5.3. Stages of development of project documentation
Design preparation of construction. A schematic diagram of the pre-project and design preparation of construction on the example of a housing and civil facility is shown in fig. 5.8.
Rice. 5.8. Schematic diagram of pre-project and design preparation of construction for housing and civil purposes
The development of project documentation is carried out on the basis of a design assignment in accordance with the initial permit documentation and in compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation.
The stage design of an object is established by the customer together with the general designer in the design task. There are recommendations regarding the definition of design stages. So, for Moscow, five categories of object complexity have been established, depending on which the following recommendations are given regarding the design stages:
1) project, working documentation for objects of V, IV categories of complexity and for objects of III category of complexity for individual projects;
2) working design (approved part and working documentation) for objects of III-I categories of complexity, as well as for objects built according to standard and reusable designs.
By the decision of the local authority for urban planning and architecture, the object can be classified as unique with the establishment of a special design procedure. As a rule, this takes place in the following cases:
The location of the object on a territory that is especially significant in terms of urban planning;
Special social significance of the object;
Special technical complexity.
When considering the development of project documentation, one should distinguish between:
1) a project for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures for industrial purposes;
2) a project for the construction of housing and civil facilities.
The composition of the project documentation. The project for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures for industrial purposes consists of the following sections:
General plan and transport;
Technological solutions;
Management of production, enterprise and organization of conditions and labor protection for workers and employees;
Engineering equipment, networks and systems;
Organization of construction;
environmental protection;
Engineering and technical measures of civil defense, as well as measures to prevent emergency situations; - budget documentation;
Investment efficiency.
The project for the construction of residential and civil facilities consists of the following sections:
General explanatory note;
Architectural and construction solutions;
Technological solutions;
Solutions for engineering equipment;
environmental protection;
Engineering and technical measures of civil defense, as well as measures to prevent emergency situations; - organization of construction (if necessary);
Estimated documentation;
Investment efficiency (if necessary).
The working draft is developed in a reduced volume and composition, determined depending on the type of construction and the functional purpose of the facility in relation to the composition and content of the project. The working draft includes working documentation.
Development of special sections of the project. For their development, as a rule, specialized organizations with appropriate licenses are involved.
The most frequently developed special sections of the project include:
environmental protection;
Engineering and technical measures of civil defense;
Engineering and technical measures to prevent emergency situations;
Fire extinguishing, fire alarm, security and fire alarm and smoke protection; notification of people about a fire and evacuation of people in case of fire;
Organization and working conditions of employees, production and enterprise management;
Engineering protection of territories, buildings and structures from hazardous natural and technological processes;
Protection of building structures against corrosion;
Construction organization projects (POS) and work execution projects (PPR);
Estimated documentation;
Investment efficiency;
Measures to ensure the living conditions of the disabled and people with limited mobility;
Architectural lighting;
Acoustic protection of buildings and structures from operational noise and vibration;
Project management.
Coordination of project documentation. Coordination of project documentation is carried out by the customer. If necessary, in accordance with the design contract, a general designer may be involved in this work.
Design documentation for the construction of an enterprise, building and structure, developed in accordance with applicable norms, rules and standards, which must be certified by the relevant record of the person responsible for the project (chief engineer, chief architect, project manager), coordination with state supervision bodies and others interested organizations is not subject to - with the exception of cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Project documentation is subject to mandatory submission for consideration:
To the local authority for urban planning and architecture (to approve the architectural and urban planning solution if it was not available at the previous stage of design preparation);
Local environmental authority;
Body of sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the subject of the Russian Federation.
In special cases, additional coordination of the location of the object (drawing up conclusions) may be carried out. All regions of Russia have their own lists of organizations whose approvals are required in special cases of placement of objects.
State examination. State examination of project documentation is carried out in order to prevent the construction of facilities, the creation and use of which does not meet the requirements of state norms and rules or damages the legally protected rights and interests of citizens, legal entities and the state, as well as in order to monitor compliance with socio-economic and environmental policies .
For facilities, the construction of which is carried out at the expense of own financial resources, borrowed and borrowed funds from investors, project documentation is submitted for examination in the amount necessary to evaluate design solutions in terms of ensuring the safety of life and health of people, the reliability of buildings and structures being built, the compliance of design solutions with the approved urban planning documentation and compliance with the established procedure for agreeing and approving construction projects. At the request of the customer, consideration of design documentation for such facilities can be carried out both in full and in the volume of individual sections, which is determined by the contract for the examination.
The design documentation is submitted to the body of state non-departmental expertise by the customer with the involvement of the general designer to protect design solutions. A set of design documentation is accepted for expert opinion in the amount of the approved part, agreed in the prescribed manner.
Based on the results of the examination, a conclusion is drawn up. The expert body carrying out a comprehensive examination prepares a consolidated expert opinion on the construction project as a whole, taking into account the conclusions of the state examinations that took part in the consideration of the project.
Working documentation. The composition of the working documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures is determined by the relevant state standards of the SPDS and is specified by the customer and the general designer in the design agreement (contract).
State, industry and regional standards, as well as drawings of typical structures, products and assemblies, to which there are links in the working drawings, are not part of the working documentation and can be transferred by the designer to the customer, if it is stipulated in the contract.
In the event of a change in the design, engineering, technological solutions of the project, as well as the approved part of the working draft, the documentation is subject to re-submission to the appropriate body of state non-departmental expertise.
Approval of project documentation. Approval of project documentation is carried out in order to obtain a permit and an order for construction, installation and earthworks. Depending on the sources of funding, approval of project documentation is carried out:
During construction, reconstruction at the expense of city sources - by a legal act of the city administration;
During construction, reconstruction at the expense of own financial resources, borrowed and borrowed funds of the customer - directly by the customer (by appropriate order, order).
Since the approval of project documentation is necessary in order to obtain a construction permit, the interested person (customer), if necessary, also checks the availability and proper execution of the following documents:
Title documents for the land;
Town-planning plan of the land plot;
Project documentation materials;
A positive conclusion of the state examination of project documentation.
After the approval of the project documentation by the customer (before issuing a construction permit), the body authorized to issue the permit checks the project documentation for compliance with the urban development plan of the land plot. In addition, the specified body checks the availability of documents attached to the customer's application for the issuance of a building permit, including:
Title documents for the land;
Town-planning plan of the land plot;
Materials contained in the project documentation;
Positive conclusion of the state expertise of project documentation in relation to the relevant facilities.
On the basis of the duly approved design documentation, the authorized bodies draw up:
Permission to carry out construction and installation works;
Order for the production of preparatory, excavation and construction work.
Registration of a permit for the production of construction and installation works is carried out at the appropriate stages of construction, provided with working documentation.
The body of administrative and technical inspections issues a warrant for the right to carry out earthworks related to the movement of soil outside the construction site, subject to the obligatory submission by the customer of a duly approved document confirming the right to temporarily or permanently store soil at the destination.
Transfer of projects to customers. Storage of documentation. How
as a rule, the contract between the customer and the general designer provides for the transfer of finished project documentation to the customer. The customer accepts it by signing the invoice. The act of acceptance and transfer of design estimates is signed by the customer, provided that there are no comments on the results of work performed in accordance with the contract.
The act of acceptance and transfer of project documentation, as a rule, is signed by the customer, provided:
Coordination of project documentation by competent (authorized) state bodies;
The presence of a positive conclusion of the state examination;
Lack of comments from the customer on the results of the work performed.
Documentation is stored at the customer's, in design organizations and the Federal Archival Agency, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation.
The rules for accounting and storage in design organizations of original project documentation (hereinafter referred to as the original document) for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures of all industries and the national economy are determined by GOST.
The terms of storage of original documents in design organizations are established by ministries and departments in the lists of documents agreed with the Federal Archival Agency.
Original documents are selected for state storage or destruction as having no scientific value and having lost their practical value in accordance with the instructions of the Federal Archival Agency.
The original documents are subject to accounting and storage in the organization that developed them. The original documents that have become unusable or lost can be restored by decision of the head (or his deputy) of the organization - the holder of the originals.
Project manager functions. At all stages of the development of project documentation, the leading role belongs to the project manager (in domestic terminology - the chief engineer of the project, the chief architect of the project).
During the design process, the project manager performs the following functions:
Monitoring compliance of the volume and terms of the work performed with the necessary minimum stipulated by the contract;
Selection and involvement of leading specialists in engineering disciplines to the project, coordination of their activities;
Determination of rational terms for the start of work in order to avoid their premature implementation;
Adjustment of the number of employed workers;
Control over changes to the project;
Control over factors, conditions and documents that can increase the cost of work;
Checking compliance with the sequence and priorities selected in the process of planning work;
Ensuring the preferred choice of standard materials and equipment in the maximum possible number of situations, as well as ensuring the minimum range of products used;
Preparation and implementation of the agreement with the licensor;
Preparation and monitoring of compliance with the design work plan, linked to the overall project plan;
Development of a design task together with the customer.
Depending on the scale and complexity of the project, the functions of the manager at the design stage can be assigned both to the manager of the entire project, and to a specially appointed project manager working in a team under the leadership of the general manager.
Automation of design work. An integrated model of the design process is a system of technologically justified information links between the specified specialists, which provides the production of calculation and graphic information in the form of a standard set of drawings, tables and texts based on and in accordance with the current regulatory documents for construction.
The use of informatization tools makes it possible to obtain a fundamentally new environment - a computer-aided design system (CAD). The enlarged structure of CAD in construction is shown in fig. 5.9.
Rice. 5.9. An approximate diagram of the structure of a computer-aided design system (CAD)
The basis of the technological line of computer-aided design (TLAP) in the CAD environment is graphic databases that cover all parts of the project. Working with bases is carried out in a dialog mode using branched graphic menus, from which the necessary image elements are visually selected.
Elements of general drawings (frame with a stamp of any format, various arrows, marks, axes, tables, etc.); - architectural elements (construction of any grid of columns and axes, walls, partitions, windows, doors, marks, stairs, etc.); - architectural nodes (drawing individual mates close-up);
Plumbing equipment (elements of drawings for heating, ventilation, plumbing, sewerage, etc.);
Electrical equipment (elements of drawings of electric lighting, power electrical equipment, etc.).
Based on the integrated use of system tools that allow you to perform all the functions of preparing, storing, searching, processing, displaying, formatting and analyzing information in an automated mode, designers in the TLAP environment have the opportunity to combine development time and coordinate design solutions. At the same time, linkage is provided in all parts in all respects without issuing intermediate drawings with their repeated exchange. Data stored in graphics databases are reusable items.
A sufficient number of packages focused on design in construction have now appeared on the foreign, and now the domestic market of specialized software. They have standard graphic blocks already laid down by developers, the possibility of pairing various standard elements, and the formation of specifications. A significant drawback of these systems (in principle quite powerful and convenient) is that all of them, as a rule, are developed by foreign companies and are oriented accordingly to foreign standards.
In practice, when designing, drawing packages such as AutoCAD are used, which are a universal electronic drawing board. The development of a bank of typical graphic elements in this case is entirely the responsibility of the user.
The specified operating time can go in two ways. The first and simplest way is direct drawing (accumulation of building blocks of information) by qualified user-designers. The second way is more complicated, but also more effective - writing, within the framework of the available system tools, programs for the formation of graphic images, the corresponding calculation modules and information retrieval systems. The developed interface blocks allow creating complex software directly oriented to the domestic consumer. To solve such problems, professional programmers are needed.
However, today there are no packages that fully satisfy designers, containing all the necessary catalog information for various types of building parts and structures produced in our country. In practice, with rare exceptions, separate developments are used, adapted to the needs of a particular organization, which are not of a universal nature.