indicated by a line. But you need to remember that one segment in the drawing can mean:
- one wire, which is the electrical connection between the contacts;
- two-wire single-phase, or four-wire three-phase group electrical communication line;
- electrical cable, which includes a whole set of power and signal groups of electrical connections.
As you can see, already at the stage of studying seemingly simple wires, there are complex and varied designations of their varieties and interactions.
Image of junction boxes, shields This fragment from table No. 6 of GOST 2.721-74 shows various designations of elements, both simple single-core connections and their intersections, and conductor bundles with branches.
Image of wires, lamps and plugs It makes no sense to start memorizing all these icons. They themselves will be deposited in the mind after studying various drawings, in which from time to time you will have to look into this table.
Network components
A set of elements, consisting of a lamp, a switch, a socket, is sufficient for the functioning of a living room, it provides lighting and power for electrical appliances.
By learning their symbols, you can easily understand the wiring arrangement in your room, or even design your own wiring plan, taking into account immediate needs.
Designation of a single-gang switch, a two-gang switch and a pass-through switch Looking at table No. 1 of GOST 21.608-84, one may be surprised at the variety of electrical products available in everyday life. While at home and reading this article, you should look around and find in your room the electrical components that correspond to those indicated in the table. For example, a socket is indicated in the diagram by a semicircle.
There are many varieties of them (only phase and zero, with an additional ground contact, double, block with switches, hidden, etc.), so each has its own graphic designation, as well as many types of switches.
An example of a wiring diagram for a small apartment A little practice to remember
Having highlighted the found elements, it is advisable to try to draw them, even according to the rules indicated in table No. 2. This exercise will help you remember the selected components.
Having the outline of graphic symbols, you can connect them with lines, and get a wiring diagram in the room. Because the wires are hidden in the wall covering, installation drawing it will not be possible to draw, but the electrical circuit will be correct.
Example of a simple circuit The oblique lines indicate the number of conductors in the line. The arrows indicate the outputs to the shield with circuit breakers and RCDs. The blue line means connecting with a two-wire cable to the distribution box, from which three wires go to the switch and the lamp.
Black shows three-wire wiring with protective conductor PE. This figure is for illustration purposes only. For designing complex electrical systems you need to complete a course of a higher specialized educational institution.
But, having learned a few common symbols, you can freehand draw the wiring of a room, garage or an entire house, and work on it, embodying it in reality.
RCD, automatic devices, electrical panel
To complete the picture, you also need to find out the designation of junction boxes, circuit breaker, RCD, counter.
The image shows that a single-pole circuit breaker differs from a two-pole circuit breaker by the presence of oblique lines on the designation of the connection wires.
Protective systems
To be able to understand the arrangement of all wiring country house(not only power grids), you also need to study the means of lightning protection, zero, phases, the motion sensor icon and other signaling means of the POS (fire and burglar alarm).
scheme of lightning protection of a country house with a wire lightning rod installed on the roof The figure shows the scheme of lightning protection of a country house with a wire lightning rod installed on the roof:
- wire lightning rod;
- input of air overhead lines and grounding of overhead line hooks on the wall;
- conductive wire;
- ground loop.
Alarm sensors have their own specific designation, in the passports of some manufacturers they may differ. The most typical symbols represent the PIC tools described below.
This figure shows the plan of the cottage with the depicted wiring diagram for various fire and security alarm sensors.
An example of a cottage plan This article shows that part of the designations that relates to the arrangement of a house or apartment. For a more complete acquaintance with the graphic symbols of electrical engineering and other industries, you need to study GOST and various reference books.
And once again it is worth recalling that it is not enough to learn the icons, you need to understand the principle of operation of the designated elements in electrics.
Any electrical circuits can be presented in the form of drawings (schematic and wiring diagrams), the design of which must comply with ESKD standards. These standards apply to both wiring diagrams or power circuits, as well as electronic devices. Accordingly, in order to “read” such documents, it is necessary to understand the symbols in electrical circuits.
Regulations
Considering a large number of electrical elements, for their alphanumeric (hereinafter BO) and conventionally graphic designations (UGO), a number of regulatory documents were developed to exclude discrepancies. Below is a table that shows the main standards.
Table 1. Standards for the graphic designation of individual elements in the installation and circuit diagrams.
| GOST number | Short description |
| 2.710 81 | AT this document GOST requirements for BO of various types of electrical elements, including electrical appliances, have been collected. |
| 2.747 68 | Requirements for the size of the display of elements in a graphical form. |
| 21.614 88 | Accepted standards for plans of electrical equipment and wiring. |
| 2.755 87 | Display on diagrams of switching devices and contact connections |
| 2.756 76 | Standards for sensitive parts of electromechanical equipment. |
| 2.709 89 | This standard regulates the norms according to which contact connections and wires are indicated on the diagrams. |
| 21.404 85 | Schematic symbols for equipment used in automation systems |
It should be borne in mind that the element base changes over time, and accordingly, changes are made to regulatory documents, although this process is more inert. Let's give a simple example, RCDs and difautomatic devices have been widely used in Russia for more than a decade, but there is still no single standard according to GOST 2.755-87 for these devices, unlike circuit breakers. It is possible that this issue will be resolved in the near future. To keep abreast of such innovations, professionals track changes in normative documents, lovers do not have to do this, it is enough to know the decoding of the main notation.
Types of electrical circuits
In accordance with the norms of ESKD, diagrams are understood as graphic documents on which, using the accepted designations, the main elements or components of the structure are displayed, as well as the links that unite them. According to the accepted classification, ten types of circuits are distinguished, of which three are most often used in electrical engineering:
If only the power part of the installation is displayed on the diagram, then it is called single-line, if all elements are shown, then it is called complete.
If the drawing shows the wiring of the apartment, then the location lighting fixtures, sockets and other equipment are indicated on the plan. Sometimes you can hear how such a document is called a power supply scheme, this is not true, since the latter displays the way consumers are connected to a substation or other power source.
Having dealt with the electrical circuits, we can proceed to the designations of the elements indicated on them.
Graphic symbols
Each type of graphic document has its own designations, regulated by the relevant regulatory documents. Let us give as an example the main graphic symbols for different types electrical circuits.
Examples of UGOs in functional diagrams
Below is a picture depicting the main components of automation systems.
Examples of symbols for electrical appliances and automation equipment in accordance with GOST 21.404-85 Description of symbols:
- A - Main (1) and allowed (2) images of devices that are installed outside the electrical panel or junction box.
- B - The same as point A, except that the elements are located on the console or electrical panel.
- C - Display of actuators (IM).
- D - Influence of MI on the regulatory body (hereinafter RO) when the power is turned off:
- RO opens.
- RO closure
- The position of the RO remains unchanged.
- E - IM, on which a manual drive is additionally installed. This symbol may be used for any of the RO provisions specified in item D.
- F- Accepted line mappings:
- General.
- There is no connection at the intersection.
- The presence of a connection at the intersection.
UGO in single-line and complete electrical circuits
For these schemes, there are several groups of symbols, we will give the most common of them. For complete information, you must refer to the regulatory documents, the numbers of state standards will be given for each group.
Power sources.
For their designation, the symbols shown in the figure below are accepted.
UGO of power supplies on circuit diagrams (GOST 2.742-68 and GOST 2.750.68) Description of symbols:
- A - a source with a constant voltage, its polarity is indicated by the symbols "+" and "-".
- B is an electricity icon that displays alternating voltage.
- C - symbol for AC and DC voltage, used when the device can be powered from any of these sources.
- D - Display battery or galvanic power supply.
- E- Symbol for a battery consisting of several batteries.
Communication lines
The basic elements of electrical connectors are shown below.
Designation of communication lines on circuit diagrams (GOST 2.721-74 and GOST 2.751.73) Description of symbols:
- A - General mapping adopted for various kinds electrical connections.
- B - Current-carrying or grounding bus.
- C - Shielding designation, can be electrostatic (marked with the symbol "E") or electromagnetic ("M").
- D - Earth symbol.
- E - Electrical connection with the body of the device.
- F - On complex diagrams, from several components, a break in communication is indicated in this way, in such cases "X" is information about where the line will be continued (as a rule, the element number is indicated).
- G - Intersection with no connection.
- H - Connection at the intersection.
- I - Branches.
Designations of electromechanical devices and contact connections
Examples of the designation of magnetic starters, relays, as well as contacts of communication devices, can be seen below.
UGOs adopted for electromechanical devices and contactors (GOSTs 2.756-76, 2.755-74, 2.755-87) Description of symbols:
- A - the symbol of the coil of an electromechanical device (relay, magnetic starter, etc.).
- B - UGO of the perceiving part of the electrothermal protection.
- C - display of the device coil with mechanical interlock.
- D - contacts of switching devices:
- Closing.
- Opening.
- Switching.
- E - Symbol for the designation of manual switches (buttons).
- F - Group switch (knife switch).
UGO electric machines
Here are a few examples of the display of electrical machines (hereinafter EM) in accordance with the current standard.
Designation of electric motors and generators on circuit diagrams (GOST 2.722-68) Description of symbols:
- A - three-phase EM:
- Asynchronous (short-circuited rotor).
- The same as point 1, only in a two-speed version.
- Asynchronous EM with phase design of the rotor.
- Synchronous motors and generators.
- B - Collector, powered by DC:
- EM with permanent magnet excitation.
- EM with excitation coil.
UGO transformers and chokes
Examples of graphic symbols for these devices can be found in the figure below.
Correct designations of transformers, inductors and chokes (GOST 2.723-78) Description of symbols:
- A - This graphic symbol may indicate inductors or transformer windings.
- B - Choke, which has a ferrimagnetic core (magnetic circuit).
- C - Display of a two-coil transformer.
- D - Device with three coils.
- E - Autotransformer symbol.
- F - Graphic display of CT (current transformer).
Designation of measuring instruments and radio components
A brief overview of the UGO of these electronic components is shown below. For those who want to become more familiar with this information, we recommend that you look at GOSTs 2.729 68 and 2.730 73.
Examples of conventional graphic symbols for electronic components and measuring instruments
Description of symbols:
- Electricity meter.
- Image of an ammeter.
- Device for measuring mains voltage.
- Thermal sensor.
- Resistor with fixed value.
- Variable resistor.
- Capacitor (general designation).
- electrolytic capacity.
- Diode designation.
- Light-emitting diode.
- Image of a diode optocoupler.
- UGO transistor (in this case npn).
- Fuse designation.
UGO lighting fixtures
Consider how electric lamps are displayed on a circuit diagram.
Description of symbols:
- A - General image of incandescent lamps (LN).
- B - LN as a signaling device.
- C - Type designation of gas discharge lamps.
- D - High-pressure gas-discharge light source (the figure shows an example of a design with two electrodes)
Designation of elements in the wiring diagram
Concluding the topic of graphic symbols, we will give examples of displaying sockets and switches.
How sockets of other types are depicted is easy to find in regulatory documents that are available on the network.
To understand what is specifically drawn on a diagram or drawing, you need to know the decoding of those icons that are on it. This recognition is also called drawing reading. And to facilitate this lesson, almost all elements have their own conventional icons. Almost, because the standards have not been updated for a long time and some elements are drawn by everyone as best they can. But, for the most part, symbols in electrical circuits are in regulatory documents.
Symbols in electrical circuits: lamps, transformers, measuring instruments, main element base
Normative base
There are about a dozen varieties of electrical circuits, the number of different elements that can be found there is in the tens, if not hundreds. To facilitate the recognition of these elements, uniform symbols have been introduced in electrical circuits. All rules are written in GOSTs. There are a lot of these standards, but the main information is in the following standards:
Studying GOSTs is a useful thing, but it takes time, which not everyone has enough of. Therefore, in the article we present the symbols in electrical circuits - the main element base for creating drawings and wiring diagrams, circuit diagrams of devices.
Some experts, having carefully looked at the circuit, can say what it is and how it works. Some may even issue possible problems that may occur during operation. It's simple - they know the circuitry and the element base well, and are also well versed in the symbols of the circuit elements. Such a skill has been developed over the years, and, for "dummies", it is important to remember the most common ones to begin with.
Electrical panels, cabinets, boxes
On the power supply diagrams of a house or apartment, there will necessarily be a designation or a cabinet. In apartments, the terminal device is mainly installed there, since the wiring does not go further. In houses, they can design the installation of a branching electrical cabinet - if a route goes from it to illuminate other buildings located at some distance from the house - a bathhouse, a guest house. These other designations are in the next picture.
If we talk about images of the "stuffing" of electrical panels, it is also standardized. There are symbols for RCDs, circuit breakers, buttons, current and voltage transformers, and some other elements. They are shown in the following table (there are two pages in the table, scroll by clicking on the word "Next")
| Number | Name | Image on the diagram |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Circuit breaker (automatic) |  |
| 2 | Knife switch (load switch) |  |
| 3 | Thermal relay (overheating protection) |  |
| 4 | RCD (residual current device) |  |
| 5 | Differential automaton (difavtomat) |  |
| 6 | Fuse | |
| 7 | Switch (knife switch) with fuse |  |
| 8 | Circuit breaker with built-in thermal relay (for motor protection) |  |
| 9 | Current transformer |  |
| 10 | voltage transformer |  |
| 11 | electricity meter |  |
| 12 | Frequency converter |  |
| 13 | Button with automatic opening of contacts after pressing |  |
| 14 | Button with contact opening when pressed again |  |
| 15 | Button with a special switch to disable (stop, for example) |  |
Element base for wiring diagrams
When drawing up or reading a diagram, the designations of wires, terminals, grounding, zero, etc. will also come in handy. This is what a novice electrician simply needs or in order to understand what is shown in the drawing and in what sequence its elements are connected.
| Number | Name | Designation of electrical elements on the diagrams |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Phase conductor |  |
| 2 | Neutral (zero working) N |  |
| 3 | Protective conductor ("earth") PE |  |
| 4 | Combined protective and neutral conductors PEN |  |
| 5 | Electric communication line, busbars |  |
| 6 | Bus (if it needs to be selected) |  |
| 7 | Busbar taps (made by soldering) |  |
An example of using the above graphic images is in the following diagram. Thanks to the letter designations, everything is clear even without graphics, but duplication of information in the diagrams has never been superfluous.
Picture of sockets
On the wiring diagram, the installation locations of sockets and switches should be marked. There are many types of sockets - for 220 V, for 380 V, hidden and open type of installation, with a different number of "seats", waterproof, etc. To give the designation of each is too long and useless. It is important to remember how the main groups are depicted, and the number of contact groups is determined by the strokes.
Designation of sockets in the drawings
Sockets for a single-phase 220 V network are indicated on the diagrams in the form of a semicircle with one or more segments sticking up. The number of segments is the number of sockets on one housing (illustrated in the photo below). If only one plug can be plugged into the outlet, one segment is drawn up, if two, two, etc.
If you look at the images closely, you will notice that the symbolic image on the right does not have the horizontal bar that separates the two halves of the icon. This feature indicates that the socket is flush-mounted, that is, it is necessary to make a hole in the wall under it, install a socket box, etc. The option on the right is for surface mounting. A non-conductive substrate is attached to the wall, and the socket itself is attached to it.
Also note that the bottom of the left schematic is crossed out with a vertical line. This indicates the presence of a protective contact, to which grounding is applied. The installation of grounded sockets is mandatory when turning on complex household appliances such as washing or, ovens, etc.
You can’t confuse the symbol of a three-phase socket (for 380 V) with anything. The number of segments sticking up is equal to the number of conductors that are connected to this device - three phases, zero and ground. Total five.
It happens that the lower part of the image is painted over with black (dark). This means that the outlet is waterproof. These are placed on the street, in rooms with high humidity(baths, pools, etc.).
Switch display
The schematic designation of switches looks like a small circle with one or more L- or T-shaped branches. Branches in the form of the letter "G" designate an open-mounted switch, with the form of the letter "T" - flush-mounted. The number of taps displays the number of keys on this device.
In addition to the usual ones, they can stand - to be able to turn on / off one light source from several points. Two letters "G" are added to the same small circle from opposite sides. This is the designation of a single-key pass-through switch.
Unlike conventional switches, in these, when using two-button models, one more bar is added parallel to the top one.
Lamps and fixtures
Lamps have their own designations. Moreover, fluorescent lamps (fluorescent) and incandescent lamps differ. The diagrams even show the shape and size of the fixtures. In this case, you just need to remember how each type of lamp looks on the diagram.
Radioelements
When reading circuit diagrams of devices, you need to know the symbols for diodes, resistors, and other similar elements.
Knowing the conditional graphic elements will help you read almost any diagram - some kind of device or electrical wiring. The ratings of the required parts are sometimes affixed next to the image, but in large multi-element circuits they are written in a separate table. It contains the letter designations of the circuit elements and the denominations.
Letter designations
In addition to the fact that the elements on the diagrams have conditional graphic names, they have letter designations, which are also standardized (GOST 7624-55).
| Name of electrical circuit element | Letter designation | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Switch, controller, switch | AT |
| 2 | Electric generator | G |
| 3 | Diode | D |
| 4 | Rectifier | Vp |
| 5 | Sound alarm (bell, siren) | Sv |
| 6 | Button | Kn |
| 7 | incandescent lamp | L |
| 8 | Electrical engine | M |
| 9 | Fuse | Etc |
| 10 | Contactor, magnetic starter | To |
| 11 | Relay | R |
| 12 | Transformer (autotransformer) | Tr |
| 13 | plug connector | W |
| 14 | Electromagnet | Em |
| 15 | Resistor | R |
| 16 | Capacitor | FROM |
| 17 | Inductor | L |
| 18 | Control button | Ku |
| 19 | Terminal switch | Kv |
| 20 | Throttle | dr |
| 21 | Telephone | T |
| 22 | Microphone | Mk |
| 23 | Speaker | Gr |
| 24 | Battery (galvanic cell) | B |
| 25 | Main engine | Dg |
| 26 | Cooling pump motor | Before |
Please note that in most cases Russian letters are used, but the resistor, capacitor and inductor are indicated in Latin letters.
There is one subtlety in the designation of the relay. They are different type, respectively marked:
- current relay - RT;
- power - RM;
- voltage - PH;
- time - RV;
- resistance - RS;
- index - RU;
- intermediate - RP;
- gas - RG;
- with time delay - RTV.
Basically, these are only the most conventional symbols in electrical circuits. But most drawings and plans you will now be able to understand. If you need to know images of rarer elements, study GOSTs.