Examples of lrs. Vegetable raw materials: types, harvesting, processing. Medicinal herbs. home green pharmacy

The medicine is a branch of scientific and practical activity, the main task is to strengthen and preserve human health and develop methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases.

scientific medicine is based on experiment and differs significantly from empirical medicine. Empirical medicines are divided into folk and traditional.

Traditional medicine is understood as a set of therapeutic and hygienic measures practiced in local human populations. This knowledge is based on the experience of one or a number of generations of people, usually transmitted orally. Information of traditional medicine is of a certain value.

ethnoscience formed on the basis of tradition. Traditional medicine is understood as medical systems that have developed in different regions of the earth, based on the experience of a significant number of generations of people. Traditional medicine is associated with certain philosophical systems, treatment is carried out by specially trained persons professionally involved in healing.

modern medicine began to take shape at the end of the 18th century in Europe and partly in North America. At present, it is quite developed. At first, the emerging scientific medicine was based mainly on the heritage of Greek, Roman, medieval European and partly Arabic medicine, but later the range of medicines expanded significantly. The arsenals of herbal medicines in Western European and domestic scientific medicine differ significantly. Therapy, depending on the methods and means used to treat the patient, is divided into chemotherapy, physiotherapy, herbal medicine, etc.

Medicinal plants.

The main objects of study are medicinal plants (MP). Objects of animal origin are rare and will be considered in a separate article.
Plants are called medicinal Planthae medicinales), if they contain biologically active substances (BAS) and are approved for use in scientific medicine in a certain, established manner.

The most valuable medicinal plants, studied experimentally chemically and pharmacologically and tested in the clinic, entered the scientific medicine. All these plants have undergone a thorough comprehensive study. There are about 300 such plants in Russia.

All of them are included in the State Register of Medicines and Medical Devices, published by the Ministry of Health Russian Federation(1996).

Medicinal plants are a source of medicinal plant raw materials ( LRS). Medicinal herbal raw materials (MPR) are freshly picked or dried whole medicinal plants or their parts that are used as medicines.

This video shows the atlas medicinal plants:

Medicines.

These are drugs that have certain pharmacological properties, approved in the prescribed manner for use in preventive, therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Only a small part of official plant species is used as medicines, a much larger part of them is used for processing in order to obtain individual substances, as well as to obtain phytopreparations.

Medicinal substances of plant origin: Classification.

From the point of view of therapeutic activity, it can be divided into 4 groups:

1) Pharmacologically (biologically) active substances - substances with the same therapeutic activity in pure form and in the form of an extract.

For example, Anthraquinones - senna extract, sennosides; Alkaloids - belladonna extract, hyoscyamine; Cardiac glycosides - lily of the valley extract, convallatoxin.

2) Substances that partially affect the activity - substances in which the therapeutic activity in its pure form is lower than in the composition of the extract.

For example, Flavonoids - hawthorn extract; Arbutin - bearberry extract; Hypericin - St. John's wort extract; Alkaloids - celandine extract.

3) Substances - markers . Substances that are specific to certain species, genera or families and allow their identification.

For example, Panaxosides - ginseng extract; Valepotriates - valerian extract; Echinaxoside - echinacea extract; Rosmarinic acid is an extract of sage.

4) Widespread substances (cosmopolitan substances) . Substances that are present in almost all plants.

For example, Coumarins - umbelliferone; Phenolic acids - chlorogenic and caffeic acids; Steroids - phytosterol; Vitamins - ascorbic acid; Starch.

Pharmacology is the study of the effect of drugs on living organisms.

Terms and concepts of pharmacognosy:

Types of herbal medicines:

Leaves - called medicinal raw materials, which are fresh or dried leaves, or individual leaves of a complex sheet.

Herbs - this is MPV, i.e. dried or fresh above-ground parts herbaceous plants.
The composition of raw materials includes: stems with flowers and leaves, and partly with buds and unripe fruits.

flowers in pharmacy - medicinal raw materials, are dried flowers or inflorescences and their parts.

Fruit - are simple and complex, as well as false fruits, infructescences and their parts.

seeds These are whole seeds and individual cotyledons.

Bark - in pharmaceutical practice, they call the outer part of trunks, branches, shrubs and tree roots.

Roots, rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, corms - dried, sometimes fresh underground organs are used in pharmacy perennials cleaned or washed from the ground. Large underground organs are cut into pieces (transversely or longitudinally) before drying.

medicinal product - a medicinal product in a specific dosage form.

Phytopreparation - a medicinal product of plant origin in a specific dosage form.

Galenic preparation - a medicinal product of plant origin in the form of a tincture or extract.

Novogalenic preparations – extracts from ballast substances, maximally purified from ballast substances, containing in their composition the whole complex of biologically active substances.

Tinctures - alcohol or water-alcohol extracts from MPS obtained different ways infusion of raw materials with solvents without heating and removal of the solvent.

extracts — concentrated extracts from vegetable raw materials. According to the consistency, liquid and thick extracts are distinguished - viscous masses with a moisture content of not more than 25%, as well as dry extracts - loose masses with a moisture content of not more than 5%. Solvents for the preparation of extracts are water, alcohol of various concentrations, ether, fatty oils and other solvents.

Fees - a mixture of several types of crushed (rarely whole) vegetable raw materials, sometimes with an admixture of mineral salts, essential oil. From the fees at home prepare infusions and decoctions.

Infusions and decoctions - water extracts from VP, which differ in the time of infusion in a boiling water bath: 15 minutes (infusions) and 30 minutes (decoctions). Infusions are prepared from flowers, leaves and herbs, decoctions are prepared from leathery leaves, barks, fruits, seeds and underground organs. Infusions and decoctions are extemporaneous medicines (Latin ex tempore - as needed).

Standardization of medicinal plant materials — establishment of authenticity, quality and other indicators in accordance with the requirements of the standard.

Watch a very interesting film about healing herbs and their uses:

Regulatory document is a document that lays down the rules general principles or characteristics of a person's activity or the results of that activity. The term covers such concepts as standard (international, national and regional), code of practice (set of rules) and specifications.

Standard - this is normative document for general and reusable use, which establishes rules, requirements, general principles or characteristics to achieve the optimal level of order in a particular area.

- an integral part of the analytical normative documentation, which establishes requirements for a herbal medicinal product, its packaging, storage conditions and periods, and methods for quality control of the medicinal product.

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monocyclic monoterpenes

PEPPERMINT LEAVES -FOLIA MENTHAE PIPERITAE

Peppermint -Mentha piperita L.

Sem. Lamiaceae - Lamiaceae

Other names: English mint, cold mint, cold mint, cold mint

Botanical characteristic. Perennial herbaceous plant. The stems are tetrahedral, up to 80-100 cm high, ending in opposite semi-whorls of small reddish-violet flowers collected in spike-shaped inflorescences. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, large, up to 8 cm long, about 3 cm wide, with a pointed apex, short-petiolate, with an unevenly serrated edge, dark green in color. The flowers are almost regular, the corolla is four-lobed (not two-lipped), the same length. The fruit consists of 4 nuts ("seeds"), dark brown in color, about 0.75 mm long, enclosed in a calyx. The whole plant has a "minty" smell. Blooms in July-September. Rarely forms fruits, as it is a hybrid.

Spreading. The plant is not found in the wild. Introduced into culture at the beginning of the XVIII century. It is the leading culture of predominantly southern state farms of the AIC "Efirlekrasprom": in Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova. Two forms of mint are cultivated: black and white. The content of menthol in them reaches 60-70%. Currently, the following varieties of mint are mainly cultivated: Prilukskaya-6, Krasnodar-2, Zagadka, Kubanskaya-6, Moskvichka, Medichka, Medicinal.

Habitat. Cultivated on developed, fertile low-lying moist lands. Fertilize with manure, compost, nitrogenous and potash mineral fertilizers. Propagated exclusively vegetatively, by pieces of rhizomes or rooted young shoots 20-40 cm long, less often by seedlings. planted in early spring or in autumn to a depth of 8-10 cm in one line with a row spacing of 54-60 cm or in a square-nested way, several segments per nest (45 x 45 or 60 x 60 cm). The aisles are loosened, weeds are destroyed, the plants are fed with nitrogenous fertilizers. In cold winters, mint can freeze, so the soil is mulched with compost in the fall. In one place, a plant is grown for no more than 3 years. The average yield is 17-18 q/ha. Mint cultivation is almost entirely mechanized. Mint needs moisture, grows only on fertile soils. A large selection work is being carried out to develop mint varieties with a high content of essential oil and menthol.

blank. Raw materials are harvested in the phase of mass flowering, in the first half of the day, during the period of the greatest accumulation of oil. Mint "on a leaf" is harvested by mowing the plant with a reaper. Before drying, the browned parts are removed.

Security measures. It is not allowed to uproot the grass.

Drying. In the shade in the air, on currents or in dryers. Then the raw material is shaken with a pitchfork at the place of drying. Get high-quality sheet raw materials. The essential oil is extracted from the remaining herb.

External signs. The quality of sheet raw materials is determined by external signs on the basis of GF XI. Whole leaves are short-petiolate, lanceolate or oblong-ovate, pointed along the edge, unevenly serrate. The length of the leaf is up to 8 cm, the width is up to 3 cm. The veins of the second order depart from the main one at an acute angle, anastomose with each other with arcs parallel to the edge of the leaf. The leaves are bare. According to GOST, raw materials must be threshed, in the form of pieces of leaves of various shapes and sizes of 1-10 mm, with an admixture of flowers and buds. The edge of the sheet is serrate, with uneven sharp teeth. Below along the veins there are sparse adpressed hairs and shiny yellow glands, visible under a magnifying glass. The aromatic smell is enhanced by rubbing the leaves. The taste is burning, spicy, cooling. The quality of raw materials is reduced by the admixture of blackened leaves, stems, parts of other plants and sand. The presence of other types of mint is not allowed in the raw materials. The authenticity of raw materials is established by external signs and microscopically.

microscopic signs. When examining the leaf from the upper and lower sides, epidermal cells with strongly sinuous walls are visible, stomata with two parotid cells located perpendicularly longitudinal axis stomata (diacytic type). Along the veins and along the edge of the leaf, simple 2-4-celled hairs with a warty cuticle are visible. On the entire surface there are small capitate hairs, consisting of a short unicellular stalk and a unicellular obovate head. Essential oil glands are visible in small depressions on both sides of the leaf; they have a short stalk and a rounded head, consisting of 8, rarely 6, radially arranged excretory cells (not always clearly visible).

Leaf preparation from the surface of peppermint (x280):

A - epidermis of the upper side

B - epidermis of the underside

1 - pieces of iron; 2 - stomata; 3 - capitate hair

4 - folding of the cuticle; 5 - simple hair

Chemical composition. Peppermint leaves contain up to 3% essential oil (according to GF XI, at least 1% is required), inflorescences - 4-6%. The main component of the essential oil is l-menthol (up to 65%, but not less than 50% in the free state and in the form of esters).

In addition to menthol, leaf oil contains meyathone, menthyl acetate, pinene, limonene, cineole, pulegone, jasmone, and other monocyclic terpenes. The main components of the essential oil of inflorescences are the ketone l-menthone, l-menthol and mentofuran. Flavonoids, ursolic and oleanolic acids, carotene, hesperidin, betaine, sterols were found in the leaves. Azulenes, polyphenols, anthocyanins and leucoanthocyanins, trace elements (copper, manganese, strontium, etc.) have also been isolated.

Storage. In a cool place, in a well-closed container according to the rules for storing essential oil raw materials. The oil content of raw materials is checked annually.

pharmacological properties. The main active ingredient in peppermint is menthol. When applied to mucous membranes or rubbed into the skin, menthol irritates the nerve endings, causing a sensation of cold and tingling. When the cold receptors are excited, the superficial vessels constrict and the vessels of the internal organs reflexively expand. This, obviously, explains the decrease in pain under the influence of menthol in angina pectoris. Menthol has vasoactive properties: it regulates arteriovenous tone, prevents an increase in the tone of intracranial veins caused by the intake of nitroglycerin, and promotes blood outflow through the external veins. Menthol also has a mild local anesthetic effect. Irritating the receptors of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, menthol enhances peristalsis. However, it has an antiseptic effect. The irritating and antiseptic effect of the essential oil leads to the limitation of the processes of putrefaction and fermentation, and increases the secretion of the digestive glands.

Peppermint oil vapors have antimicrobial properties, especially pronounced against Staphylococcus aureus and a number of spore-forming bacteria. Peppermint oil azulenes have anti-inflammatory and capillary-strengthening effects in experimental models of inflammation. In case of gastric ulcers experimentally induced by butadione and a stressful situation (forced immobilization) in white rats, the preliminary administration of peppermint oil azulenes prevents the development of the ulcerative process in 50% of cases.

Peppermint preparations have a choleretic property, which is associated with polyphenols. Polyphenolic preparations obtained from peppermint, in the experiment, not only enhance the exocrine function of the liver, change the composition of bile, increase the excretion of cholates, cholesterol and bilirubin with bile, but also increase the antitoxic function of the liver, normalize metabolism, reduce hepatocyte edema in rats with hepatitis caused by dextran. Mint preparations act as an antispasmodic.

Medicines. Peppermint leaf, infusions, collections, mint oil, aromatic mint water, tincture, complex preparations (Validol, Corvalol, Zelenin drops, Valocordin), menthol, briquettes, mint tablets, etc.

Application. Peppermint has long been used in the form of herbal preparations, infusions and tinctures. Mint is used as a remedy that reflexively improves blood circulation in the vessels of the brain and heart, as an antispasmodic for spastic phenomena in the gastrointestinal tract, bile ducts, and pancreatic ducts.

Infusions of peppermint leaves are used as an analgesic for neuralgia, toothache and as an antiseptic for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and stomatitis.

From peppermint and menthol, a large number of complex medicinal products and phytopreparations.

Peppermint tincture (Tinctura Menthae piperitae) is available in 25 ml dropper bottles. It consists of an alcoholic (90% alcohol) tincture of peppermint leaves and an equal amount of peppermint oil. Applied inside 10-15 drops per dose as an antiemetic, carminative and analgesic for neuralgic pains, and also added to potions to improve taste, elixirs for teeth, etc.

Peppermint oil is a clear, colorless or pale yellow liquid with a mint smell and a burning, cooling taste. Contains about 50% menthol. Included in tooth powders, pastes and mouthwashes. Used in mixtures of 1-3 drops for flatulence, diseases of the liver and gallbladder and to correct the taste of medicines. Included in the drug Corvalol. They are included in composite mixtures used for aromatization of air in closed industrial premises.

Mint tablets contain mint oil 0.0025 g, sugar 0.5 g. Prescribed for nausea, vomiting, intestinal cramps, 1-2 tablets under the tongue.

Peppermint water is a clear, colorless liquid with a mint smell; used for rinsing the mouth, added to potions.

Menthol is especially widely used in medicine. It is obtained from peppermint oil, as well as synthetically. Menthol is part of Zelenin drops, Pectusin, Evkatol, Menovazin preparations, Camphomen and Ingacamf aerosol mixtures, is integral part menthol, migraine pencils. It is used in the form of nasal drops, a solution of menthol in vaseline oil.

Solutions of menthol alcohol 1% and 2% are taken on a piece of sugar for pain in the region of the heart. Taking nitroglycerin along with menthol in some cases relieves the patient of the side effect of nitroglycerin - headache. It is also prescribed for spastic colitis and enterocolitis.

Candles "Anestezol" (Suppositoria "Anaesthesolum"). The composition of one candle: anesthesin 0.1 g, dermatol 0.04 g, zinc oxide 0.02 g, menthol 0.004 g, fat base up to 2.7 g. Used as an anesthetic, antipruritic and antispastic agent for hemorrhoids.

Olimetin (Olimetinum) is a complex preparation, 1 g of which contains: peppermint oil 0.017 g, purified turpentine oil 0.0341 g, calamus root oil 0.025 g, olive oil 0.9205 g, purified sulfur 0.0034 g. capsules of 0.5 g. Used as an antispasmodic for urolithiasis and cholelithiasis 1-2 capsules 3-5 times a day during an exacerbation.

Validol (Validolum) - a solution of menthol in methyl ester of isovaleric acid. Used for angina pectoris, neurosis, hysteria, seasickness; often relieves bronchospastic phenomena. Assign 4-5 drops per piece of sugar, keep in the mouth until completely absorbed. It is also available in the form of tablets and capsules.

For itching dermatoses, a 0.5% alcohol solution of menthol or a 1% ointment on a lanolin-vaseline base is applied topically. With arthralgia, neuralgia and myalgia, rubbing in a 2% alcohol solution of menthol or 10% oil suspension is used.

Ointment "Efcamon" (Unguentum "Efcamonum"). Composition of the ointment: menthol 14 g, thymol and chloral hydrate 3 g each, methyl salicylate 8 g, camphor 10 g, capsicum tincture 4 g, clove oil or clove extract 3 g, mustard or cinnamon oil 3 g, equilyptus oil 7 g, cinnamon alcohol 1 g, paraffin 4.4 g, spermaceti and vaseline up to 100 g. Used for arthritis, myositis, neuralgia for rubbing.

Boromenthol (Boromentholum) - an ointment containing 0.5 parts of menthol, 5 parts boric acid and 94.5 parts of vaseline. It is used as an antiseptic and analgesic for lubricating the nasal mucosa with a runny nose, as well as for lubricating the skin with itching and neuralgia.

Balsam "Golden Star" (Balsamum "Stella auraria") contains oils: clove, eucalyptus, mint, cinnamon. It is used for respiratory diseases, runny nose, colds, flu, dissolving a small amount of balm in hot water for inhalation. For headaches and dizziness, the balm is rubbed into the temporal, occipital, and frontal regions. For insect bites, lubricate the bite site. Comes from Vietnam in packs of 4 g.

Zelenin drops are used for heart neuroses. Camphene is used for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Menovazin is an antipruritic agent prescribed for dermatoses. Ingacamf is a pocket inhaler used for inhalation in acute rhinitis.

Peppermint and its preparations should not be used uncontrollably. The pungent smell of mint preparations, exceeding their dose in inhalation devices can provoke bronchospasm, respiratory disorders, up to and including stopping it. Perhaps the appearance of pain in the heart with excessive consumption of mint preparations.

SECTION I. General part

Lecture material on Medicines section: General part

Chapter 1

Medicinal plant materials (MPR) are whole medicinal plants or their parts that have not been subjected to chemical processing and are approved for use in medicine. LRS is used in dried, less often fresh form as medicines or for the production of phytopreparations, as well as for the isolation of medicinal substances. Various organs of medicinal plants are used as MPCs. There are 9 morphological groups of MPV.

Bark (Cortices) - the dried outer part of the trunks, branches of trees and shrubs, located to the periphery of the cambium.

Flowers (Flores) - dried individual flowers or inflorescences, as well as their parts.

Leaves (Folia) - dried or fresh leaves or individual leaflets of a compound leaf with or without petiole.

Fruits (Fructus) - dried or fresh, simple and complex, as well as false fruits, infructescences and their parts.

Seeds (Semina) - dried whole seeds and individual cotyledons. Grass (Herba) - dried or fresh aerial parts of herbaceous plants, consisting of stems with leaves and flowers, partly with buds and

immature fruits.

Shoots (Cormi) - dried or fresh leafy stems of the current year of herbaceous plants, shrubs or subshrubs.

Kidneys (Gemmae) - dried rudiments of shoots of woody plants.

Roots (Radices), rhizomes (Rhizomata), rhizomes and roots (Rhizomata et radices), rhizomes with roots (Rhizomata cum radicibus), bulbs (Bulba), tubers (Tubera), corms (Bulbotubera) - dried or fresh underground organs of perennial plants, freed from dead parts, remnants of stems and leaves.

In accordance with international terminology, the names of medicinal plants and raw materials in pharmacognosy are written in Russian and Latin. According to the binary system of plant naming introduced by Carl Linnaeus, the Latin and Russian names of the plant consist of two words: the first indicates the genus, and the second - the type of plant, for example Camdula officinalis L. - officinalis calendula. At the end of the Latin name of the plant, the surname of the scientist who first described this plant is indicated in abbreviated form - L. (Linnaeus). Genus and species names are written in italics or underlined in handwritten text. The name of the raw material usually consists of two words: the first denotes the name of plant organs that are harvested as medicinal raw materials (in the form of the nominative plural case), and the second word (in the genitive case) denotes the genus or species of plants. For example, Radices Tagahashi - dandelion roots (the name of the raw material is given by the genus of the plant - Taraxacum officinale), Folia Stramonii - Datura leaves - the name of the raw material is given by the type of plant - Datura stramonium). sometimes used and

generic and specific names of the plant, (for example, Folia Menthae piperitae - peppermint leaves.

Lecture #2

Topic: Procurement of medicinal plant materials

According to the current regulatory and technical documentation in Russia, 220-230 types of medicinal plants are used for medical purposes. Of these, about 130 species are processed by the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, and approximately 90 types of medicinal plants after primary processing (drying, grinding, packaging) enter the pharmacy network as a finished drug.

Depending on the needs of healthcare and the actual supply of raw materials to industry, its nomenclature annually undergoes some changes, as a rule, within 10-15%. Certain types of raw materials are excluded from supplies due to their depletion natural resources or stopping the release of drugs derived from them that have lost their value. At the same time, new types of raw materials for the production of newly created phytopreparations are included in the range of blanks.

Every year, tens of thousands of tons of vegetable raw materials are harvested in our country. The need of the pharmaceutical industry, processing medicinal plants, is satisfied by harvesting wild medicinal plants (more than 150 types of medicinal plants and more than half of the raw materials in mass), cultivated medicinal plants in specialized farms (more than 50 species), as well as by the receipt of imported raw materials.

Harvesting of wild-growing VP is carried out on a contractual basis, taking into account the presence of highly productive thickets of medicinal plants in the region and the needs of local processing plants and pharmacies under the direct supervision of local nature protection departments.

Harvesting of wild-growing VP is carried out by the following organizations:

1) Tsentrosoyuz of the Russian Federation, attracting the population to the procurement of raw materials through an extensive network of consumer societies. This is the main supplier of wild-growing VP to the Russian market;

2) the Federal Forestry Service, which organizes the harvesting of wild-growing MHR through regional departments, forestries, timber industry enterprises, forestries;

3) RO "Pharmacia", which through a network of rural pharmacies receives wild-growing HR from the population on a contractual basis.

Food and fish industry enterprises, agricultural cooperatives, hunting farms and other organizations are actively involved in the procurement of raw materials.

Procurement of cultivated HPS. Cultivation of medicinal plants is the most promising source of medicinal plants, which in the future will become the main one for meeting the ever-increasing needs for the production of medicines and biologically active food supplements (BAA).

AT culture, first of all, introduce such plants that are not found in

growing wild on the territory of our country, plants with a limited range, a small resource base or endangered.

Growing medicinal plants in specialized farms has a number of advantages. When cultivating medicinal plants, it is possible to carry out breeding work, use various agrotechnical and agrochemical methods to increase plant productivity and obtain medicinal products with a higher content of biologically active substances (BAS). The cultivation of medicinal plants on plantations makes it possible to mechanize all work on sowing, care, and harvesting of raw materials. The presence of modern stationary dryers and workshops for the primary processing of raw materials makes it possible to significantly improve its quality. These advantages make the work of harvesting VP on plantations more productive, the harvest is stable and less dependent on natural conditions, and the quality of HR is high.

JSC "Efirlekrasprom" is the main supplier of cultivated HR to the market of the Russian Federation. This organization coordinates the production of VP on the plantations of specialized farms.

Another source of MPC is the culture of isolated tissues and cells of medicinal plants. On a nutrient medium under certain conditions, young, fast-growing pieces of plant tissue are grown, which have the ability to synthesize biologically active substances characteristic of a given plant. These substances accumulate in the culture medium and in the calus mass resulting from the growth of plant tissues. Raw materials are used for the production of drugs.

General rules for the preparation of medicinal plant materials

Harvesting of raw materials is a process that includes a number of successive stages: the collection of raw materials, primary processing, drying, bringing to a standard state, packaging and storage.

At all stages of the procurement process, the activities of procurement organizations should be aimed at preserving the BAS complex in the raw material and obtaining standard raw materials that meet the requirements of regulatory documentation (RD).

The quality of MPC is primarily determined by the content of biologically active substances in it. The accumulation of these substances in plants has a certain dynamics, and raw materials should be collected in that phase of plant development, when the content of biologically active substances reaches its maximum value. In addition to taking into account the dynamics of the accumulation of biologically active substances, and the conditions of industrial culture, productivity is taken into account, i.e. output of raw materials per unit area. When harvesting raw materials from wild-growing medicinal plants, the possibility of recognizing plants in the herbage is considered, and therefore sometimes the timing of harvesting raw materials is shifted to those phases of development when it is possible to clearly determine the belonging of a plant to a particular species. When collecting raw materials, the change in the content of biologically active substances during the day is also taken into account. For most medicinal plants best time collection falls on 10 - 13 hours, since at this time the content of biologically active substances in them is maximum. However, in each specific case, the boron time is determined in accordance with

features of a particular medicinal plant. For example, raw materials from plants containing essential oils are recommended to be harvested in the early morning hours. Scientific research and many years of practice make it possible to establish calendar dates for harvesting for each harvested type of raw material, however, they can vary widely depending on the geographical area, weather conditions in different years and other factors, so you should focus primarily on the phase of plant development.

Above-ground parts of plants (grass, leaves, flowers, fruits) should be collected in dry weather, after the dew has evaporated (8-9 am) and before the evening dew appears (before 5 pm), since surface moisture leads to rapid deterioration of raw materials and a decrease in its quality. Underground organs (roots, rhizomes, tubers, etc.) can be collected in any weather and at any time of the day.

Collect MPC only from healthy, well-developed, corresponding to the description of color, size and a certain smell, uncontaminated plants, not damaged by insects and microorganisms. When collecting VP from wild medicinal plants, collectors must take care to conserve their resources. Harvesting of one species or another should be carried out only in those areas where this plant forms significant thickets or is often found. The following rules must be observed to guarantee the reproduction of medicinal plants:

 grasses cannot be uprooted, but only cut or mowed, leaving 2-3 plants per 1 m2 for seed maturation;

 leaves should be carefully cut off, keeping some of the old

 leaves and all young leaves for further growth and development of the plant;

 flowers, inflorescences are collected selectively from the plant, leaving a few for the seeds to ripen;

 when harvesting VP on trees, shrubs (leaves, flowers, fruits), branches and trunks should be protected from breakage;

 underground organs must be harvested after ripening and shedding of fruits, young shoots should be protected from perennial plants and mature seeds should be sown in loosened soil. When digging underground organs

leave intact at least one fruit-bearing specimen for every 1-2 m2 of thickets;

 repeated harvesting in this area is possible for underground organs after 5 years or more, for herbs - after 2 years, for leaves, flowers, fruits - annually.

Each morphological group of raw materials has its own rules and features in terms of terms and methods of harvesting. Deviation from these rules leads to a decrease in the quality of raw materials and to an unjustified depletion of medicinal plant resources. Collectors of medicinal raw materials must undergo special training and be familiar with the “Regulations on the Collector of Medicinal Raw Materials”. Collectors and procurers should be instructed on the rules for collecting, drying and safety precautions when working with medicinal plants and equipment. Procurement organizations draw up an agreement with the assembler and issue a certificate for the right to collect. When collecting rare, protected species of plants, a license is issued for the right to limited collection. Great importance when collecting plants, it has not only the quality of raw materials, but also the personal hygiene of the picker.

It must be remembered that certain types of medicinal plants, when in contact with them, can cause allergic reactions in some people, cause dermatosis, inflammation of the mucous membranes, headaches, etc. Medicinal plants containing poisonous and potent substances can cause poisoning.

Lecture number 3.

1.3. Rules for the preparation of the main morphological groups of raw materials

Kidneys - Gemmae. The buds are harvested at the end of winter or early spring, when they are swollen, but not started to grow, i.e. are still in the dormant phase. This period does not last long, only a few days, its duration depends on biological and climatic factors. If the buds have already begun to burst and the tops of the leaves have appeared, they are not suitable for harvesting as medicinal raw materials. Harvesting is carried out in places of logging or sanitary felling. Birch buds are harvested by cutting branches, and then, after drying on outdoors or in cool, well-ventilated rooms for 3-4 weeks, the kidneys are peeled or threshed, cleaned of impurities on sieves or winnowers. Pine buds are cut from the top of the branches in the form of "crowns", i.e. several pieces at once with a shoot no more than 3 mm long.

Cortices - Cortices. The bark of trees and shrubs is harvested in the spring during increased sap flow (April - early May). During this period, the bark is easily separated from the wood. To harvest the bark, a permit from the forestry enterprises is required; it is usually combined with forest felling. The bark is collected from young cut or chopped off branches and trunks, having previously been cleared of lichens. With sharp knives, circular cuts are made at a distance of 20-30 cm from one another, connected with one or two longitudinal cuts, and then removed in the form of grooves or tubes. The defect of raw materials is the bark with fruticose lichens on the surface, with the rest of the wood on the inside, moldy, blackened pieces of bark.

Leaves - Folia. The leaves are harvested when they are fully formed, usually in the budding or flowering phase, coinciding with the period of greatest accumulation of active substances. It is not recommended to collect leaves before flowering, since at this time the raw material is defective, in addition, it depletes and weakens the plants. In some cases, the collection of leaves is carried out in accordance with plant biology: for example, in coltsfoot, the leaves begin to develop after flowering, in bearberry and lingonberry, the leaves are wintering, they can be collected before flowering in spring. Then new leaves grow on these plants, reaching full development only by autumn, so the second harvest is carried out after fruiting. In some biennial plants that bloom only in the 2nd year, rosette basal leaves are collected in the 1st year of the growing season. The terms of their procurement are indicated in the relevant instructions for the procurement of certain types of medicinal plants.

From leafy shoots, the lower and middle leaves are usually cut off, leaving the upper ones intact. When collecting, do not squeeze the leaf blade with your fingers, which subsequently leads to the formation of dark spots on them. At one time, you can collect from the plant only a third of all

leaves. A plant completely devoid of leaves quickly dies. Collect only leaves of good shape, healthy, not changed in normal color, with or without petioles. Often, when collecting leaves, whole plants or shoots are cut off, and then the leaves are cut off from them. In some cases, leafy shoots are first dried, then the leaves are separated by threshing. Fresh raw materials are transported, laid freely in solid containers, and delivered as quickly as possible to the place of processing or drying.

The defect of raw materials are leaves that have changed their color, damaged by pests, diseases or mold, clogged with mineral and organic impurities. Before drying, defective leaves and foreign plant parts and impurities are removed.

Flowers - Flores. The flowers are harvested in the phase of budding, beginning or full bloom, depending on the requirements of the relevant collection instructions. During this period, the flowers contain more active ingredients, withstand drying better, crumble less during storage and retain their color. The specific dates for the collection of each type of flowers are indicated in the corresponding harvesting instructions.

Flowers are collected by hand (fragrant chamomile, calendula, etc.) or cut with scissors, secateurs, sickles, branch cutters (hawthorn, linden). On plantations, special harvesters are used. Separate flowers, small inflorescences are cut off separately at the base of the pedicel or together with the pedicel. Large inflorescences are cut off entirely. Flowers are the most delicate parts of the plant, so you need to pluck them with a slight movement of your hand, without squeezing the petals, freely place them in a solid container and deliver them to the place of drying or processing as quickly as possible.

The defect of raw materials are flowers collected during the flowering period or in the phase of the beginning of fruit formation, which have changed their natural color with an admixture of pedicels, stems, leaves.

Herbs - Herbae. Herbs are usually harvested in the phase of the beginning of flowering, in some species - in the phase of budding (sequence, bitter wormwood), at full flowering or at the end of flowering and before the fruits are shed (spring adonis) or during the fruiting period (marsh wild rosemary). All above-ground parts of plants are harvested only in dry weather. If there was dew in the morning or it rained, then harvesting begins only after the plants have dried. Plants are cut with knives, scissors, sickles. In large compact thickets, grass can be mowed by first removing foreign plants from the site. Plantations use mowers. It is not recommended to pluck the plants with your hands, as this can pull it out along with the root. In some plants, the entire aerial part is cut off 5-10 cm above the soil surface (lily of the valley, adonis), in others, only flowering tops (yarrow) or side branches (sequence). Sometimes plants (annual plants) are uprooted (sudweed marshwort). The instructions for harvesting the corresponding medicinal plant regulate the length of the herb for each type of raw material, which is usually 15-40 cm. Some herbs (highlander, thyme) are threshed after drying. It is impossible to harvest herbs that are dusty, damaged, lethargic, diseased, have changed their normal color and size. The grass is loosely placed in containers and quickly delivered to the place of processing or drying. The defect of raw materials are lignified and thick parts of the stem, leafless

stems, fruits, parts of other plants, mineral impurities. Before drying, all impurities are removed if possible.

The fruits are Fructus. Depending on the nature of the pericarp - dry (anise, fennel, etc.) and juicy (blueberries, raspberries, etc.) - different methods of harvesting fruits are used.

Juicy fruits harvested in the full ripening phase, usually by hand, carefully so that the fruits are subjected to less pressure (damaged fruits become moldy quickly). The collection should be early morning or in the evening (when harvested during the day, they quickly deteriorate in the heat). Sometimes the fruits are carefully combed with special scoops (blueberries), but this causes significant damage to the thickets, and the raw materials require more careful sorting. Cutting or breaking off branches with rose hips, hawthorn, sea buckthorn, etc. is not allowed. Juicy fruits should not be transferred from one container to another. It is better to collect in small and wide baskets. It is recommended to lay leaves or grass in each layer of 5-7 cm so that the fruits do not cake and do not press on each other. Right there, when harvesting, it is necessary to sort the fruits and in the same container immediately transport them to the place of drying.

Dry fruits (anise and other celery) are harvested when 60-70% of fruits ripen in order to avoid their massive shedding. The aerial part is mowed until the fruits are fully ripe, folded into small piles, and then the already dry sheaves are threshed and the fruits are sifted.

The defect of raw materials is unripe fruits, contamination with other parts of the plant, mineral organic impurities, moldy fruits that have changed their natural color and smell.

Underground organs: roots - Radices, rhizomes - Rhizomata, rhizomes with roots Rhizomata cum radicibus, bulbs - Bulba, tubers - Tureba,

corms - Bulbotubera.

Harvesting is usually carried out in the withering phase in autumn, less often in early spring before the start of the growing season. They dig underground organs with shovels, diggers, pitchforks, on plantations with plows, potato diggers. Creeping rhizomes (bergenia, calamus, zamaniha, etc.) are sometimes pulled out with hands, hooks or hook-shaped grips. After collection, the underground organs are cleaned of the remnants of stems, basal leaves, dead parts of roots and rhizomes, shaken off the ground. Then they are washed, folding loosely into baskets, immersing them in cold water any body of water. Some types of raw materials containing biologically active substances easily soluble in water - mucus, saponins - are washed very quickly (marshmallow, licorice) or cleaned of corks. Raw materials are transferred to the place of drying in baskets, boxes or bags.

The defects of raw materials are impurities of other parts of the plant, moldy raw materials, mineral impurities. Prior to drying, the raw material must be free of impurities.

The collected raw materials must be quickly delivered to the place of drying. The period between collection and drying should not exceed 2-3 hours. During this time, it is necessary to carry out the primary sorting of raw materials. It includes the removal of all randomly collected foreign plants, plant parts that are not medicinal raw materials, mineral impurities, etc. For primary sorting, the raw materials are scattered on a litter and carefully sorted out, removing impurities. At the same time, in accordance with the requirements of the NTD, large

underground organs are cut into pieces (along or across), cleaned of cork, shortened stems, cleaned the outer part of the bark, etc.

Collection of poisonous plants

In medicine, a number of poisonous medicinal plants containing poisonous substances are used, for example, alkaloids - belladonna, dope, henbane, hellebore, celandine; cardiac glycosides - foxglove, lily of the valley, adonis, etc.

If certain rules for harvesting toxic raw materials and working with them are not followed, severe poisoning can occur. For example, when raw materials containing the alkaloid hyoscyamine (datura, henbane, belladonna) get inside, signs appear mental disorders; hellebore dust strongly irritates mucous membranes, etc.

When collecting toxic raw materials, the following rules should be observed:

 only adult collectors are involved in the collection after careful instruction;

 pregnant and lactating women should not be allowed to harvest;

 when collecting raw materials, you need to stand with your back to the wind in order to reduce the effect of toxic fumes on the body;

 during work, do not touch the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eyes with your hands;

 you can not eat, smoke, use cosmetics;

 after work, wash hands and face thoroughly with soap, clean or wash clothes;

 when processing raw materials, respirators or multi-layer moistened gauze bandages should be used;

 harvesting of toxic raw materials should not be combined with other types of medicinal products;

 in case of poisoning, medical attention should be called immediately

The pharmacist should know the basic measures of prevention and first aid in case of poisoning: inducing vomiting, washing the intestines, taking saline laxatives, warm milk, mucous decoctions; the skin and mucous membranes are washed with 1-2% sodium bicarbonate solution.

Cases of poisoning are always the result of a violation of safety regulations when collecting poisonous plants.

Lecture number 4.

Protection and rational use of medicinal plant resources

Medicinal plants make up a relatively small, but extremely important in terms of their social significance, part of the total biological resources of our country. Medicinal plant resources are the totality of plant objects that are used or can be used in medical practice in one form or another.

introduce a regime of successive exploitation of thickets, ensuring their natural renewal, etc.

Technical measures provide for rational, biologically based methods or techniques for collecting plant materials (see "General Rules for the Harvesting of MVP"). After active exploitation of populations of medicinal plants, they are restored only after 3-8 years, and when harvesting underground organs, this occurs after 15-30 years. Unfortunately, unsystematic harvesting is often observed, collection rules are grossly violated, especially for the purpose of private sale of medicinal plants.

The collection of raw materials during the period of maximum accumulation of biologically active substances can also be attributed to the number of protective measures, which significantly affects the quantitative yield of medicinal substances during the processing of raw materials. It is economically important that freshly harvested raw materials do not lose high quality indicators during the drying process. The subsequent technological processes for the processing of raw materials and the production of phytopreparations. The more perfect the processes for obtaining drugs, the more fully the raw materials are used.

Legislative measures are carried out on behalf of the state on the basis of the law on nature protection and are mandatory, and, if necessary, repressive.

Control over compliance with the rules for the procurement of medicinal plant raw materials should be carried out local authorities authorities, forestry workers, nature protection inspectorate, administrative commissions.

Protective measures include the organization of nature reserves, sanctuaries, and protected natural monuments.

The reserve is a landscape protected by the state, from where human economic activity has been completely removed, where valuable objects of nature, including medicinal plants, are located. Any work is prohibited on the territory of the reserve, including the procurement of medicinal raw materials. In the Russian Federation, nature reserves occupy vast areas.

The reserve usually occupies a small area where human economic activity is limited. In the reserves, which are organized at the initiative of the pharmaceutical community, a certain regime is observed in order to preserve medicinal plants. Reserves are of regional or republican subordination, there are about 2000 of them in total.

Lecture number 5.

Topic Drying of medicinal plant materials

Most types of TPC are applied in dried form, only certain types(onions, garlic, aloe, kolanchoe, etc.) are processed fresh as quickly as possible. Freshly harvested VP is a perishable product, so ensuring the possibility of its long-term storage has importance. Drying is the most accessible, simple and economical way of preserving herbal raw materials, * the speed of which depends both on the total moisture content and on the characteristics of physical and chemical properties BAS. Harvested HR usually contains 70-95%, and dried 10-15% moisture. During the drying process, water is removed, so the terms "drying" and "dehydration" can be considered conditionally identical.

Medicinal plant materials- vegetable raw materials permitted by the authorized body in accordance with the established procedure for medical use.

Types of vegetable raw materials

Vegetable raw materials are used in fresh and dried form.

• Roots (Radices) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is whole or in pieces, dried, less often fresh, peeled or washed from the ground, freed from other parts of the plant, roots collected in early spring or late autumn.

• Rhizomes (Rizomata) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is whole or in pieces, dried, less often fresh, peeled or washed from the ground, freed from other parts of the plant, rhizomes collected in early spring or late autumn.

• Rhizomes with roots (Rizomata cum radicibus) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is whole or in pieces, dried, less often fresh, peeled or washed from the ground, freed from other parts of the plant, collected in early spring or late autumn rhizomes, with rhizomes extending from them roots.

• Rhizomes and roots (Rizomata et radices) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is whole or in pieces, dried, less often fresh, peeled or washed from the ground, freed from other parts of the plant, collected in early spring or late autumn, rhizomes and roots separated from each other from friend.

• Tubers (Bulba)

• Bulbs(Tubera)

• Corms (Bulbotubera)

• Grass (Herba) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is a dried, less often fresh, above-ground part of herbaceous plants collected in the flowering phase, freed from underground organs.

• Shoots (Cormus) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is dried, less often fresh, young shoots of trees and shrubs collected in the flowering phase.

• Leaves (Folia) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is dried, less often fresh, leaves collected in the flowering phase.

• Flowers (Flores) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is dried, less often fresh inflorescences or individual flowers.

• buds

• Kidneys (Gemma)

• Bark (Cortex) - MPRS, in pharmaceutical practice, which is dried, less often fresh pieces of bark, harvested in early spring.

• Fruits (Fructus)

• Whole plant - traditionally used in homeopathy

Procurement of vegetable raw materials

• underground organs.

Usually harvested in autumn or early spring.

Exceptions:

The cinquefoil is erect (it is impossible to find a plant without the aerial part, therefore it is harvested at the end of summer).

• Grass and run.

Harvest in the flowering phase.

Exceptions:

Ledum marsh (during flowering, it is dangerous to collect life and health).

• Flowers are in the flowering phase.

• Buds - in the budding phase.

• Fruits and seedlings - during the fruiting period.

• Buds - in early spring.

• Bark - in the phase of sap flow (in early spring).

Literature

• Muravieva D.A., Samylina I.A. and others. "Pharmacognosy", "Medicine", Moscow, 2002
• State Pharmacopoeia, X׀ Edition, Issue 1

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See what "Medicinal plant materials" are in other dictionaries:

Medicinal plant materials- 13) medicinal herbal raw materials fresh or dried plants or their parts used for the production of medicines by organizations producing medicines or the manufacture of medicines by pharmacies ... ... Official terminology

Medicine- a substance or a combination of several substances of natural, synthetic or biotechnological origin, which has a specific pharmacological activity and is used in a certain dosage form for the prevention, diagnosis and ... ... Law of Belarus: Concepts, terms, definitions

MEDICINAL RAW- MEDICINAL RAW MATERIALS, natural substances of plant, mineral or animal origin or chemical products. industries going to make medicines. According to the classification adopted in Pharm. industry, L. s. divided by… … Big Medical Encyclopedia

Medicinal plant raw materials plant raw materials permitted by the authorized body in the prescribed manner for medical use. Types of vegetable raw materials Vegetable raw materials are used in fresh and dried form. Roots ... ... Wikipedia

I Medicinal plants are a source of medicinal raw materials. Dried, rarely freshly harvested parts (leaves, grass, flowers, fruits, seeds, bark, rhizome, roots) of medicinal plants are used as medicinal raw materials. ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

GOST 24027.0(80) Medicinal vegetable raw materials. Acceptance rules and sampling methods. OKS: 11.120.10 KGS: R69 Test methods. Package. Marking Replaces: GOST 6076 74 in terms of acceptance rules and sampling methods Action: From 01.01.81… … Directory of GOSTs

GOST 24027.1(80) Medicinal vegetable raw materials. Methods for determining authenticity, infestation with granary pests, fineness and content of impurities. OKS: 11.120.10 KGS: R69 Test methods. Package. Marking Instead: GOST 6076 74 in ... ... Directory of GOSTs

GOST 24027.2(80) Medicinal vegetable raw materials. Methods for determining moisture, ash content, extractive and tannins, essential oils. OKS: 11.120.10 KGS: R69 Test methods. Package. Marking Instead: GOST 6076 74 in part ... ... Directory of GOSTs

GOST 6077(80) Medicinal vegetable raw materials. Packing, marking, transportation and storage. OKS: 11.120.10 KGS: R69 Test methods. Package. Marking Replaced by: GOST 6077 74 Effective: From 07/01/80 Note: see Sat. Medicinal ... ... Directory of GOSTs

Books

• Pharmacognosy. Textbook, Zhokhova Elena Vladimirovna, Goncharov Mikhail Yurievich, Povydysh Maria Nikolaevna, Derenchuk Svetlana Viktorovna. The textbook is compiled taking into account the modern requirements of the 3rd generation Federal State Educational Standard for Professional Education in Pharmacognosy. Contains all…
• Pharmacognosy. Atlas. Tutorial. In 3 volumes. Volume 3: Medicinal plant materials, fees. vegetable powders. Medicinal products based on crushed plant materials. Grif UMO, Samylina I.A. The third volume of this atlas is devoted to the issues of determining the authenticity of crushed medicinal plant materials of various dispersions, both in monopreparations and in collections, tablets, ...

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS (MP) AND MEDICINAL HERBAL MATERIALS (MP) Botanical - phylogenetic classification with binary names of plants. Alphabetically - in dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books. Morphological - based on the names of those organs or parts of plants that are used as MPC. Grass(s) – Herba (herbae) Flowers – Flores Leaf (leaves) – Folium (folia) Fruits – Fructus Bark (barks) – Cortex (Cortices) Root(s) – Radix (Radices) Rhizome(s) – Rhizoma ( Rhizomata)

Pharmacological - based on the pharmacological action of a substance or mixture of substances in a drug or MPC. Chemical - according to the main biologically active substances that are contained in medicinal raw materials: MP and MPRM containing carbohydrates lipids vitamins terpenoids glycosides alkaloids phenolic compounds and their glycosides

ABOUT THE BASICS OF THE PREPARATION PROCESS MRS Buds are harvested at the end of winter or early spring Bark - during sap flow, before the leaves bloom Leaves - in the budding - flowering phase Flowers - at the beginning or at full bloom Herbs - during flowering, sometimes at the beginning (sequence, wormwood bitter, lily of the valley) or at the end (spring adonis), or during the fruiting period (marsh rosemary) Fruits, seeds are usually harvested when mature Underground organs (roots, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs) are usually harvested in autumn, less often in spring before the start of vegetation HERBS, FLOWERS, LEAVES - UP TO 2-3 YEARS; BARK, ROOMS - UP TO 4 YEARS.

S SHKA LRS Up to humidity (20)% WITHOUT ARTIFICIAL HEATING: A) AIR - SHADOW - UNDER SHEDS, DRYERS, LOFTS RAW CONTAINING TANNING B - BA). LEAVES, FLOWERS AND HERBS DRY ONLY IN THE SHADE. WITH ARTIFICIAL HEATING, OR THERMAL (PROVIDES FAST DEHYDRATION OF RAW MATERIALS). A) CONVECTIVE B) RADIATION (USING INFRARED RAYS) C) USING MICROWAVE OVENS

Raw Material Drying Modes 1. RAW MATERIALS CONTAINING ESSENTIAL OILS ARE DRIED AT T 0 = (40 0) IN A QUITE THICK LAYER OF CM TO REDUCE EVAPORATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL. 2. RAW MATERIAL CONTAINING GLYCOSIDES - AT T 0 = RAW MATERIAL CONTAINING ALKALOIDS - AT T 0 TO RAW MATERIAL CONTAINING ASCORBIC ACID - AT T 0 = P FOR ALL DRYING METHODS SOME TYPES OF RAW MATERIALS ARE DRIED ACCORDING TO INDIVIDUAL REGIMES (HAWTHORN FRUITS, GINSENG ROOTS, MAY LILY OF THE VALLEY GRASS).

Packaging of raw materials FABRIC OR PAPER BAGS, PAPER BAGS, P/ET BAGS, FABRIC BALE, CARDBOARD OR WOODEN BOXES. T ARU MARK. THE LABEL INDICATES: NAME OF THE ENTERPRISE - SENDER, NAME OF MPS, ITS QUANTITY, PREPARING TIME, BATCH NUMBER, NTD FOR RAW MATERIALS.

Normative and technical documentation (NTD) GOST - state standard pharmacopoeial articles (FS) temporary pharmacopoeial articles (VFS) State Pharmacopoeia (since 1778) State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Belarus, in 3 t.

Structure and content of pharmacopoeial monographs External signs - a brief description of the morphological characteristics of raw materials, color, taste, smell, etc.; for raw materials that belong to list A, the taste is not determined. Crushed raw materials - particle sizes of raw materials are given. Microscopy - diagnostic features of raw materials are given. Qualitative reactions to the main active substances - microchemical reactions, chromatography are given. Numerical indicators - norms for the percentage of active substances, moisture, ash, organic and mineral impurities, etc. Control methods, packaging, labeling, transportation, storage, shelf life, main pharmacological action.

GEMMAE PINI pine buds GEMMAE PINI SILVESTRIS Collected in late winter or early spring before blooming and dried buds of Scotch pine Pinus silvestris L., fam. pine - Рinaceae. External signs. Buds (short apical shoots) solitary or several in whorls surrounding a larger central bud, without a stem or with a stem remnant, no more than 3 mm long. The surface of the kidneys is covered with dry, spirally arranged lanceolate, pointed fringed scales, glued together by protruding resin. The color is pinkish-brown on the outside, green or brown in the break. The length of the kidneys is 1-4 cm. The smell is fragrant, resinous. The taste is bitter. Microscopy. When examining the scale under a microscope from the surface, in its central part one can see tracheids with slit-like pores and pointed ends and two resin ducts running from the base of the scale to its top. The peripheral part of the scale consists of strongly elongated parenchymal cells, the ends of which are often bent towards the base of the scale, sometimes they end freely and form a fringed edge of the scale.

Numerical indicators. Essential oil not less than 0.3%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 2%; kidneys, blackened inside, no more than 10%; buds with a stem longer than 3 mm and overgrown no more than 10%; needles not more than 0.5%; crushed particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm, not more than 5%; organic impurities not more than 0.5%; mineral impurity not more than 0.5%. Quantitation. The content of essential oil is determined in 20 g of coarsely ground (without sieving) raw materials by method 1 (SP XI, issue 1, p. 290). Distillation time 1.5 hours. Packing. Raw materials are packed in fabric or flax-jute-kenaf bags no more than 25 kg net or in boxes made of sheet wood materials no more than 25 kg net. Pine buds are packed in 100 g cardboard packs. Shelf life is 2 years. Expectorant.

Pharmacognostic analysis shows the authenticity and good quality of MPS. Authenticity is the conformity of the raw material to the name under which it was submitted for analysis, as well as the determination of whether the raw material belongs to the corresponding type of producing plant. The good quality of the MPC is determined by its purity, standard humidity and ash content, the absence of mold and barn pests; it should contain required amount active substance.

Commodity analysis is a section of pharmacognostic analysis that includes the acceptance of raw materials, sampling and their analysis for various indicators. ash and biologically active substances.

The authenticity of raw materials is determined by a set of methods using macro- and microscopic analysis. Macroscopic analysis is an analysis of morphological features: appearance, color, size, odors and taste (organoleptic analysis). Microscopic analysis is based on determining the signs of the anatomical structure. Phytochemical analysis - qualitative and quantitative.

KA Reagent for starch - Lugol's solution. Gives a blue-violet coloration with starch. Reagent for low-fat and fatty oils - Sudan III. When slightly heated, the drops of oils turn yellow-red. In the same way, but somewhat more slowly, resins, cuticles, milky passages and cork are stained. Reagents for mucus - a) a mixture of black ink (1 part) and water (9 parts). The powder is stirred in a drop of ink, whitish lumps of mucus stand out against a gray background. b) methylene blue - stains mucus blue. c) KOH solution - stains the mucus yellow.

Qualitative reactions Lignified cell reagent (lignin) - 1% phloroglucinol solution with HCI (strong) gives lignified cells a red color. Reagents for anthracene derivatives - a 3-5% solution of NaOH, or KOH, gives a cherry-red color for anthraquinone derivatives, as well as a yellow color for anthrone and anthranol derivatives. Reagent for tannins - 1% solution of iron ammonium alum or 1% solution of FeCI 3 gives a greenish-black color. Reaction to saponins - when shaken with water, foam forms; causes hemolysis of erythrocytes on a gelatinous blood plate. Reaction to alkaloids - a solution of iodine in potassium iodide causes the formation of a precipitate.

Biological analysis is carried out when evaluating the activity of LR and preparations containing cardiac glycosides. The biological evaluation of the mentioned raw materials is based on the ability of cardiac glycosides to cause systolic cardiac arrest in animals (frogs, pigeons, cats) in toxic doses. Expressed in units of action: 1LED, 1GED and 1KED