How to make a round hole in rubber
Let's go in order. I agree with clause 3 of Article 1358. It clearly follows from this clause that a Utility Model (another's patent) is recognized as used in a product (in your product) if it uses at least one feature from an independent claim of someone else's patent. This only feature used can only be a distinctive feature, since Article 1358 of the Civil Code refers to EVERY feature of an independent claim. "An independent claim must contain the necessary features: - to realize the purpose of the invention (utility model), - to achieve the technical result indicated in the description; The combination of features of an independent claim must provide patentability to the object of the invention or utility model"
It looks like it. element damping is just from combos. Examples are usually associated with either rotor dynamics or FSI analysis using acoustic elements. Or do you shake the containment? Well, there are water tanks))) they can be modeled with acoustic elements. Although it's fleas, of course. g - constant structural damping assign different g to different materials. and why Rayleigh damping is not suitable? well, except that you don't know the right alpha and beta. an approach with the creation of a FE model is used. In the FE model, there can be different objects such as combi14 or simply materials with damping. To assemble the matrix from the FE model is the task of the program. Our task is to assemble the FE model and set up the program correctly. Pushing your objects into its matrices after the program has formulated the matrix is unproductive and does not correspond to the popular approach. A conversation about modal coordinates, apparently, is a conversation about solving by the method of superposition of harmonic or transient analysis. But it is not exactly)
Let's go in order. I think you agree with paragraph 3 of Article 1358. Yes? It clearly follows from this paragraph that if at least one feature from the independent claim is not used, then the patent is not used in the object. Do you agree? This only unused feature can be both a distinctive feature and a restrictive one, since Article 1358 of the Civil Code refers to EVERY feature of an independent claim. That's actually all I wanted to say.
Ratcheting is not stabilization, but the accumulation of deformation from cycle to cycle. but the reverse process is also possible - after all, stabilization and stretching of the hysteresis into a straight line. He even, perhaps, more often. How exactly a particular material will behave under specific conditions is another question. that's it. only in special cases. Let's say we stretch the material. and let us assume that our material is such that at a sufficiently large deformation the Bauschinger effect ceases to be observed. how can it be, for example ... but we have exceeded the yield strength twice. If the Bauschinger effect worked, then during unloading and subsequent compression, the material would begin to plastically deform immediately. And if at the stage of stretching the yield strength was exceeded by a factor of three, then the material would flow in compression without being loaded yet. This leads us to the fact that the yield surface is not rigid, but has the ability to deform in the region of large deformations. But the adherents of isotropic hardening go further. And let's, so that the above crap does not work out, as the fluidity surface shifts, we will also expand it. Then, with a large tension and subsequent unloading and compression, it is possible to select such parameters in order to fall into a separate particular experiment or several experiments. But, by applying isotropic hardening, we expand the surface not only in one direction, but also in the perpendicular one. If you look at the space of stresses, then let's say tension / compression - it was about sigma1, then perpendicular - sigma 2 or sigma3. And now this is categorically false. That is, for complex loading trajectories, this will not work. Therefore, the combination with isoporny hardening is a dead end. It does not exist in nature, it was simply easier to program it at the dawn of the development of FEM for problems with one-sided plastic deformation and a simple loading path. As a bonus to those who read to the end. There is also combined hardening, by the way, but with good results.
In the sources you indicated, we see information that is fully consistent with the Civil Code, clause 3, article 1358. A utility model is recognized as used in a product if the product contains each feature of the utility model listed in an independent clause of the utility model formula contained in the patent. 3. Independent claim An independent claim determines the scope of legal protection of an invention (utility model), i.e. is the basis of the application. When writing an independent claim, the following basic principles should be kept in mind: #1: The fewer features in an independent claim, the wider the legal protection, which is better for a future patent. Therefore, it is necessary to try to describe the object with the most general features (concepts) so that the applicant has the maximum amount of rights to the invention (utility model). No. 2: In an independent claim, there must be signs necessary: - to realize the purpose of the invention (utility model), - to achieve the technical result indicated in the description; No. 3: The totality of the features of an independent claim should provide the object of the invention or utility model with patentability. Let me then ask: What exactly do you disagree with? With the article of the Civil Code, clause 3, article 1358 Is a utility model recognized as used in a product if the product contains each feature of the utility model listed in the independent clause of the utility model formula contained in the patent?
I think it will be clear from the picture: why cut the tire. Indeed, they do not rot and do not spread from the sun-frost. Accidental blows, unlike asbestos-cement sheet, do not harm them. After all, there are many applications for rubber bands. Even if you don’t turn over the beds, like mine. Even if not cut the tire on the tape, the hoops obtained from it can be used as a compost bin or a vertical bed. Yes, one has to hear a lot that, they say, it's harmful, terrible and all that ... I don't know. But my ants, it is near the rubber, that they arrange their summer masonry-incubators, where they keep their pupae. Whether from rubber harm - I do not think that they would have worked like that. And if they are not afraid, then I somehow do not fit.
OK. Everyone decides this question for himself. But who decided to cut the tire for their needs - so a few tips: 
You need to start cutting the tire with a shoe knife. We carry out several times on the same cut, pressing on the board so that the cut diverges and cuts through. Now insert into the cut good knife, sharpening towards me (I made a special cutter from an industrial hacksaw blade) and cut with an “up-and-on” movement, simultaneously bending the cut to the side. cut the tire how to cut bread - do not. Rip up the rubber. And it is not necessary for a knife to be razor-sharp: a slight sawtooth of burrs is only good. 
I recommend turning the tire out for the winter and letting it mature. Otherwise cut, it will become a wave. It is necessary to remove the trough shape, which will give a long aging of the hoop. And you can do it differently. Make a bunch of cuts on the inverted tire ...
You can cut hoops into ribbons with an ordinary, small grinder. Just take care that the wind is not on the neighbors, otherwise you cannot avoid an untranslatable pun (in one of the local dialects) because this is a stinky business. BUT! The rubber is nicely cut off by a grinder, the metal cord is also striped with it and ... In general, cutting a tire is a quick business if you see how once. And to make it completely clear - here's a video for you, where the tire cutting takes place in real time.
http://robinzoid.ru/kak-razrezat-pokryishku/
Tire Pitfalls
When processing and manufacturing products from old tire there are pitfalls that are hidden from view, and appear only directly in the process. This article is devoted to these stones.
Trick number 1. Material - rubber.
The tire must be rigidly fixed, or at least to fix the part that is currently being cultivated. In our case, an original technique for cutting tires has been developed. Based on this, it is necessary to cut the tread first of all while the tire has maximum rigidity. If there is, you need to cut the protector and not rest against anything, a bull glass jar will come to the rescue, although after sawing 5-6 centimeters, the jar needs to be moved.
The threads of old and new tires are different, and the results i.e. the properties of the cutting elements are different. For clarity, if you make a swan from a bald tire, then the swan's head falls into the front, and if from an almost new one, on the contrary, the head is thrown back.
Trick number 2. The presence of a metal cord and the thickness of the tread.
The metal cord is located only over the entire area of the rubbing surface. The metal cord, together with the thickness of the tread itself, creates additional difficulties when cutting the tire.
Using a hacksaw for metal, cutting a tire is very, very difficult, and in some places it is completely impossible.
When processing the main rubbing surface, use:
- electric jigsaw (the most successful option - rubber does not burn, and is well processed). Having tried several jigsaws, I was surprised that not every jigsaw can cut a tire.
- grinder (in some cases it is convenient, but rubber burns - a lot of smoke)
But the sides of the wheel are easily cut with an ordinary knife. Rarely, but aptly, there are tires without a metal cord at all - probably 1 out of 40.
Trick number 3. The ring on which the tire sits on a metal disk.
The ring is a hardened stranded metal rod bent into a ring. Cutting with a hacksaw for metal is unrealistic, but it can take a long time. The only way out is to use Balgarka. I think it's called the seat ring. Many immediately want to get rid of the ring in some cases, the stiffness of the ring is used in the design.
Trick number 4. Tire painting.
You can paint the wheels with any paint. Nitro enamel dries quickly, and allows you to immediately place and use the figures. But since rubber has to be painted, which deforms during transportation, the paint also cracks and bursts - regardless of the type of paint. Since the chemical reaction goes on constantly, therefore the colors fade, the white becomes with a yellow tint, so it is better if it is possible to repaint the figures every year.
Trick number 5. Injuries.
Since the cord is a metal mesh, therefore, metal hairs are formed on the cut, which strive to cut through the skin. Metal shavings are not a pleasant splinter. Be especially careful with the eyes when sawing with a jigsaw.
Trick number 6. Energy costs.
I would like to immediately warn, but not to scare or dissuade, that the tire weighs quite a bit, and working with a cord and a metal nozzle ring implies the presence of male hands. On average, wheels of 13, 14, 15 radii - the most popular ones weigh an average of 5 to 8 kilograms, and if you judge that one cutting can take about 1 hour, then you will have to turn the wheel more than once.
We conclude from the above.
For processing, cutting the old tire, you must:
- a desktop on which the old tire will be cut (see catch 1) or at least just a table;
- a hacksaw, a jigsaw, a drill, a grinder (see catch 2.3) - in a word, you may need everything;
- hand protection (gloves), eyes (mask, goggles) + all protective equipment necessary when working with power tools.
- perseverance and patience, and not least physical strength (try turning the wheel several times)
http://delashop.ru/content/view/28/36/
Reader Tips:
- It is easy and simple to cut even Belaz rubber. I bought a RAGE disc and put it on a simple hand-held circular saw. You can also buy with the original RAGE circular saw, but it's cheaper to just buy a disc, as I did.
- if cut - Across - then a grinder and a disc for metal.
did not cut once. the disks did not burn out :-) only a bunch of black muck flies around :-(
if it's fast.
if there is no grinder - an ordinary hacksaw for metal.
for metal is needed because when the cut is across the tire, you need to cut the metal cord.If you cut ALONG (along the circumference), then ... FIG knows he didn’t cut it. perhaps a sharp knife and soap as advised above or a jigsaw.
this again - if you don’t run into a cord. - Good hour! An electric jigsaw with the coarsest saw blade for wood and machine oil. A tire from a Belarus tractor for about 10 minutes, it’s more convenient for two, pulling off the cut off part.
I think it will be clear from the picture: why cut the tire. Indeed, they do not rot and do not spread from the sun-frost. Accidental blows, unlike asbestos-cement sheet, do not harm them. After all, there are many applications for rubber bands. Even if you don’t turn over the beds, like mine. Even if not cut the tire on a ribbon, hoops obtained from it, can be used as a compost bin or vertical bed. Yes, I hear a lot that, they say, it’s harmful, terrible and all that ... I don’t know. But my ants, it is near the rubber, that they arrange their summer masonry-incubators, where they keep their pupae. Whether from rubber harm - I do not think that they would have worked like that. And if they are not afraid, then I somehow do not fit.
OK. Everyone decides this question for himself. But who decided to cut the tire for their needs - so a few tips:
You need to start cutting the tire with a shoe knife. We carry out several times on the same cut, pressing on the board so that the cut diverges and cuts through. Now we insert a good knife into the cut, sharpening towards ourselves (I made a special cutter from an industrial hacksaw blade) and cut with an “up-and-on” movement, simultaneously bending the cut to the side. cut the tire how to cut bread - no need. Rip up the rubber. And it is not necessary for a knife to be razor-sharp: a slight sawtooth burr is only good. 
You can cut hoops into ribbons with an ordinary, small grinder. Just take care that the wind is not on the neighbors, otherwise you cannot avoid an untranslatable pun (in one of the local dialects) because this is a stinky business. BUT! The rubber is nicely cut off by a grinder, the metal cord is also striped with it and ... In general, cutting a tire is a quick business if you see how once.
As an example, why cut tires are needed, I can bring to your attention
Modern industry produces many different types of rubber used in the most unexpected industries. Quite simply and quickly, you can find the right rubber gasket or the necessary rubber blank at the nearest bazaar. However, if you still need to make a rubber product with your own hands, then a couple of simple tips on how you can simply and accurately cut rubber will come in handy.
How to cut rubber with a knife:
Rubber can be quite diverse in its properties, ranging from a very elastic and rather pliable material to elastic, durable rubber plates. The use of rubber can be found in a wide variety of ways, for example, to cut a suitable plumbing gasket, a heel for boots, or a non-slip support for a glass surface. Many are cut from car tires different kind animals, swings, or make home furnishings. You can make flower beds from car tires, but for this you need to know how and with what to cut a car tire.
The secret is very simple, in order to carefully and simply cut a piece of rubber, you will need a sharp knife, of course 🙂, and ordinary water.
A piece of elastic rubber, a sharp knife and water. First you need to outline the line of the cut (it was enough for me to simply set the knife blade evenly).
We begin to cut the rubber with a knife. Cutting thick rubber with a knife becomes quite difficult as the blade deepens into the thickness. Rubber starts to become viscous, and if overzealous, the rubber can even melt. To prevent this from happening, and the knife went through the rubber like clockwork, it must be moistened with water (and not with oil, in no case should it be moistened with oil).
Wet the rubber with water and cut with a knife. The rubber becomes slippery when wet, and the blade of the knife will not get stuck and melt the rubber, thus you will get a smooth and high-quality cut without much effort.
A rubber block cut with water. How to make a round hole in rubber:
Sometimes there is a need to cut rubber circles, for example, for non-slip legs under a stool, heels, or for gaskets between two glasses. In order to cut rubber mugs of an even shape, you need to choose metal pipe of a suitable diameter, you will also need a piston that is suitable for the diameter of the tube.
A - metal tube, B - piston You need to sharpen the edge of the iron tube with a sharpener or file.
Sharpened Iron Pipe After you sharpen the tube, you need to insert it into the drill chuck, moisten the rubber with water and just start drilling holes, after laying the piece of wood.
Drilling round rubber gaskets With the help of such a simple device and water, you can drill as many smooth, neat rubber rounds as you like (I use them to make non-slip legs for appliances). The sharpened tube acts on the principle of a drill, but as the circles are drilled, it is filled with them, and in order to pull them out, a special piston is needed. You then simply push the rubber rounds out of the sharpened tube.
Squeezing the rubber bands out of the tube with a piston The main thing is not to forget to wet the rubber with water when drilling or cutting. It should be noted that cutting a circle using a sharpened tube is much easier and more convenient than using a drill in the classical way. However, if you need to drill through the rubber with a drill, it is also quite simple to do this by first sharpening it sharply, and periodically dipping the drill into the water.
It is necessary to drill rubber at low speeds and periodically wetting the cutting edge. However, if you need to drill through a large block of rubber at high RPM, you may want to submerge it completely in water.
Drilling rubber in water with a drill. In the most extreme case, holes in thin rubber, as in plastic, can be melted by heating the drill shank or iron tube with a lighter.
Holes melted into the rubber Most importantly, be careful when working with hot metal. Also remember that rubber can release toxic substances when overheated, so melt holes under a hood or in a well-ventilated area. Follow all safety regulations even when drilling rubber.
Modern industry produces many different types of rubber used in the most unexpected industries. Quite simply and quickly, you can find the right rubber gasket or the necessary rubber blank at the nearest bazaar. However, if you still need to make a rubber product with your own hands, then a couple of simple tips on how you can simply and accurately cut rubber will come in handy.
How to cut rubber with a knife:
Rubber can be quite diverse in its properties, ranging from a very elastic and rather pliable material to elastic, durable rubber plates. The use of rubber can be found in a wide variety of ways, for example, to cut a suitable plumbing gasket, a heel for boots, or a non-slip support for a glass surface. Many carve out various kinds of animals from car tires, swings, or make interior items. You can make flower beds from car tires, but for this you need to know how and with what to cut a car tire.
The secret is very simple, in order to neatly and simply cut a piece of rubber, you will need a sharp knife, of course. and ordinary water.
A piece of elastic rubber, a sharp knife and water.
First you need to outline the line of the cut (it was enough for me to simply set the knife blade evenly).
We begin to cut the rubber with a knife.
Cutting thick rubber with a knife becomes quite difficult as the blade deepens into the thickness. Rubber starts to become viscous, and if overzealous, the rubber can even melt. To prevent this from happening, and the knife went through the rubber like clockwork, it must be moistened with water (and not with oil, in no case should it be moistened with oil).
Wet the rubber with water and cut with a knife.
The rubber becomes slippery when wet, and the blade of the knife will not get stuck and melt the rubber, thus you will get a smooth and high-quality cut without much effort.
A rubber block cut with water.
How to make a round hole in rubber:
Sometimes there is a need to cut rubber circles, for example, for non-slip legs under a stool, heels, or for gaskets between two glasses. In order to cut rubber mugs of an even shape, you need to choose a metal pipe of a suitable diameter, you will also need a piston that is suitable for the diameter of the tube.
A - metal tube, B - piston
You need to sharpen the edge of the iron tube with a sharpener or file.
Sharpened Iron Pipe
After you sharpen the tube, you need to insert it into the drill chuck, moisten the rubber with water and just start drilling holes, after laying the piece of wood.
Drilling round rubber gaskets
With the help of such a simple device and water, you can drill as many smooth, neat rubber rounds as you like (I use them to make non-slip legs for appliances). The sharpened tube acts on the principle of a drill, but as the circles are drilled, it is filled with them, and in order to pull them out, a special piston is needed. You then simply push the rubber rounds out of the sharpened tube.
Squeezing the rubber bands out of the tube with a piston
The main thing is not to forget to wet the rubber with water when drilling or cutting. It should be noted that cutting a circle using a sharpened tube is much easier and more convenient than using a drill in the classical way. However, if you need to drill through the rubber with a drill, it is also quite simple to do this by first sharpening it sharply, and periodically dipping the drill into the water.
It is necessary to drill rubber at low speeds and periodically wetting the cutting edge. However, if you need to drill through a large block of rubber at high RPM, you may want to submerge it completely in water.
Drilling rubber in water with a drill.
In the most extreme case, holes in thin rubber, as in plastic, can be melted by heating the drill shank or iron tube with a lighter.
Holes melted into the rubber
Most importantly, be careful when working with hot metal. Also remember that rubber can release toxic substances when overheated, so melt holes under a hood or in a well-ventilated area. Follow all safety regulations even when drilling rubber.
http://bip-mip.ru