Technology lesson. Topic: Production and use of lumber. Lumber and wood products. presentation for a lesson on technology (grade 5) on the topic Plan abstract production and use of lumber
You have become familiar with the main types of lumber. These include: bars, bars, edged and unedged boards etc.
In Russia, the bulk of sawn timber is obtained at sawmill frames. Logs are fed to the sawmill frames by chain log haulers.
sawmill frame(Fig. 9) consists of a saw frame 1 with a set of vertically fixed band saws 2. A set of saws in a saw frame installed at a certain distance from one another for cutting boards of a given thickness is called set up.
The saw frame is installed in guides 3. It can make vertical movements up and down (V r) using a crank-slide mechanism driven by an electric motor.
Driven, rotating corrugated double rollers 4 are fixed in front and behind the saw frame, feeding the log in the direction V s .
In front of the frame and behind it, trolleys are installed on the rails for placing logs and boards on them.
The principle of operation of the sawmill frame is as follows. The 5 log from the log carrier is dropped onto a trolley installed in front of the frame and fed between two feeding, rotating corrugated rollers 4. The rollers grab the log and push it onto the saw frame 1 moving up and down with saws 2.
Edged boards on sawmill frames are obtained by sawing a log in two passes (Fig. 10). For the first pass, the central beam and side boards are sawn out (Fig. 10, a). Then the beam is turned onto the surface and sawn on the second frame into boards of the required thickness (Fig. 10, b), or the delivery is changed on the same frame after the accumulation of the beams and they are passed through it.
Boards are used for laying floors and ceilings, wall cladding, making doors, windows, tables, bodies trucks and many other purposes.
Building structures, ceiling beams, walls of houses are made from beams.
Bars in the form of sleepers are used for laying the railway track under the rails. Bars are used for the manufacture of wagon structures, doors, windows, furniture.
Each frame saw in a log cuts a groove (slot) 5 ... 7 mm wide, called a cut. Thus, each saw cuts up to 7 mm of log thickness into sawdust. And if we take into account that 6 ... 8 saws are installed simultaneously in the sawmill frame, then 7 x 8 = 56 mm of log thickness can go to waste. This means that 1...2 boards are lost on each log. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the width of the cut.
It is much more profitable to cut logs on band saw machines with a cutting width of 3 ... 4 mm, and from each log to get another board.
It is promising to cut wood with a laser beam having a diameter and, consequently, a kerf width of about 0.4 mm. However, laser systems have not yet found wide application in industry.
In order to save wood, low-waste and waste-free technologies for cutting, as well as processing sawmill waste in the form of pieces, shavings and sawdust for the manufacture of chipboard (chipboard) and wood-fiber board (DFP) are becoming more common.
Practical work
Studying the types and obtaining lumber
1. According to the tables and samples, determine the types of lumber. Name their uses.
2. Measure the thickness and width of the lumber.
3. According to the given thickness and width of the edged boards, as well as the diameter of the log and the width of the cut, draw up a diagram of their sawing on the saw frame in two passes. Determine what other lumber will result from this sawing.
♦ Saw frame, saw set, log hauler, saw cut, feed rollers, trolley.
1. How are logs transported to the sawmill?
2. What is called a sawmill?
3. What is called the setting of saws?
4 What are carts in front of and behind the sawmill for?
5. How are edged boards obtained at the sawmill?
Simonenko V.D., Samorodsky P.S., Tishchenko A.T., Technology Grade 6
Submitted by readers from the website
Lesson topic« Lumber»
Lesson type combined
Lesson goals.
1) Educational:
Activate students' knowledge on the topic "Lumber. Types of Lumber»;
To study the process of lumber production;
2) Educational:
development of technical thinking and spatial imagination, creative and communication skills;
Mastering information abilities (work with a route map);
3) Educational:
development in students of such qualities as diligence, accuracy and thrift;
Education of the culture of labor relations among students and the formation of a common technological culture.
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, speakers, task cards (Appendices 1-3), bars, fabric, scissors, varnish, brushes, threads, planers, rulers, mallet, awl, drilling machine, chalk.
Lesson structure:
1. Organizational and preparatory part - 3 min.
2. Repetition of the material covered - 7 min.
3. Presentation of new material - 15 min.
4. Implementation of the practical part - 50 min.
5. Summing up the lesson - 5 min.
Methods and forms of education: oral survey, conversation, story, work with a cluster, presentation and video demonstration, practical work.
During the classes
Organizational and preparatory part.
Greeting the teacher, monitoring attendance, checking the readiness of students for the lesson, reporting the topic and objectives of the lesson. (Slide 1-2)
Repetition of the material covered.
- What is lumber? Students are invited to make a definition from the set of words presented on slide No. 3.
lumber- materials obtained by longitudinal sawing of logs (Slide No. 4).
To enhance students' knowledge on the topic "Types of lumber", they are invited to fill in the cluster " Types of lumber»(Slide No. 5), (Appendix No. 1).
Further activation of knowledge can be carried out in the form of a frontal survey based on a presentation (Slides 6-8)
Questions students :
What is a board?
Name the types of boards.
Name the elements of lumber.
What is a bruce?
Name the types of timber.
What is a croaker?
Materials for the interview-survey:
Board- lumber with a thickness of up to 100 mm and a width of more than double thickness (Slide No. 6).
Unedged board
The lumber has the following elements: 1- face(wide plane), 2- edge(narrow face), 3- butt(transverse end plane), 4- edge(the line of intersection of the face and edge).
bar- lumber with a thickness and width of more than 100 mm. If the beam is sawn from both sides, it is called two-edged, if from four, then - four-edged(Slide number 7).
croaker(obapol) - sawn side part of the log (Slide No. 8).
3. Presentation of new material.
- Exist various ways longitudinal cutting of logs into lumber. From a log, only unedged boards (sawing a log into collapse), timber and unedged boards (with a squared beam), as well as a combination of these methods, can be cut.
On the example of slide No. 9, students are invited to independently draw up a diagram for cutting logs into lumber (Appendix No. 2).
The use of lumber(Slide number 10).
- Sawn timber is widely used in industry. Think and name those industries where lumber is used (oral questioning).
Lumber is used:
in the construction of buildings and structures (Slide No. 11);
for interior decoration premises (Slide No. 12);
the manufacture of platbands (Slide No. 13);
for the production of window and door blocks (Slide No. 14);
for the production of furniture (Slide No. 15);
in the automotive industry (Slide No. 16);
in the aviation industry (Slide No. 17).
Lumber production(Slide number 18).
- For the production of lumber, special sawmill equipment is used:
sawmill frames;
circular saws;
band saw machines.
- In Russia, most sawmills cut logs into lumber on sawmill frames(Slide number 19).
- The scheme of the saw frame is presented on slide No. 20.(Appendix 3)
- The saw frame consists of a saw frame on which the saws are mounted, a saw frame guide and rotating rollers.
- The log is fed into the saw frame, the saw frame reciprocates up and down, sawing the log.
For a more visual representation of the operation of the sawmill at the enterprise, students are invited to watch a video film. (On slide 21 there is a link to the video, if the office has access to the Internet or not, then it can be downloaded from the link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uy3UjDnJ710)
Fizminutka(students do the exercises to the music)
4. Practical part.
- Sawn timber is widely used in various industries. During the time of PeterI, lumber was used in the construction of sailing ships. PeterInot only built a city on the Neva, but is also the founder of the first regular Russian navy(Slide number 23).
- Today we will build our own sailing fleet, make models of sailing ships(Slide number 24).
The main elements of the ship are presented on slide No. 25.
Students are invited to make a model of a sailboat using the route sheet (Appendix 4), united in groups of 2-3 people.
Students listen and remember the safety rules for manual wood processing (Instruction No. 33), receive necessary material and tools, get to work.
5. Reflection
What new did you learn in the lesson? What did you like and dislike while working? In what mood do you leave the lesson? Please mark with a smiley in your notebook and on the board.
6. Summing up the lesson.
Exhibition of students' work, analysis of mistakes made.
Homework(repetition of the material covered).
Workplace cleaning.
List of sources:
Article "Lumber and their application".
http://www.discontstroy.ru/component/content/article/158.html
Article "Lumber".
http://www.parthenon-house.ru/content/gost_snip/index.php?article=5106
Video film "Sawmill operation".
Lesson topic:"Obtaining and using lumber"
The purpose of the lesson: Development of technological knowledge about wood as a natural structural material; about the types of lumber and wood-based materials.
Tasks:
1. Contribute to the formation of ideas about the structure of a tree trunk and wood species.
2. Contribute to the memorization of material about the types and elements of lumber.
3. Promote awareness of the main technological material, about the production and use of wood materials.
Methodological equipment of the lesson:
Material and technical base:
1. technology cabinet;
2. tools: a set of carpentry tools;
3. materials: samples of various lumber and wood materials.
Didactic support:
1. Textbook: Technology. Industrial technologies: Grade 5: a textbook for students of educational institutions / A.T. Tishchenko, V.D. Simonenko. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2013.
2. Posters: “Wood. lumber and wood materials».
3. Samples of objects of labor: a stool; birdhouse.
Teaching methods: explanatory-illustrative, research.
Type of lesson: lesson of learning new knowledge
Type of lesson: a lesson with elements of a conversation.
Interdisciplinary communications: Natural history, 3rd grade. Forest plants. Biology, 4th grade The structure of the stem. Coniferous and deciduous plants.
Forms of organization learning activities: frontal training.
During the classes
1. Organizational part.
Greetings; checking student attendance; filling in a classroom journal by a teacher; checking the readiness of students for the lesson; prepare students for work; communicate the lesson plan to the students.
(Recording in notebooks of the topic of the lesson).
2. Actualization of previous knowledge.
General conversation.
The TP that you will perform in the 5th grade will require you to have new knowledge about the properties various materials. The most affordable structural material is wood.
Let's compare the properties of wood and materials such as metal and stone.
Problem questions:
1. Where are wood materials used in the construction of houses?
2. Why is the wood of some species not the same color?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wood as a structural material?
Summarizing.
We come to the conclusion that wood is light, durable, well processed cutting tool material, beautiful appearance.
At the same time, we reveal negative qualities: easy flammability, buckling during drying, putrefaction.
3. Statements of new knowledge.
Trees with foliage are called deciduous, and those with needles are called conifers. Hardwoods include birch, aspen, oak, alder, linden, etc .; to conifers - pine, spruce, cedar, fir, etc.
What is a tree made of?
From the trunk, root, branches, leaves or needles Wood as a natural structural material is obtained from the trunks of trees when they are sawn into pieces.
The tree trunk has a thicker part at the base and a thinner one at the top. The surface of the trunk is covered with bark (7). The bark - "clothing" for a tree, consists of an outer cork layer and an inner one - bast. The cork layer of the bark is dead. The bast layer (6) is a conductor of juices that feed the tree. The wood of the trunk consists of many layers, which are visible in the section as growth rings (4).
What can be learned from them?
You can determine the age of a tree. The loose and soft center of the tree is the core (1). Heart-shaped rays extend from the core to the bark in the form of light shiny lines (2). They serve to carry water, air and nutrients inside the tree Cambium (5) - a thin layer of living cells located between the bark and wood. Only as a result of the activity of the cambium does the formation of new cells occur. "Cambium" - from the Latin "exchange" (nutrients).
To study the structure of wood, three main sections of the trunk are distinguished. The section (1), passing perpendicular to the core of the trunk, is called the end. It is perpendicular to annual rings and fibers. The section (2) passing through the core of the trunk is called radial. It is parallel to the annual layers and fibers. The tangential cut (3) runs parallel to the core of the trunk and is some distance away from it.
We turn to the consideration of lumber and wood-based materials.
When sawing tree trunks longitudinally on sawmill frames, they get various lumber(Fig. 6): bars (a, b), bars (c), boards (d, e), plates (e), quarters (g) and slabs (h)
Fig.6
Lumber has the following elements: face, edge, butt, rib. (Point on poster.)
Plywood is widely used as a structural material.
How is it received?
By gluing three or more thin sheets of wood - veneer onto each other. Veneer in translation from German - "sliver". The veneer is cut (peeled) with a sharp knife of a special peeling machine while rotating a log about 2.0 m long (Fig. 7). In this case, the log, like a roll, is rolled into a veneer tape. The veneer strip is cut into square sheets, which are dried in dryers, smeared with glue and stacked on top of each other so that the direction of the fibers in them is perpendicular to each other. Sheets are glued together under pressure. This is how you get plywood.
Plywood is stronger than wood, almost does not dry out and does not crack, bends well and is processed.
Where is it used?
In construction, in the manufacture of furniture, in mechanical engineering, aircraft construction.
You have probably heard the word chipboard, but what does it mean?
Wood chipboards. They are obtained by pressing and gluing chopped wood in the form of shavings, sawdust, wood dust. Plates are made with a thickness of about 10-26 mm. They are durable, almost do not warp, are well processed by cutting tools.
What are they made of?
Furniture, doors, partitions, walls, floors. However, over time, they release substances harmful to health, so it is undesirable to use them in residential premises.
What is DVP?
Wood fiber boards. They are pressed in the form of sheets from steamed and crushed to individual fibers of wood pulp. They have a pleasant grey colour, flat surfaces, bend like plywood. They are used for interior decoration of premises: facing walls, ceilings, floors, in the manufacture of furniture, doors.
What is the common disadvantage of plywood, chipboard and fiberboard?
They are afraid of dampness.
4. Practical work "Recognition of wood and wood materials"
Introductory teacher briefing:
- communication to students of the name of practical work;
- explaining to students the tasks of practical work;
- familiarization of students with the object of labor - a sample;
- warning students about possible difficulties in the performance of work;
- safety briefing.
Independent work of students on UTD.
1. Students cut a block of soft wood (pine, linden) along and across the fibers with an ordinary knife. As a result of this operation, they come to the conclusion that the wood is easily split along the fibers with little effort, and across - it is impossible, even with great effort.
2. Students try to identify wood species from samples, consider samples of lumber, plywood, chipboard and fiberboard.
Solid wood and plywood samples of the same dimensions are tested for strength.
The current instruction of the teacher (conducted in the course of students' independent work).
Formation of new skills:
- checking the organization of the beginning of the work of students;
- checking the organization of students' workplaces (desktop, tools, fixtures);
- Compliance with the rules of safety, sanitation and occupational health in the performance of the task.
Assimilation of new knowledge:
instructions on how to complete the task in accordance with the technological documentation.
Target rounds:
- instructing students to perform individual operations and tasks in general;
- the focus of students on the most effective techniques performing operations;
- providing assistance to students who are poorly prepared for the task;
- control over the careful attitude of students to teaching aids;
- rational use of study time by students.
Final briefing by the teacher:
- analysis of the performance of independent work by students;
- analysis common mistakes students;
- revealing the causes of mistakes made by students;
Re-explaining how to fix errors.
5. Cleaning jobs.
Students clean their workspaces, put themselves in order.
6. Reflection of educational activity in the lesson.
Objective and commented assessment of the results of the collective and individual work of students in the lesson.
(Conversation)
Today in the lesson you learned about the structure of a tree trunk and types of wood; got acquainted with the types and elements of lumber, learned the technology of obtaining and areas of use of wood materials.
To consolidate the new material, answer the questions:
1. What kind of wood grows in the area where we live?
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of wood?
3. What is wood grain?
4. What kinds of wood materials do you know?
5. Which is stronger: plywood or board of the same thickness?
Putting marks in the class journal and in the diaries of students
Homework.
Form start
slide 2
Getting timber
Timber, timber assortments, wood materials that have retained its natural physical structure and chemical composition. Timber is divided into raw and processed. Raw timber - products of the logging industry. They are obtained from sawn trees after debranching and splitting across the trunk into parts of the required length. Transverse section such timber close to the shape of a circle, so they are called round.
crafted from roundwood materials that have retained the natural structure of wood belong to the group of processed timber. They are products of the sawmill and woodworking industries. Such timber products include: lumber (beams, bars, sleepers, boat and deck boards, resonance boards for musical instruments), split timber (parquet frieze, barrel riveting), sliced and peeled veneer, etc.