Park paths. Development of an open lesson on the topic "the use of modern materials in the construction of paths and playgrounds with different types of coatings". Path slope and drainage
201. Road and path network in parks. Typology. Coating.
Roads, paths, paths, platforms are one of the most important planning elements of a landscape architecture object. Analysis of design solutions and field surveys of landscape gardening areas show that the road network and sites occupy from 10 ... 15 and, in some cases, up to 20% of the entire area of the object, and the relative length of roads is 300 ... 400 m per 1 ha.
An important role is played by the length of the road network, the dimensions of the paths of the sites in various parts of the territory, their design, strength, durability and decorative coatings.
Coatings paths and playgrounds in gardens and parks, at objects of landscape architecture of urban centers, residential and industrial buildings, great importance is attached to the overall compositional solution of the object. Coatings should be varied in their pattern, color, materials. Observations in gardens and parks have shown that when walking, the visitor spends up to 30% of the time perceiving and examining what is under his feet or on horizontal planes upon closer examination.
The surface of the paths and platforms is perceived by the visitor from different points - from the viewing platform, from flat roofs buildings or terraces. Covers carry essential information for the visitor of the object; for example, a large ornament of a pavement made of colored slabs at the entrance to a square or park creates a special "mood", as if preparing the visitor for the perception of the territory of the object, its landscapes and structures. The pavement pattern of the park's main alley can "direct" the movement of visitors, arouse interest, and create a mood. A variety of types of coatings on a small object can create the illusion of scale and, as it were, increase its area. The size, dimensions of alleys, roads, paths, sites, the pattern of their coverings, the shape and proportions of their elements, the material from which the coverings are made, must correspond to the general compositional solution of the object and the laws of landscape construction.
The road and path network, platforms, alleys are usually divided into classes depending on their functions and classified according to the types of coatings. There are 6 classes of roads, paths, alleys:
Iclass - main roads and alleys, on which the main flows of visitors to the facility are distributed; they are usually provided as the main routes of movement through the facility and take heavy loads from visitors. So, the main alley in the city park should provide a throughput of up to 400 ... 600 people per hour on weekends; the width of the alley must be at least 30 m, and its construction is very durable, made of low-wear materials; coverings of the main avenues and roads are made durable and decorative - from slabs, stone, etc.
// class - minor roads, paths, alleys, are designed to connect various nodes of the object and more even distribution of visitors, bringing them to the main traffic routes, recreation and sports areas, viewing points of the object and other planning elements. The intensity of traffic on secondary lanes, their throughput is lower than on the main ones. However, the coverings of such paths should be decorative, since they play an important planning role in their functions.
IIIclass - additional roads, paths, trails, serve to connect the secondary planning elements of the object, play the role of transitions, approaches to structures, to flower beds, are “branches” from the main and secondary traffic routes. The intensity of traffic on additional lanes is reduced in comparison with the lanes of the first two classes. The structures and coatings of such tracks are simplified.
IVclass - cycling walking roads and trails, usually provided in parks and forest parks in separate lanes of the main alleys and roads along special traffic routes for the purpose of walking, sightseeing, in some cases, sports competitions; Bike lanes should be of strong, stable construction.
Vclass - roads for horseback riding, in carriages, on sledges, on horseback, are provided for on specially laid routes of movement; designed for walking, sightseeing, horseback riding; are designed in large parks, forest parks, sports complexes; must have special types of coatings.
VIclass - economic roads and driveways, designed for limited traffic of vehicles, mechanization, watering machines, for the transportation of materials and equipment for the current and major repairs of the park, for the transportation of goods to retail outlets, etc. The structures and pavements of such roads are made of durable solid materials that can withstand heavy loads.
All 6 classes of avenues and roads are typical for large objects. For small objects - squares, green areas in front of public buildings, etc. - landscape gardening paths of the first three classes are usually provided. On the main and secondary roads, occasional passage of vehicles and small-scale mechanization for caring for plantings is allowed.
Each class of roads has its own dimensions - length and width. The width of the landscape gardening road plays a significant role, since it is related to the attendance of the facility and the traffic intensity of visitors. To calculate the width of the roads, the following is taken into account:
The width of the traffic lane for one person, which, according to the calculated data, is 0.75 m at an average walking speed of 35 ... 45 m / min;
- "flux density" of visitors.
On the main alleys, in parks, the density of the flow of visitors averages up to 0.5 people/m2. On the sidewalks on the streets and driveways, the density of pedestrians is up to 0.7 people/m2 (threshold). At a density of up to 1 ... 1.5 people / m2, the pedestrian flow qualifies as a crowd, and more than 1.5 people / m2 - as a crush.
In the dividing strips of the main alleys in the parks, flower beds or plant groups are designed ornamental shrubs framed by patches of lawn. Along the outer boundaries of the park alley, "wests" are provided for the installation of benches, urns, and lamps. In a number of cases, the designers do not provide for "westbounds", and then the lanes for placing equipment are designed taking into account the total width of the road: its running gear increases in accordance with the width of the lane for equipment.
Importance has the value of the throughput of landscape gardening alleys and roads, especially classes I and II, due to the intensity of traffic of visitors. Roads and sites must accommodate the estimated number of visitors to the facility. Therefore, it is important to calculate the dimensions of roads and sites.
The capacity of roads and alleys is determined based on the one-time capacity of the facility, which is calculated for attendance on a weekend at rush hour - 11 ... 12 noon. The total width of the road is calculated by the formula
where I - traffic intensity of visitors along one alley, person/h;
P - the capacity of one lane, accepted by 400.. .600 people / h;
0.75 - width of one traffic lane, m.
The intensity of traffic along the alley or road is set taking into account the coefficient of distribution of visitors by the entrance nodes of the object. Attendance of the facility during rush hour is calculated based on the established standards for the mode of use of the facility, the number of residents in a residential area (city).
Sites in gardens and parks have a specific purpose, are used by visitors for various purposes and are divided into the following categories (classes):
Playgrounds for quiet rest, group, single, for quiet games of visitors different ages, including for the contemplation of landscapes;
Playgrounds for active, "noisy", rest - family or collective, group, playgrounds for games, for picnics, spectacles, holding mass events;
Playgrounds of various age composition: primary, for preschoolers, for younger schoolchildren, for senior school age and youth;
Sports grounds: football fields, for playing golf, for volleyball and basketball, tennis, handball, towns, special grounds for playing chess and checkers;
Utility sites intended for the installation of mobile service premises, change houses, locker rooms, storage of equipment and inventory; platforms for containers with garbage; sites for storage of compost, fertilizers; dig sites planting material; areas occupied by greenhouses, etc.
All sites have different types structures and coatings depending on surface loads, attendance, traffic intensity, frequency of events.
TYPES OF COATINGS: Natural; Artificial; Astringents.
Types of coatings: Concrete tiles, Monolithic concrete, Natural stone, Brick and wood, Special mix.
Park roads, alleys and sites in landscape design
When designing landscape design the park, it is necessary to represent the location of the main and secondary roads, sites, to determine their relationship. The road network provides a link between the entrances to the park and the functional areas and sites of the landscape composition. As the experience of creating landscape design of parks shows, in the balance of the territory of a city park, roads and alleys, as a rule, make up 8 ... 15%, sites - 5 ... 10% (up to 20%). A dense network of roads does not contribute to orientation in the park area, imposes a fragmented landscape design composition, and worsens the condition of green spaces. The calculation of the dimensions of the alley road and path network in multifunctional parks, the purpose and recommendations for improvement are given in Table. one.
Table 1
Organization of the road network in the parks
|
Types of park alleys and roads |
Width, m, with an estimated human traffic lane of 0.75 m |
Purpose |
|
|
Main pedestrian alleys and roads |
6.00…10.00 and more |
Connection of entrances, main zones to each other. Traffic intensity 300 people/h |
The coating is hard, framed with side stone, with a drainage device; dividing strips are allowed along the axis with a width of 2 ... 3 m, every 25 ... 30 m - passages. Pruning branches of closely spaced trees to a height of 2.5 m. |
|
Secondary alleys and roads |
3,00…4,50 |
Connection of secondary entrances and separate nodes of the park. Traffic intensity - up to 300 people / h |
Covering of tiles or asphalt concrete, special mixtures, edging - garden border. Pruning of tree branches at a height of 2.0 ... 2.5 m. Drainage in the form of trays. Floral borders |
|
Additional footpaths |
1,50…2,50 |
Approach to individual buildings. Traffic intensity - up to 100 people / h |
The tracing is free, the coating is “soft” from special mixtures, the longitudinal slope is allowed up to 0.08, turns are fixed by plant groups |
|
trails |
0,75…1,00 |
Additional network of walking paths |
Tracing along slopes, through beams, ravines, streams; ground coating |
|
bike lanes |
1,50…2,25 |
Biking |
The trace is closed (rings, eights). The cover is hard. Trimming tree branches at a height of 2.5 m. Service point recommended |
|
Roads for horseback riding |
4,00…6,00 |
Walks on horseback, in carriages, in sledges |
Improved soil cover, pruning of branches near trees at a height of 4 m. Longitudinal slopes - no more than 0.06 |
|
Highway |
4,50…7,00 |
Walking in cars (in large parks). Operational vehicles are allowed |
Tracing along the periphery of the park isolated from pedestrian traffic. Longitudinal slope - no more than 0.07. The maximum speed is 40 km/h. Curve radii - not less than 15 m. Covering - asphalt concrete, gravel. |
When designing landscape design, it should be borne in mind that for the main and 
Secondary alleys and roads may be allowed to pass vehicles with strict observance of traffic safety rules. When designing roads, it should be taken into account that the width of the pedestrian alleys includes pedestrian zones, trays, lanes and west for the installation of benches. The arrangement of dividing green strips is arranged, as a rule, with an alley width of 10 ... 12 m. Roads have both utilitarian and decorative purposes, they are visual, guiding axes of the park, allowing you to perceive individual park landscape design pictures in the intended sequence. According to sanitary and technical requirements, the road surface should be even, convenient for movement, not bright in color, compatible with the environment and not dusty. Asphalt concrete pavements are used (economic roads, etc.); from tiles; coatings stabilized with lime, crushed granite seedings; from gravel; synthetic environmentally friendly 
coatings (type "Geoplast"); grass coverings, etc. Coverings in the park should have a positive effect on the development of plants. Tiled flooring promotes air access, simplifies road repairs (plate sizes - 50x50, 30x30 cm and others, thickness - 3.5 ... 7.0 cm; gaps between tiles - 2 ... 3 cm). By changing the color, size, pattern of laying tiles, the intervals between them, you can achieve diversity and give a certain attractiveness to the road network and landscape design of the park as a whole.
When designing landscape design, it should be remembered that the outline of roads, their smooth turns, without unnecessary curvature, not justified by their functional purpose, in combination with plants, are an element of the surrounding landscape that adorns park landscape design. When designing the landscape design of the park, great importance should be given to sites for various purposes. Types of park areas and their approximate parameters are given in Table. 2.
Table 2.
Types of park sites and their approximate parameters
|
Site types |
Area, m2 |
|
|
general |
minimum per visitor |
|
|
Unloading platforms at the entrances to the park |
Taking into account the capacity of adjacent roads and alleys |
|
|
Rest area (reading and board games, contemplative rest): small (for 1 ... 2 people) medium (for 3 ... 5 people) large (for 6 ... 15 people) |
5…15 20…20 60…200 |
10,0 |
|
Lawns (reading, lounge chairs, games): small medium big |
250…450 500…900 1000…12000 |
25,0 30,0 40,0 |
|
Viewpoints |
10…150 |
40,0 |
|
For cultural events (lectures, concerts) |
By project |
By project |
|
dance |
150…500 |
|
|
Children's play for children under 3 years old (sandbox, games) for children from 4 to 5 years old (outdoor games) for children from 6 to 12…14 years old (sports) |
10…100 120…300 500…2000 |
10,0 |
|
Sports and gaming (from single to mass): for children from 10…12 to 15 years old for youth and adults |
150…7000 100…7000 |
10,0 10,0 |
Parking lots for visitors to the park should be located outside its territory, but no further than 400 m from the entrance to the park. Parking lots are designed based on 5…7 parking spaces per 100 one-time visitors. Areas, m 2, of land plots of parking lots per one place are accepted:
For cars………………………………………………………………………25
For buses…………………………………………………………………………………40
For bicycles………………………………………………………………………………0.9
These areas do not include the area of entrances and dividing lanes, 
which housed green spaces in the form of hedges of sustainable shrubs.
Sports grounds in parks are designed in accordance with SNiP part 11-2001 "Sports facilities".
Multifunctional parks are actively used in winter time. To this end, year-round institutions, such as cultural, educational and entertainment, are recommended to be located near the entrances to the park. The distance between the entrances to large parks, as a rule, should be taken as 500 m. In large (more than 100 hectares) parks, it is necessary to organize a flower and greenhouse economy.
K category: Landscape construction
Installation of garden paths and playgrounds
Classification of tracks and grounds
Paths and platforms are one of the main elements of the layout of the landscaping object. The paths are used for walking, and visitors have a rest on the sites. Paths and platforms are also designed to drain surface storm and melt water.
Types of garden paths. The dimensions and length of the road and path network are determined by the purpose of the landscaping object. There are only five classes of landscape gardening paths.
The first class includes the main paths along which the main flows of visitors are distributed, the second class includes secondary paths designed for a more even distribution of visitors throughout the facility and connecting the main paths to each other. The third class is additional paths that, as it were, "permeate" the entire territory, connect individual elements of the layout with each other (platforms, viewpoints, etc.). The fourth class includes trails intended for the single movement of visitors. Fifth class - economic roads along which traffic is carried out for the purpose of transporting materials and equipment for the repair of plantations or structures, as well as food for canteens, cafes, etc.
All five classes of roads and paths are typical for city parks and forest parks. On boulevards, in squares, small gardens arrange paths of the first three classes. In micro-district territories, secondary paths are laid - the third and fourth grades, which play the role of connecting individual elements of the layout with each other. In the general balance of the distribution of the territory of the object, alleys and paths can occupy from 5 to 20% of its area.
In accordance with the purpose of certain sections of the object and its attendance, the class of tracks, as well as the types of their structures, are determined. An important indicator is the load from the movement of visitors, which are distributed throughout the facility far from evenly. High-traffic main lanes should be moderately wide and have strong, low-wear and durable structures. In addition, they must meet aesthetic and sanitary requirements. It is very important (at the design stage) to determine a sufficient track width. Often, too narrow a path provided in the visited part of the object leads to trampling of the lawn edges and damage to the plantings.
Rice. 1. Types of profiles garden paths and their designs a - sloping, with a concrete open tray; b - gable
In large parks, the width of the main paths, depending on the attendance, can be 15-20 m or more, the width of the secondary, walking paths, is usually taken within 4.5-15 m, and the additional paths - 2.5-5 m. The width of the paths can be from 0.5 to 1.5 m, depending on the planning features of the plots.
Since the paths play the role of a drainage system, their surfaces are given certain slopes depending on the materials from which the coatings are made. The more perfect the materials from which the coating is made, the easier it will be for water to drain from the track and the smaller the transverse slope should be. So, for coatings made of hard materials - concrete, asphalt, tiles - the slope is taken in the amount of 0.015-0.02, for coatings made of fine gravel - in the amount of 0.03-0.06 (depending on the width of the track). All tracks are arranged with a convex gable or single-slope profile. A convex gable profile is usually made on walking paths of the first and second classes. A single-slope profile is provided for paths designed on slopes (Fig. 1).
When arranging tracks, longitudinal slopes are important. The maximum allowable longitudinal slope of the track is 0.07 (i.e., for every 10 m of the length of the section, the relief difference is 70 cm). With slopes over 0.07 (for ease of movement), landscape gardening stairs are arranged.
It is important to connect the paths with the surrounding areas of plantations. In the northern, northwestern and central regions of the country, where there is a significant amount of precipitation, paths are usually arranged below or at the same level as the surrounding territory, while along the paths along their borders, open trays are arranged to collect water. This is necessary for drainage of sites and collection of excess surface moisture, which contributes to better growth and development of vegetation and the prevention of waterlogging of territories.
In the southern and southeastern regions of the country, where there is relatively little rainfall, paths are arranged somewhat higher than the surrounding area and without open trays. This allows you to take atmospheric water from the surface of the path to areas of plantations that need moisture. In both cases, the tracks must have a convex gable or single-slope profile.
Types of garden and park areas. Venues are important elements layouts of the landscaping object and are intended for recreation, public events and household needs. All landscape gardening sites can be divided into two categories: recreational sites and utility sites. Sports grounds are classified as a special category (see below).
Rest areas, in turn, are divided into several types depending on their use by various age groups visitors. So, the following types of playgrounds are distinguished: children's playgrounds, playgrounds for quiet rest of adult visitors, playgrounds (or glades) for mass games and festivities.
Areas for quiet rest of the adult population are typical for all landscaping objects. Household areas are arranged on various landscaping objects.
All playgrounds, especially children's playgrounds, are recommended to be arranged on dry, slightly elevated places. The surface of the sites must be flat and have a slope in one or two directions of at least 0.006 and not more than 0.03. Such biases, firstly, create favorable conditions for surface runoff rain and melt water, and, secondly, they are convenient for movement and recreation. It is considered that slopes steeper than 0.03 are already unfavorable for constant movement and stay on the site.
In some cases, in areas with high level standing ground water sites are provided for drainage. Over-lean runoff is organized so that water is quickly discharged into storm water wells and then into storm sewers.
The main types of construction of tracks and platforms. Garden paths and playgrounds consist of subgrade, clothing and drainage (Fig. 1).
A subgrade is a deepening prepared by excavation in accordance with the dimensions of the paths and platforms and the thickness of the pavement. The subgrade is the support of all elements of clothing and perceives the loads from the movement of pedestrians, transferring them to the earth's surface. The road pavement consists of an underlying layer, a base and a pavement. The underlying layer is made of sand and serves to reduce the loads arising from the movement of pedestrians, and also acts as a drainage, especially on soils that are impermeable to water.
Foundation - main structural element clothing, which is the main bearing part and determines the degree of durability and strength. The base serves to evenly distribute the loads from clothing and external loads on the subgrade. As a rule, the base is made of crushed stone, which is used as broken brick, crushed granite or metallurgical slag.
Coating - the upper structural element of clothing, directly perceiving the load from movement; important qualities of coatings are their durability, decorative effect, lack of dustiness in dry weather, soaking during rain.
Coverings of roads, paths and sites, depending on the materials, are improved and simple. Advanced coatings include stone, concrete and ceramic plates, as well as clinker, brick, and in some cases - from monolithic concrete or asphalt. The simplest coatings are crushed stone, gravel, soil mixed with cement powder. On fig. 2 shows the construction of tracks with the simplest coating of crushed stone materials.
Improved coatings are usually provided on paths and areas in the most visited and critical parts of the landscaping object. Currently, coatings from prefabricated or "piece" elements are widely used in gardens and parks (Fig. 3). Such coatings are very convenient and economical in operation. The use of industrially manufactured slabs of various shapes and sizes makes it possible to create the necessary decorative effect (Fig. 4, 5). The advantage of prefabricated coatings made of concrete and ceramic slabs is that the slabs do not soften, like asphalt, in hot weather, the coatings from them do not become dusty, and during rain they do not become slippery.
Rice. 2. Designs of garden paths a - with a coating of the simplest type and an edge from the ground; b - the same, with a curbstone
The tiled coating is not continuous, like asphalt, and air and moisture enter the soil through the gaps between the tiles, thereby improving the microclimate of the site.
Currently, the USSR produces slabs of various shapes and sizes, which are used both for road pavements and for pavements of playgrounds, paths in gardens and parks. The state standard for concrete slabs has been established. The standard provides for the following sizes of plates: square 25X25, 37.5X37.5, 50×50 cm; rectangular 37.5X25, 50X25, 50x37.5, 75x37.5, 75x50 cm; hexagonal 25X43.2, 37.5 × 64.8, 50 × 86.5 cm. The thickness of the slabs varies depending on the nature of the load and the thickness of the base and is 5-6 cm. 3.5 cm. For squares, boulevards and sites in public centers, tiles are produced various colors- with dyes.
Rice. 3. Types of slab layout on garden paths
Rice. four. General form garden path made of tiles with joints filled with soil and sown with grass seeds
Rice. 5. General view of the site with a lawn-tiled surface
Distribution is also ceramic tiles 20X20 cm in size and 1.5 cm thick. These tiles can create durable decorative coatings various colors and patterns.
Coatings made of natural stone slabs are highly decorative and durable. They are common in areas where stone is a locally available building material.
Brick chips in their pure form cannot be used for coatings, since the coating turns out to be “movable”, dusty, and stains the shoes of pedestrians.
Drainage facilities are an important auxiliary element of paths and platforms. An open tray of the simplest type is a structure designed to collect and drain surface water into storm water inlets and consisting of a curbstone and part of a walkway or platform. Open trays of more complex types can be made of bricks laid flat along the borders of the track, or from special concrete products. Trays of the simplest type are arranged on most secondary and additional paths, and more complex types - on paths with a pronounced relief, on slopes, near slopes and retaining walls, etc.
As a border, stones of the correct form are used, cut from granite or made in special forms of concrete. On the simplest paths, instead of a curb, edges of soil and turf are arranged. The side stone and the curb are the interface elements between the path or platform and the adjacent areas of the lawn.
Technology for the construction of paths and platforms
The construction of the roadbed is carried out using motor graders or bulldozers (Fig. 7). The bottom of the canvas is given a convex profile with transverse slopes. The profile of the bottom of the trough is checked using a special wooden template, and longitudinal slopes - with geodetic instruments.
The bottom of the trough is compacted with a roller weighing up to 5 tons, starting from the edges to the middle of the canvas with an overlap of the roller track by 20-30 cm. Sandy and sandy loamy soils are compacted with moisture (watering at the rate of 5 liters per 1 m2 of surface).
The underlying layer of sand (10-20 cm) is scattered along the bottom, then it is planned and compacted with a roller. It should be taken into account that the sand compaction coefficient is 1.1-1.15, so the layer to be laid must be thicker (by about 4-5 cm) than the design one, taking into account future compaction. After that, proceed to the device of the eyebrows or curb.
Rice. 7. Work on the arrangement of the garden path
When arranging the main paths, a side stone or curb is installed along their edges. Secondary and additional tracks are arranged without a border, but with edges. When transferring the project to nature, it is necessary to clearly define the boundaries of the tracks and sites. Eyebrows are arranged strictly along the cord along the borders by adding a layer of vegetable earth. The earth is evenly spread and planned. Then the soil is compacted with the help of rammers and the edge is “trimmed” along the border line with a shovel. The height of the edge is set by the project and must be at least 10 cm above the surface of the coating. The finished earthen curb is covered with turf.
Prior to the installation of the side stone, the sections are divided along the boundaries using special metal pins and a cord. After the breakdown, grooves are dug with a width and depth, depending on the size of the side stone. Placed in grooves cement mortar or concrete mix. Following this, a side stone is laid on the mortar or mixture. Laying is carried out strictly in accordance with the breakdown. The side stone is sunk into the solution or mixture and "upset" with the help of wooden rammers (Fig. 8). For a strong connection of the side stones, the seams are poured with a solution, and the concrete mixture is poured from the sides at the base and rammed. After laying the side stone, they proceed to the device of the base.
The device is conducted in a certain sequence. First, crushed stone is brought in and its layer-by-layer laying, planning and checking of transverse slopes are carried out. Then the laid crushed stone is rolled with a roller. After rolling, it is necessary to check the slope again.
Rice. 8. Work on the installation of a curbstone a - installation on concrete base; b - "deposition" with wooden rammers
It should be borne in mind that first a layer of crushed stone with large fractions is laid, and then the second layer. Each layer is rolled 8-10 times, passing along one track and overlapping it by 0.2-0.3 of the width of the roller cylinder from the edges to the middle. When rolling, the track bed should be watered at the same time based on the calculation of 5 liters per 1 m2. A sign of the end of rolling is the absence of a noticeable trace after the passage of the roller, as well as the mobility of crushed stone. If crushed stone grains of 3-4 cm in size thrown under the rear cylinder of the roller are easily pressed into the base, then rolling should be continued. Then proceed to the coating device.
Slab coverings can be laid on a base of crushed stone or sand, to which dry cement has been added (the ratio of cement and sand is 1:10); the sand-cement base is made with a layer of 10-12 cm. When laying the slabs, they are “upset” with special wooden rammers and sunk into the sand-cement mixture by about 1/3 of their thickness. Subsequently, when the base is moistened, the plates “seize” with cement, and the coating becomes durable. Small tiles are laid by hand, large tiles - by truck crane. To avoid erosion of tile joints by rainwater, tiled paths should always have a one-sided slope without any breaks in their profile. When laying the slabs, care must be taken to ensure that the coating is even and that the slabs do not protrude with their edges above the surface. To do this, they are laid using a special rail or wooden template, which checks the correct laying and slopes of the surface of the entire coating in different directions.
Coatings from special mixtures (debris screenings, granite and brick chips, slaked lime, soil and sand, etc.) are laid in one layer on a crushed stone base, planned and checked with a template. Then the surface is watered and after drying, after about 2-3 days, it is rolled with a light roller weighing 1-2 tons. Sand is sprinkled on top with a layer of 1 cm and again rolled with a light roller.
Soil-cement coatings are arranged directly on the compacted subgrade on the same principle. At the same time, one part of cement is added to 10 parts of soil. Then wetting, careful profiling and rolling of the surface of the tracks and platforms are carried out.
Rice. 9. Works on laying slabs on garden paths and areas a, b - laying the slab on the base; c, d - laying and compaction, checking the slope and leveling the surface with a template
Gravel-sand paths are suitable in cases where appropriate materials of the required quality are available, for example, if there is a quarry with gravel and sand near the object,
When arranging dirt paths, the fertile soil layer is cut off, and barren soil is poured into the resulting “trough”. Then, in accordance with the project, profiling and subsequent rolling of the web are carried out. If the soils are barren, then the canvas of the path is loosened within its boundaries, and then profiled and rolled. In loose sandy soil, dry crushed clay should be added at the rate of 0.2 m3 per 1 m2 in order to increase the cohesion of the particles, and sand or gravel in the same amount should be added to heavy clay to reduce slip.
Coverings from the ends of wood or clinker are arranged on a well-prepared and planned sand-cement base 10-15 cm thick. The ends or bricks are sunk into the base, lightly tapping with a sledgehammer. Alignment is carried out wooden lath. The ends are laid close to each other, the seams are covered with cement. Bricks are laid on the edge close to each other and the seams are poured with cement mortar.
- Installation of garden paths and playgrounds
This year we decided to devote the May holidays and 2 weeks of vacation to the construction of paths and playgrounds in the country - to lay paving slabs. A few years ago, we already made several areas in front of the house and now we decided to lay tiles on them and combine them with new paths into a single complex.
Areas of paving slabs near country house taken a few years ago
Garden path planning and preparatory work
First of all, we determined and measured the total area of \u200b\u200bthe tracks and estimated how much paving slabs, curbs and building materials. The total area turned out to be 65 m², of which 12 m² is the laying of tiles on old sites and 53 m² laying tiles on new paths and sites.
Then it was necessary to decide on what basis we will lay the tiles. In general, there are several options for preparing the base and laying paving slabs. We only considered two:
- on a sandy base;
- on a concrete base.
We decided to use the simplest and least expensive option - to lay tiles on a sandy base with tamping with a vibrating plate. The order of laying materials for preparing the foundation turned out to be as follows:
3. Geotextile;
5. Sand-cement mixture;
6. Paving slabs.
After that, we started buying necessary materials and tools. The brought tiles and curbs were placed on the platform for the car.
 |
 |
Necessary tools and materials
Tools:
- Vibrating plate (for hire 3000 rubles/day);
- Rake;
- Shovels;
- Gloves;
- Watering hose;
- Rubber mallet;
- Roulette;
- Construction wheelbarrow;
- Building level;
- Angle grinder (Bulgarian).
Materials (based on laying paving slabs on an area of 53 m²):
- Borders - 205 pieces, 50 x 20 x 3 cm;
- Rope (cord);
- Geotextile (non-woven fabric) - 60 m²;
- Pegs (for marking);
- Sand (washed, without clay impurities) - 10 m³;
- Paving slabs - 30 x 30 x 3 cm;
- Cement - 14 bags of 40 kg.
Substrate preparation and laying paving slabs
 |
 |
1. Marking and excavation to a depth of 25-30 cm with the preparation of grooves for the installation of curbs. |
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2. Installation of curbs on the sand and fixing them with cement mortar. | |
| 3. Backfilling of sand with a layer of 3-5 cm. Sand leveling. Spilling with water and tamping. | ||
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4. Geotextile laying. By the way, geotextiles not only prevent the growth of plants under paving slabs, but also increase the bearing capacity of the soil. |
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5. Backfilling and leveling the sand with a layer of 10 cm. |
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6. Spilling with water and compacting the sand cushion using a vibrating plate. | |
| 7. Backfilling with a sand-cement mixture (1: 3 cement and sand, respectively) with a layer of 2-3 cm. | ||
| 8. Leveling the sand-cement mixture and laying paving slabs. Water spill. | ||
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9. Grouting with sand-cement mixture. By the way, one of the tasks of grouting paving slabs is to prevent plant seeds from getting between the tiles, which begin to grow there perfectly if you do not grout. |
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10. Pouring with water. Then they take a break for 24 hours and do not load the laid tiles for this time. If necessary, the joints are re-troweled with a sand-cement mixture. |
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11. Tracks and platforms are ready for use. |
Laying paving rubber tiles
In front of the second porch of the house, a few years ago, we poured a concrete slab and laid rubber rolls on top of it. But over several years of operation, the rubber wore out, and we decided to replace it with a more modern material - Replit Standard rubber tiles 500 x 500 x 16 mm.
Rubber paving slabs
So that the good would not disappear, the old rolled rubber was cut into several strips and laid on the tracks in the greenhouse.
The procedure for installing and laying rubber tiles on a concrete base
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1. Cleaning the surface from dirt and concrete dust. |
| 2. Surface treatment with a primer (primer). The Unis deep penetration polymer primer was used as a primer, and a one-to-one solution of polyurethane mastic and turpentine was applied over it. | |
| 3. Preparation of polyurethane adhesive. Polyurethane two-component mastic "Uremast" was used as an adhesive. A bucket of 13 kg was more than enough for us. | |
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4. Applying a layer of polyurethane adhesive 3-5 mm thick with a spatula and laying rubber tiles. |
| 5. As a result, we got such a platform in front of the porch of the house. |
As a result of our entire project, we managed to make a whole complex of garden paths and playgrounds with a total area of 65 m², in just 2 weeks.
Moreover, everything is already ready for operation at the very beginning of the summer season, and now until late autumn you can fully experience the beauty of new garden paths. And at the same time, check how well it was possible to lay paving slabs and, if necessary, correct them.
Roads, paths, paths, platforms are one of the most important planning elements of a landscape architecture object. Analysis of design solutions and field surveys of landscape gardening areas show that the road network and sites occupy from 10 ... 15 and, in some cases, up to 20% of the entire area of the object, and the relative length of roads is 300 ... 400 m per 1 ha. An important role is played by the length of the road network, the dimensions of the paths of the sites in various parts of the territory, their design, strength, durability and decorative coatings. The design of the pavement is shown in Fig. 29
Coverings of paths and grounds in gardens and parks, at objects of landscape architecture of urban centers, residential and industrial buildings are of great importance in connection with the general compositional solution of the object. Coatings should be varied in their pattern, color, materials. Observations in gardens and parks have shown that when walking, the visitor spends up to 30% of the time perceiving and examining what is under his feet or on horizontal planes upon closer examination. The surface of the paths and platforms is perceived by the visitor from different points - from the viewing platform, from the flat roofs of buildings or from the terraces. Covers carry essential information for the visitor of the object; for example, a large ornament of a pavement made of colored slabs at the entrance to a square or park creates a special "mood", as if preparing the visitor for the perception of the territory of the object, its landscapes and structures. The pavement pattern of the park's main alley can "direct" the movement of visitors, arouse interest, and create a mood. A variety of types of coatings on a small object can create the illusion of scale and, as it were, increase its area. The size, dimensions of alleys, roads, paths, sites, the pattern of their coverings, the shape and proportions of their elements, the material from which the coverings are made, must correspond to the general compositional solution of the object and the laws of landscape construction. The road and path network, platforms, alleys are usually divided into classes depending on their functions and classified according to the types of coatings. There are 6 classes of roads, paths, alleys:
I class - the main roads and alleys, along which the main flows of visitors to the facility are distributed; they are usually provided as the main routes of movement through the facility and take heavy loads from visitors. So, the main alley in the city park should provide a throughput of up to 400 ... 600 people per hour on weekends; the width of the alley must be at least 30 m, and its construction is very durable, made of low-wear materials; the coverings of the main alleys and roads are made durable and decorative - from slabs, stone, etc.
II class - secondary roads, paths, alleys, intended
to connect various nodes of the facility and more evenly distribute visitors, leading them to the main traffic routes, recreation and sports grounds, viewing points of the facility and other planning elements. The intensity of traffic on secondary lanes, their throughput is lower than on the main ones. However, the coverings of such paths should be decorative, since they play an important planning role in their functions.
Class III - additional roads, paths, paths, serve to connect the secondary planning elements of the object, play the role of transitions, approaches to structures, to flower beds, are "branches" from the main and secondary traffic routes. The intensity of traffic on additional lanes is reduced in comparison with the lanes of the first two classes. The structures and coatings of such tracks are simplified.
IV class - cycling walking roads and trails, usually provided in parks and forest parks in separate lanes of the main alleys and roads along special traffic routes for the purpose of walking, sightseeing, in some cases, sports competitions; Bike lanes should be of strong, stable construction.
V class - roads for horseback riding, in carriages, on sleighs, on horseback, are provided for along specially laid traffic routes; designed for walking, sightseeing, horseback riding; are designed in large parks, forest parks, sports complexes; must have special types of coatings.
Class VI - utility roads and driveways intended for limited traffic of vehicles, mechanization, watering machines, for the transportation of materials and equipment on the current and overhaul park, for the transportation of goods to retail outlets, etc. The structures and coatings of such roads are made of durable solid materials that can withstand heavy loads. All 6 classes of avenues and roads are typical for large objects. For small objects - squares, green areas in front of public buildings, etc. - landscape gardening paths of the first three classes are usually provided. On the main and secondary roads, occasional passage of vehicles and small-scale mechanization for the care of plantations is allowed. Each class of roads has its own dimensions - length and width. The width of the landscape gardening road plays a significant role, since it is related to the attendance of the facility and the traffic intensity of visitors. To calculate the width of the roads, the following is taken into account:
The width of the traffic lane for one person, which, according to the calculated data, is 0.75 m at an average walking speed of 35 ... 4 5 m / min;
- "flux density" of visitors.
On the main alleys, in parks, the density of the flow of visitors averages up to 0.5 people / m2. On the sidewalks on the streets and driveways, the density of pedestrians is up to 0.7 people / m (threshold). At a density of up to 1.1.5 people/m2, the pedestrian flow qualifies as a crowd, and more than 1.5 people/m2 as a crush. In the dividing strips of the main alleys in parks, flower beds or plant groups of ornamental shrubs are designed, framed by lawn areas. Along the outer boundaries of the park alley, "wests" are provided for the installation of benches, urns, and lamps. In a number of cases, the designers do not provide for "westbounds", and then the lanes for placing equipment are designed taking into account the total width of the road: its running gear increases in accordance with the width of the lane for equipment. Of great importance is the capacity of garden and park alleys and roads, especially I and II classes, due to the intensity of traffic of visitors. Roads and sites must accommodate the estimated number of visitors to the facility. Therefore, it is important to calculate the dimensions of roads and sites. The capacity of roads and alleys is determined based on the one-time capacity of the facility, which is calculated for attendance on a weekend at rush hour - 11 ... 12 noon. The total width of the road is calculated by the formula
Attendance at the facility during rush hour is calculated based on the established standards for the mode of use of the facility, the number of residents in a residential area (city).1 Areas in gardens and parks have a specific purpose, are used by visitors for various purposes and are divided into the following categories (classes):
- areas for quiet rest, group, single, for quiet games of visitors of different ages, including for contemplation of landscapes;
- sites for active, "noisy", recreation - family or collective, group, playgrounds for games, for picnics, spectacles, holding public events;
- playgrounds of various age composition: primary, for preschoolers, for younger students, for older school age and youth;
- sports grounds: football fields, for playing golf, for volleyball and basketball, tennis, handball, towns, special grounds for playing chess and checkers;
- utility sites intended for the installation of mobile service premises, change houses, locker rooms, storage of equipment and inventory; platforms for containers with garbage; sites for storage of compost, fertilizers; platforms for pinning planting material; areas occupied by greenhouses, etc.
All sites have different types of structures and coatings depending on surface loads, attendance, traffic intensity, frequency of events.