Drying wood Various wood defects during work can be avoided by placing the drawing on the workpiece in one way or another. But in any case, only well-dried wood should be taken for work, otherwise it is likely that after long and hard work all the work

Wood hewing Used only when processing logs, plates and quarters. The main tool of work is an ax. Before proceeding with the hewing of a log, it is freed from the bark, laid on the scaffolding and the lines of the wood are marked with a cord. On the other side of the log, which

Sawing wood We will not touch upon a type of sawing that requires the use of special equipment from woodworking enterprises. Depending on how thick the solid wood is selected, one or another saw is used. And from pinning on

Planing wood This technique of wood processing consists in leveling the surface after sawing. Depending on the stages of planing, use different types planes. The part prepared for finishing is placed on a workbench and fixed. Start with

Drilling wood This technique is used to make various holes. Holes can be through and deaf, deep and shallow, wide and narrow. Drilling produce a sample round holes and nests for spikes, screws, bolts; Moreover,

Chiselling wood Chiselling is used when it is necessary to obtain through and blind sockets for spiked joints. This work is done with a chisel and chisels. If the tool is well sharpened, then, as a rule, there are no difficulties during execution. Before

Bleaching wood Not always the paint can cover the uneven color of the wood. Even healthy wood can have multi-colored spots - this is a sign of uneven distribution of natural pigment. And what about wood that has been stored for years and darkened?

Imitation of precious wood The color and texture of wood depend primarily on its species. However, if necessary, the color can be changed using special dyes. The quality of the imitation depends not only on the dyes, but also on the treated wood. For

Imitation of life Advanced walking robots imitate the movements of insects, crustaceans, and sometimes humans. Bipedal robot designs are rare because they require complex engineering solutions to implement. I plan to consider a bipedal robot project in my

1. Types of tree species and tree parts Growing trees have the following components: roots, trunk, branches, leaves. The root system of trees acts as a supplier of moisture and nutrients from the soil along the trunk and branches to the leaves. In addition, the roots hold

3. Microscopic structure of coniferous and hardwood wood Coniferous wood has a certain microstructure, which can be established using microscopes, as well as chemical and physical methods research Coniferous wood differs from

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3. Density of wood. Thermal properties of wood The density of wood is the mass per unit volume of the material, expressed in g/cm 3 or kg/m 3. There are several indicators of wood density, which depend on humidity. The density of a wood substance is the mass

Question 3. Protection of programs and valuable databases from unauthorized copying and distribution According to experts in the first decade of the 21st century, in the United States alone, the total value of illegally replicated software annually amounted to about 3 billion

For staining wood "dark oak" you need 50 parts of Kassel brown paint, 5 parts of potash and 100 parts of distilled water. This composition is boiled for an hour, the broth is filtered and boiled again until a thick syrup is obtained, then poured into a flat metal box, allowed to harden and ground into powder. One part of the powder is diluted in 20 parts of water and boiled for several minutes. This solution covers the wood.

To imitate "under the walnut" the following composition is needed (in parts by weight): 3 parts of Glauber's salt, 3 parts of potassium permanganate and 100 parts of hot (60-80 °) water. This composition is applied with a brush to the wood 1-2 times. To get the veins, a solution is applied and, after allowing it to dry, is applied a second time in the form of veins. You can cover some areas with black mordant: 2.5-3 parts of nigrosine, dissolved in 100 parts of hot (60-80 °) water.

For imitation of birch and walnut maple use the following composition: 30 g of Epsom salts + 30 g of potassium permanganate + 1 l of water - cover, as with the previous composition.

To imitate "mahogany" use solutions of the following composition (in parts by weight): a) 3 parts of aniline cherry paint dissolved in 150 parts of hot (60-80 °) water - wood is coated with this solution, and it acquires a cherry-red color; b) 2.5-3 parts of Ponceau aniline paint, dissolved in 150 parts of hot (60-80 °) water - wood is coated with this solution, and it becomes dark red in color.

Imitation of birch and beech "mahogany" produced by treating the wood surface with two solutions with an interval of 10 minutes: a) 50 g of copper sulfate + 1 liter of water; b) 100 g of yellow blood salt (ferrous-cyanide potassium) + 1 liter of water.

Imitation of pine, spruce, birch and beech wood under valuable wood species(brown dyeing) is produced by the following composition in parts by weight: 3 parts of acid chromium brown dye + 3 parts of vinegar essence + 10 parts of aluminum alum + 1 liter of water.

Imitation of wood "under the old oak" is made with a solution of the following components: 16 g of potash + 20 g of dry aniline brown paint + 20 g of dry blue paint + 0.5 l of hot (60-80 °) water + 1 teaspoon of household food grade 9% vinegar and is covered hot with brushes.

In case of surface dyeing, the impregnation depth is up to 2 mm, horizontal surfaces are dyed along the fibers, and the dye is applied on vertical surfaces from top to bottom. The temperature of the solution should be 40-50°. It is necessary to apply the solution several times until the desired color is obtained. The time gap between each application of paint should not exceed 5 minutes. Excess paint is removed with a dry cloth.

After the dye has completely dried (2 hours at a temperature of 18-20 °), the wood surface is rubbed along the fiber with a bunch of horsehair or sanded with sandpaper. Dye consumption is 2-4 g/m2. wood surface.

Coloring of oak and oak veneer "under the gray oak" is carried out in several steps: a) the surface is covered with black alcohol varnish; b) after drying, dry aluminum powder is poured on it and rubbed into the pores of the oak with a swab; c) the dried painted surface is wiped with a lump of horsehair or wood shavings along the fibers; d) covered with a colorless alcohol or oil varnish.

Mordant (deep) dyeing carried out in two stages: first, the wood is treated with a solution of mordant, and then painted. The following metal salts serve as mordants: copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate (chromic peak), etc. The mordant and dye are chosen depending on the type of wood and the color in which it needs to be painted. Solutions are prepared by dissolving salts in hot water, filtering and cooling.

Wood staining at home can be carried out by the following recipes:

Cherry then brown wood can be achieved by exposing the wood to a solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate).

Yellow light wood veneer is obtained in a solution of potassium chloride, prepared at the rate of 10 g per 1 liter of water at a boil.

Grey-blue and black achieved by soaking sliced ​​veneer in an infusion of oak sawdust and iron powder (or sawdust) for 4-5 days.

Blue black bog oak possible by infusing oak veneer in a solution of iron shavings and vinegar.

Raven wing color at the oak and grey for other rocks can be obtained using the following composition: 1/6 part (by weight) of iron filings or shavings is added to an aqueous solution of nitric acid (ratio 1: 1). After the sawdust is dissolved, it is added to the water solution in a ratio of 1: and the solution is placed for two days in a warm place. After settling, only the light part of the solution, which is the coloring composition, is poured into a glass dish with a ground stopper.

Black tone wood can be obtained in a solution of acetic acid with the addition of rust (iron oxide). In such a solution, the veneer is soaked for a day. Before drying, veneer sheets are immersed in a solution of baking soda to neutralize the acidic environment.

Silvery or gray Sliced ​​veneer coloring can be achieved by placing the veneer in a solution made from iron filings soaked in rainwater, the veneer being placed in the solution so that the sheets do not touch either the walls or the bottom of the dish.

bluish green tint is achieved by soaking common birch veneer in a solution of ferrous sulfate (at the rate of 50 g per 1 liter of water) for 1-2 days. After soaking in the solution, the veneer sheets are washed with running water. The saturation of the tone in this case is controlled visually. The bog nut in such a solution acquires a smoky gray color, and the beech becomes brown.

beautiful brown color wood is given ammonia vapor, for which the painted part is placed in enameled or glassware. They put an open jar of ammonia there, after which the dishes are tightly closed. After a few hours, the process of "staining" ends. With this method of painting, the parts do not warp and the pile does not rise.

reddish yellow color spruce and ash veneers are exposed to a 1:1 solution of nitric acid in water. After drying, the surface of the veneer is sanded with a fine-grained sandpaper and processed with a bunch of horsehair, sea grass, bast or dry, non-resinous shavings.

Unexpected shades of color are obtained by soaking sliced ​​veneer in coffee broth with the addition of baking soda after preliminary pickling in a hot solution of alum.

The following natural (vegetable) dyes with the addition of some chemical ingredients, with the help of which wood can be painted in the colors we need, are no worse than industrial dyes, and most importantly, they are light-resistant and do not decompose, and when they are used, spotting is excluded.

The color intensity of wood staining with solutions of natural dyes is enhanced when added tosolution of 2% aluminum alum.

Imitation from the Latin imitation - imitation, fake. Imitation refers to the reproduction of the texture and color of valuable wood or other materials on the surface of less valuable wood or other materials, such as particle boards and fibreboards.

There are several ways to simulate:

1- Cutting for valuable wood species

2- Dyeing

3- Airbrushing

4- Aquagraphy

6- Silkscreen

7- Polygraphic printing

8- Covering with textured paper and film

Cutting for valuable wood species

Each type of wood has its own pattern - texture. The texture differs depending on where the saw was cut, as well as many other conditions, the presence of knots, trunk bends, etc. When sawing a tree trunk in half along its axis, a radial cut is obtained, the fibers in this case look like parallel lines. When sawing a tree trunk at a distance from its axis, a tangential cut of the fibers is obtained; in this case, the pattern is a variety of ovals and U-shaped lines. The tangential cut is more interesting from a decorative point of view.

Fancy patterns of wood texture of various shapes can be divided into several types:

Concentric, in the form of concentric ovals.

Rhombic, the pattern of annual layers around the knot forms a relatively regular diamond shape.

Triangular, the pattern of annual rings is shifted to one side, the directions of the bulges of the pattern usually alternate.

Zigzag, with one or more knots located at an angle to one another.

Various patterns of annual layers in the texture of wood: a - concentric; b - rhombic;

c - triangular; g - zigzag

Surface preparation for cutting is carried out in the same way as for oil painting. The color of the soil is selected depending on the breed under which the cutting will be made.

Cutting tools are varied and their choice depends on the skills of the master.

Tools for cutting the surface for valuable wood species:

1- brush-splash; 2- flat sheperka; 3 - finger sheperka; 4- squirrel and ferret brushes;

5- rubber plate; 6- combs; 7- sponge

An example of cutting under light oak

Soil composition:

Zinc white thickly ground 1000 g

Golden ocher 150 g

Thinner (mixture of drying oil with turpentine) to working viscosity

Thickly ground paints are diluted with a mixture of drying oil and turpentine in a ratio of 1: 1 with the addition of 3-5% desiccant.

After the primer layer has dried, the top layer is applied - a cutting layer, on which a texture pattern is created.

For the cutting layer, as a rule, darker tones are used than for the ground.

The composition of the cutting layer under light oak:

Golden ocher 1000 g

Umber natural300 g

Thinner to working viscosity

For cutting, mainly scallops are used, made of rubber plates 3-5 mm thick, along the edges of which teeth of various sizes are cut. Scallops cut through layers of freshly applied paint.

Cutting the surface under oak: a - applying layers with a large scallop; b - applying layers with an average scallop; c - drawing with shading of the core layers; d - cutting layers with a steel comb; e - feathering the surface of the glazing layer with a flange

The cut begins with the widest, pronounced layers of the core, passing the edge of the rubber along the middle part of the surface (a). this technique creates a pattern of wood near its core or knot. Then, with a smaller comb, cut through the layers on both sides of the wood (b), directing the comb to the layers of the middle part. After that, with a comb with fine teeth, the surface is treated on both sides of the applied pattern, filling the surface with small layers. Having filled the entire surface with a texture pattern, they begin to blend the core layers with a brush (c). for this, the layers of wood are expanded to the periphery, giving them a jagged appearance of the annual layer going out.

Then, running a steel comb along the layers, cut them (d), giving the cut surface a porous look of natural wood.

After drying the cut layer, the surface is covered with a very thin glazing layer, the color of which should be slightly darker than the base (e). The raw glazing layer is carefully rubbed into separate places with a soft rag to make it a little lighter, then with a brush I lightly shade the surface. The dried glazing layer is covered with a light varnish.

Dyeing

Dyeing is carried out to give the wood the desired color. Usually light-colored woods are painted in darker tones to imitate the color of more valuable woods.

There are several groups of dyes:

1- Synthetic dyes. Produced in the form of powders of organic substances that dissolve in water, industrial alcohol, acetone.

2- Mordant dyes. The most intensively stain wood rich in tannins. Mordant dyes are aqueous solutions of salts of certain metals: 5% and 1% solution. iron sulphate, 5% solution. potassium bichromate, 1% solution. ferric chloride, 1% solution. chloride copper, 1% solution. copper sulfate, etc.

Mordants are prepared by dissolving chemical crystals in hot water (up to 70°C), the solution is cooled and filtered. Apply mordants with a swab or brush on a slightly moistened surface, or by dipping.

3- Humic dyes. These are alcohol and water stains, dyes obtained from brown coal and peat.

4- natural dyes. Prepared from decoctions of the bark of trees, branches, sawdust, herbs, fruits of plants.

Green color is given by: decoctions of nettle leaves and potato tops, juice of wolfberry fruits mixed with potash, decoction of buckthorn fruits (100 g) mixed with alcohol vinegar, decoction of young poplar shoots with alum with the addition of decoction of oak bark.

Red color is given by: horse sorrel seeds, madder roots.

Orange: succession flowers, onion skins.

Yellow: tansy and chamomile flowers, couch grass and yarrow leaves, dried nettle leaves and roots.

Beige: leaves of the series, inflorescences and roots of horse sorrel.

Brown: decoction of tea, apple bark.

Black and gray: oregano stems, willow and alder bark.

Prepare solutions of vegetable dyes only in enameled dishes. Decoctions are obtained by boiling raw materials in soft water, since the dye may precipitate in hard water. For 1 liter of water they take 100 g of raw materials. The water is brought to a boil, the dye from the flowers is boiled for 30 minutes, the leaves for 1 hour, the roots for 2 hours. To speed up the process, add 1 teaspoon of baking soda per liter of water. The resulting solution is filtered through several layers of gauze, diluted to the desired concentration with soft water. Solutions are stored in a cool place for no more than two days.

Products are painted in enamelware, with a wooden grating made of linden or aspen at the bottom. The product dipped into the solution is brought to a boil and simmered until the desired shade is obtained.

Wood staining can be superficial and deep, direct and mordant, positive and negative.

Surface dyeing simple and often used. It is carried out by applying dye solutions to the wood surface by spraying, dipping, pouring, swab, brush. At the same time, wood is painted to a depth of not more than 0.5 mm.

deep dyeing. In deep dyeing, wood is colored by moving the dye solution along the cell cavities and diffusion through the cell walls. Using mixed solutions of different dispersity, it is possible to filter one dye from another in the cell cavities. Then the cavities of the vessels will be painted in one color, and the cavities of the walls in another.

Deep dyeing of logs and blanks is carried out by hot-cold baths or in autoclaves.

The essence of the method of hot-cold baths is as follows:

As a result of heating wood (in hot water at a temperature of 80-100 ° C for 2-4 hours), the air and water vapor in it expands. When immersing workpieces in a dye solution room temperature, the air in the wood is reduced and due to the resulting vacuum, the solution is more intensively absorbed into the wood.

When using autoclaves, full or limited absorption can be achieved. For complete absorption, the wood is placed in an autoclave, filled with a dye solution and subjected to hydraulic pressure. For limited absorption, the wood is subjected to compressed air pressure before pouring the coloring solution, as a result, excess pressure is formed in it. After removing the hydraulic pressure, compressed air pushes out part of the absorbed solution.

direct dyeing gives the surface the color of the coloring solution.

At pickling dyeing staining occurs due to the chemical interaction of metal salts with tannins present in wood or their preliminary application to the surface by wetting with a weak 0.3-0.5% aqueous solution of tanning agent in the form of pyrogallic acid.

At positive staining, late, darker, wood of the annual layers darkens more strongly (mordant dyeing is always positive). Positive dyeing is more decorative. For direct dyeing, it is necessary to use weak dye solutions or pre-wet the surface with water.

Negative dyeing it turns out if the early, lighter wood of the annual layers absorbs the largest number dye and becomes darker than late. This gives the wood an unnatural look.

Aerography

Aerography this is a method of applying a pattern by spraying paint with compressed air using a special spray gun - airbrush, manually or through a stencil (nozzle diameter 0.4-1.2 mm). Using airbrush templates, you can simulate the inlays and textures of wood. The operation is very laborious and has low productivity (1-2 m 2 /h).

airbrush

Aquagraphy

Aquagraphy drawing a pattern by dipping a part in water, on the surface of which there is a film of water-immiscible paint, usually oily. Liquid oils spread on the surface of the water, forming a film with bizarre color patterns, the color of which changes depending on the content of multi-colored pigments. The finishing scheme and the surface of the water with paint are shown in the figure.

Aquagraphy finishing scheme: a- water surface with splashed paint;

b - cassette with details at the time of immersion

If the immersion and rise is carried out in a horizontal position to the surface to be finished, then the pattern will correspond to the paint melt on the surface of the water. In cases of immersion and ascent in a vertical position, the pattern is tape-like.

After drying, the resulting layer is fixed with a transparent varnish.

Aquagraphy imitation resembles a marble pattern. Used for finishing pencils.

Decalcomania

Decalcomania is a method of printing production and application of decals for marking industrial products, as well as children's "decals".

This is a translation of a pattern printed on paper onto a product.

Transfer paper - calcoma is not glued paper, on which films of starch, gelatin, paint in the form of the desired pattern, background paint, a thin protective film of water-soluble glue are successively applied.

To transfer the pattern, the product is covered with a layer of oily varnish, after partial drying, tracing paper is applied to the product with paper up, smoothed with a swab and a rubber roller. Wet the paper with water, dissolve the starch, remove the paper. The coating is dried and fixed with varnish.

The structure of the decal (calcoma):

1- film of soluble glue; 2- background paint; 3- drawing (paint); 4- gelatin;

5- layer of starch; 6- base (paper)

The imitation of decalcomania is not very artistic, it was used for branded marks on products, decoration of children's furniture.

Options for finishing products with decalcomania

silkscreen

Silk-screen printing (screen printing) - drawing patterns on the surface of flat parts by printing using special printing forms - photomasks.

A copy of the drawing, made on tracing paper with black ink, is transferred to a template made of a nylon sieve stretched over wooden frame.

A sieve is pulled onto a wooden frame (kapron mesh No. 52, copper mesh made of thin wire or natural silk No. 45-56), after degreasing it is covered with a layer of photosensitive emulsion.

The emulsion consists of 25 g of warmed gelatin diluted in 220 ml of cold water, 7 g of ammonium dichromium diluted in 25 ml warm water, 11 ml of ammonia in 15 ml of alcohol. All solutions are mixed and allowed to infuse for 24 hours.

A tracing paper with an inked pattern is placed on the glass of a copy table, a sieve with a photosensitive layer is placed on top, a dense dark matter is placed on it, and a thick glass with an additional load is placed on it.

Photomask preparation 1- copy table; 2- daylight lamp; 3- screen; 4.5 - glass;

6 - sieve with a photosensitive layer; 7- tracing paper with a pattern; 8- dark fabric; 9- cargo

The assembled package is illuminated from the bottom with lamps for 10-15 minutes. The lamps are located at a distance of 500 mm from the glass, the lamp power is 1.5 kW.

Under the action of light, in all areas of the emulsion layer not protected by shaded lines of the pattern on tracing paper, a redox process occurs, as a result of which gelatin is tanned, and it passes into an insoluble substance. In places not exposed to radiation, gelatin is easily washed off the sieve in hot water at a temperature of 70 0 C.Thus, the negative of the pattern is obtained on the sieve.

To apply a pattern to a part, it is covered with a manufactured template on which a layer of paint is poured. The paint is displaced along the grid using a hard rubber squeegee. The paint penetrates through the mesh cells onto the surface of the part, as a result of which the required pattern remains on it.

Scheme of the device for photomask printing: 1 - workpiece; 2- table; 3- box;

4 - grid; 5- paint; 6- squeegee

To obtain a multi-color image, printing is carried out with 2-3 colors from 2-3 templates. Up to 8000 patterns can be applied through the stencil.

The drawing is applied oil paints or gouache with thickeners.

After applying the pattern and drying the paint, the surface of the wood is covered with a transparent varnish.

Photomask printing is difficult to mechanize, so it can be used in small enterprises with small production volumes.

Multi-color photo printing option

Polygraphic printing

Applying a texture from a printing plate. This method is used in furniture factories, is used for mechanization and automation, is highly productive and provides high quality printing. The pattern obtained in this way is close to the natural texture of wood.

There are three main printing methods: high, flat, deep. They differ in the type of printing plates from which the pattern is printed.

Printing methods: a - high; b - flat; c - deep; 1 - printing form; 2 - paper; 3- paint

The letterpress printing plate has projections and depressions (a), when printing, the ink is applied to the projections that give the impression.

With flat printing, the surface of the form is smooth, without depressions and protrusions (b), the surface of the form is divided into greasy and moist areas. Printing ink is fixed only on oily areas that give an impression.

In gravure printing, the surface of the printing plate has protrusions and depressions, unlike letterpress printing, depressions on the surface of the printing plate are printing. Initially, the entire surface of the mold is filled with paint, then the paint is removed from the protrusions, leaving it in the recesses. When printing, the ink from the depression is transferred to the paper or other material (c). A feature of gravure printing from flat and letterpress is the ability to transfer halftones, due to the presence of depressions different depth. A multi-color print is obtained by sequentially applying paint with various forms prepared for each color. Multi-color printing most accurately and artistically imitates the texture of wood.

Printing machines have cylindrical printing plates - a textured shaft with a wood pattern engraved on it. circuit diagram machine is shown in the figure.

Scheme of operation of one printing section of the MPT machine:

1-bath with paint; 2- paint roller; 3- squeegee; 4- texture shaft; 5 - printing shaft;

6- cleaning squeegee; 7- detail; 8- bed; 9-roller conveyor; 10- support roller

The paint is fed from a special container 1 to the texture roller 4 by a feed roller 2. Squeegee 3, which is tightly attached to the surface of the texture roller, cleans off all excess paint from its surface, leaving it only in the engraved recesses. In contact with the texture roller, a rubberized printing roller 5 rotates, transferring ink from the recesses of the texture roller to the surface of the part 7.

To obtain high-quality details, it is necessary that the pattern is not repeated within the extended length of the texture shaft, so its diameter reaches 530 mm.

The figure shows a multicolor printing press from Steinemann.

Printing multi-color machine firm "Steinemann"

Printing machines are designed to apply patterns to various parts, such as: furniture boards, plywood, fibreboard and chipboard. Before applying the texture, the plates are painted in the background color of the imitated texture, after the drawing is applied, it is fixed with a protective and decorative coating.

Facing with paper or film with a texture applied to it.

To imitate the texture of various breeds, materials of various textures and wide colors, chipboard and fibreboard are ennobled with artificial facing materials: these are paper-based decorative films, polymer films, decorative paper-laminated plastics.

This technology, due to its high automation and productivity, is widely used today.

Plate materials lined with films or plastics come directly from manufacturers or are lined in detail at furniture factories.

Chipboard laminated with films with applied wood texture

Boards lined with decorative laminated paper

Facades made of MDF lined with PVC film with wood texture

Literature:

1. Vetoshkin Yu.I., Gazeev M.V., Tsoi Yu.I. Special types of finishing: textbook. allowance.- Yekaterinburg: Ural. state forest engineering un-t, 2008.-129 p.

2. Orlova Yu.D. Finishing wood products: textbook. Manual for the institute applied. arts and prom. school - M.: Higher. school, 1968. - 275 p.

Works on wood and glass Korshever Natalya Gavrilovna

Imitation of precious wood

The color and texture of wood depend primarily on its species. However, if necessary, the color can be changed using special dyes. The quality of the imitation depends not only on the dyes, but also on the treated wood.

To imitate valuable wood, various dye solutions are used that easily penetrate into the wood. The most famous of them are walnut stain, stain No. 10. The following compositions can be used to paint various tree species in different colors, as well as to imitate valuable wood species.

To dye pine, spruce, birch and beech wood brown, you need to take 3 g of acid chromium brown dye, 3 g of vinegar essence and 10 g of aluminum alum per 1 liter of water.

To dye birch and beech wood under mahogany, two solutions are prepared: 50 g of copper sulfate per 1 liter of water and 100 g of yellow blood salt per 1 liter of water; Initially, the surface is treated with a solution of copper sulphate, then incubated for 10 minutes and a solution of yellow blood salt is applied.

You can paint birch wood under walnut using 20 g of walnut stain and 2 g of stain No. 10 per 1 liter of water.

For staining under the old oak, you need 16 g of potash, 20 g of dry brown aniline paint. 20 g of dry blue paint is dissolved in 0.5 l of water, the mixture is boiled for 20–30 minutes, after which 1 teaspoon of vinegar is added; the surface is covered with a hot solution with a brush.

If painted under a gray oak, then the treated surface of the oak wood is first coated with black alcohol varnish, and when the varnish dries, silver powder (aluminum powder) is poured onto the surface. Then, with a clean swab, rub the powder into the pores of the oak. The remaining silver powder is removed from the surface with a clean swab after about 1 hour.

The powder remaining in the pores of the tree is lightly glued with varnish, and gray hair appears on the oak. The dried painted surface is rubbed along the fibers with a lump of horsehair or wood shavings, then coated with a colorless alcohol or oil varnish.

The following industrial water-soluble wood dyes can be used to imitate precious woods.

Dye No. 1: reddish brown, used to color beech mahogany.

Dyes No. 5, 6 and 7: light brown, used for coloring beech and ash under light walnut, for coloring walnut, birch and ash.

Dye No. 10: tan, used to color birch and ash walnut.

Dyes No. 11, 12, 13, 14: walnut brown, used for coloring birch, ash and beech with medium and dark walnut tones.

Dye No. 17: light brown, used for coloring birch and beech with a medium-tone walnut effect.

Dye No. 122: orange-brown, used to color birch and ash walnut.

Dye No. 124: red, used to color birch, oak and beech mahogany.

Water-soluble dyes are prepared as follows: the required amount of dye is weighed, dissolved in a small volume of hot water (at least 95 ° C) and thoroughly mixed. The resulting mass is poured into hot water and mixed.

The dye solution is left to stand for 48 hours, then filtered through two layers of gauze and applied to the product with a swab, brush or spray. The dye solution may have a different concentration depending on the desired color tone.