What plants are called higher? Examples, signs and characteristics of higher plants. Why are algae classified in the plant kingdom? Algae belong to the plant kingdom because
Does everyone know which plants are called higher? This species has its own characteristics. To date, higher plants include:
- Club mosses.
- ferns.
- Horsetails.
- Gymnosperms.
- Angiosperms.
There are more than 285 species of such plants. They are distinguished by a much higher organization. Their bodies contain a shoot and a root (except for mosses).
Specifications
Higher plants live on earth. This place of residence is different from the aquatic environment.
Characteristics of higher plants:
- The body is made up of tissues and organs.
- With the help of vegetative organs, nutrition and metabolic functions are carried out.
- Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce using seeds.
Most of the higher plants have roots, stems and leaves. Their organs are complex. This species has cells (tracheids), vessels, and their integumentary tissues form a complex system.
The main feature of higher plants is that they pass from the haploid phase to the diploid one, and vice versa.
Origin of higher plants
All signs of higher plants indicate that they may have evolved from algae. Extinct representatives belonging to the highest group have a very great resemblance to algae. They have a similar alternation of generations and many other characteristics.
There is a theory that higher plants appeared from or freshwater. The rhinophytes arose first. When the plants moved to land, they began to develop rapidly. Mosses were not as viable, as they need water in the form of drops to exist. Because of this, they appear in places where there is high humidity.
To date, plants have spread throughout the planet. They can be seen in the desert, the tropics and in cold areas. They form forests, swamps, meadows.
Despite the fact that when thinking about which plants are called higher, one can name thousands of options, but still they can be combined into some groups.
mosses
When figuring out which plants are called higher, we must not forget about mosses. In nature, there are about 10,000 of their species. Outwardly, this is a small plant, its length does not exceed 5 cm.
Mosses do not bloom, they do not have a root, a conducting system. Reproduction occurs with the help of spores. The haploid gametophyte dominates the moss life cycle. This is a plant that lives for several years, it may have outgrowths that look like roots. But the moss sporophyte does not live long, it dries out, has only a leg, a box where spores mature. The structure of these representatives of wildlife is simple, they do not know how to take root.
Mosses play such a role in nature:
- They create a special biocenosis.
- The cover of moss absorbs radioactive substances, holds them.
- Regulate the water balance of landscapes due to the fact that they absorb water.
- They protect the soil from erosion, which allows you to evenly transfer the flow of water.
- Some types of mosses are used for medicines.
- With the help, peat is formed.
Lycian plants
In addition to mosses, there are other higher plants. The examples may be different, but they are all somewhat similar to each other. For example, mosses resemble mosses, but their evolution is more advanced, since they are vascular species. They consist of stems that have covered small leaves. They have roots and vascular tissue through which nutrition occurs. By the presence of these components, club mosses are very similar to ferns.
In the tropics, epiphytic club mosses are distinguished. They hang from the trees, giving the appearance of a fringe. Such plants have the same spores.
Some club plants are listed in the Red Book.
psilotoid plants
This type of plant lives for more than one year. This includes 2 genera of representatives of the tropics. They have erect stems similar to a rhizome. But they have no real roots. The conducting system is located in the stem, consists of phloem, xylem. But water does not enter the leaf-like appendages of plants.
Photosynthesis occurs in the stems, spores are formed on the branches, turning them into cylindrical branches.
Ferns
What plants are called higher still? These include ferns, which are part of the vascular department. They are herbaceous and woody.
The composition of the body of a fern includes:
- Petiole.
- Leaf plates.
- Roots and shoots.
Fern leaves were called fronds. The stem is usually short, it is developed. From the buds of the rhizome, fronds grow. They reach large sizes, perform sporulation, photosynthesis.
The sporophyte and gametophyte alternate in the life cycle. There are some theories that say that ferns evolved from club mosses. Although there are scientists who believe that many higher plants appeared from psilophytes.
Many types of ferns are food for animals, and some are poisonous. Despite this, such plants are used in medicine.
horsetail
Horsetails also belong to the higher plants. They consist of segments and nodes, which distinguishes them from other plants of a higher species. Horsetail representatives resemble some conifers and algae.
This is a kind of representative of wildlife. They have vegetative characteristics similar to cereals. The length of the stems can be several centimeters, and sometimes grows up to several meters.
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are also isolated from higher plants. There are only a few varieties today. Despite this, various scientists argued that angiosperms originated from gymnosperms. This is evidenced by various plant remains found. DNA studies were carried out, after which some scientists deduced theories that this species belongs to a monophyletic group. They are also divided into many classes and departments.
Angiosperms
These plants are also called flowering plants. They are considered to be of the highest order. They differ from other representatives in the presence of a flower that serves for reproduction. They have a feature - double fertilization.
The flower attracts pollinating agents. The walls of the ovary grow, change, turn into a fetus. This happens if fertilization has occurred.
So, there are different higher plants. Examples of them can be listed for a long time, but they were all disbanded into certain groups.
The plant kingdom is divided into 2 sub-kingdoms - higher plants and lower plants. The lower plants are algae, the higher ones are mosses, ferns, horsetails, club mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms.
Seaweed
They differ from higher plants in that do not have tissues(conductive, mechanical, etc.) and do not have organs(roots, leaves, stems). The whole body of the algae is a single thallus (thallus). There are unicellular algae.
spore plants
Mosses, ferns, horsetails and club mosses reproduce by spores (asexual reproduction). Out of the controversy grows germ (gametophyte), it produces gametes (eggs and floating sperm). Fertilization requires water. After fertilization, a zygote is formed, from which a new plant grows - sporophyte(spores are formed on it in sporangia).
MHI considered to be the first plants to land on land. They first develop stems and leaves. Differences of mosses from other higher plants:
- No roots, instead of roots rhizoids.
- There are tissues, but they are poorly developed (especially mechanical and conductive), because of this, all mosses are small grasses.
- The gametophyte dominates the sporophyte(is a leafy plant). Sporophyte - box on a stalk, grows on a gametophyte.
- From the spore, a green thread grows into a pregrowth (protonema), and then a gametophyte.
Peat deposits are gradually formed from white sphagnum moss.
FERN, HORSEtail, PLUNA have not only a stem and leaves, but also roots, and well developed tissues. They were widespread in the Carboniferous period, it was from them that coal deposits were formed.
- Ferns produce spores on the underside of leaves.
seed plants
They differ from all previous divisions in that their male gametes do not float in water. They are found inside pollen that is carried by the wind.
Angiosperms (FLOWERS) currently occupy a dominant position in the biosphere of the Earth. Seeds of angiosperms are covered with a shell (pericarp). Only angiosperms have: flowers, fruits,, vessels in the xylem.
Choose three options. Mosses, unlike angiosperms,
1) form sex cells
2) do not have tissues
3) have rhizoids
4) are phototrophs
5) reproduce by spores
6) do not have a flower
Answer
Choose three options. Mosses, like angiosperms
1) have a cellular structure
2) contain two cotyledons in the embryo
3) form fruits and seeds
4) contain chlorophyll in cells
5) capable of photosynthesis
6) have small inconspicuous flowers
Answer
Choose the one most correct option. In the process of evolution, the stem with leaves first appeared in
1) algae
2) mossy
3) ferns
4) Lycopsoid
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the group of plants: 1) green algae, 2) mossy
A) do not have tissue
B) do not have organs
B) have boxes with spores
D) some representatives have aquifers
D) the sporophyte develops on the gametophyte
E) contain unicellular and multicellular organisms
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the signs and groups of plants for which they are characteristic: 1) Green algae, 2) Leafy mosses. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) a sporophyte develops from a zygote
B) there are no tissues and organs
C) a pedunculated box develops on the gametophyte
D) reproductive organs develop at the tops of the shoots
D) there are unicellular and multicellular forms
E) in most species, the body is represented by a thallus
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the fertilization feature and the department of plants for which it is characteristic: 1) angiosperms, 2) gymnosperms
A) two sperm are involved
B) one sperm is involved
C) triploid endosperm is formed
D) eggs develop in female cones
E) sperm fuses with the central diploid cell of the embryo sac
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the department of plants and the characteristics of the sporophyte of its representatives: 1) Gymnosperms, 2) Angiosperms. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) life form - mostly trees
B) life form - grasses, shrubs, trees
C) there are special organs for vegetative reproduction
D) there are no special organs for vegetative reproduction
D) xylem is represented by vessels
E) xylem is represented by tracheids
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the signs and plant divisions for which they are characteristic: 1) Gymnosperms, 2) Angiosperms. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) represented by all life forms
B) pollinated by the wind
B) have a variety of inflorescences
D) the presence of seeds in cones
E) the presence of triploid endosperm in the seed
E) have no fruit
Answer
Establish the sequence of stages of individual development of an annual angiosperm plant from seed
1) the formation of fruits and seeds
2) the appearance of vegetative organs
3) the appearance of flowers, pollination
4) fertilization and embryo formation
5) seed germination
Answer
Choose three options. What is the function of a plant flower?
1) pollination
2) absorption of substances
3) fertilization
4) vegetative propagation
5) deposition of spare substances
6) the formation of seeds and fruits
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What characterizes the group of mosses in comparison with other groups of plants
1) in the process of development there is an alternation of generations
2) reproduce by spores
3) have leaves, stem and rhizoids
4) form organic substances during photosynthesis
Answer
Choose three options. Ferns, like mosses
1) are higher spore plants
2) have vegetative and generative organs (flowers, fruits)
3) are perennials
4) in the process of photosynthesis form organic substances from inorganic
5) do not need water during reproduction and development
6) do not contain chloroplasts and mitochondria in cells
Answer
Choose three options. Seeds propagate
1) white cabbage
2) creeping clover
3) club moss
4) deer moss
5) horsetail
6) onion
Answer
Choose two of the plants listed below that reproduce by spores, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) bracken fern
2) horsetail
3) beautiful clover
4) rocky juniper
5) couch grass
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What allowed angiosperms, in comparison with gymnosperms, to occupy a dominant position on Earth?
1) the location of the seeds inside the fruit
2) the presence of chloroplasts in cells
3) symbiosis with bacteria and fungi
4) the presence of a flower
5) double fertilization
6) propagation by seeds
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Angiosperms, unlike gymnosperms,
1) are perennial plants
2) contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll
3) have flowers and inflorescences
4) form fruits with seeds
5) represented by three life forms
6) propagate by seeds
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the trait of the plant and the department for which this trait is characteristic: 1) Gymnosperms, 2) Bryophytes. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) forms the tree layer of the forest
B) the presence of a tap root system
C) the predominance of the sporophyte in the development cycle
D) grows in the lower tier of the forest
E) the presence of a pregrowth (protonema) in the development cycle
E) attached to the soil by rhizoids
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of life cycles and plant divisions: 1) Gymnosperms, 2) Bryophytes. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) endosperm formation
B) the predominance of the gametophyte over the sporophyte
C) the formation of a pregrowth (protonema)
D) the participation of water during fertilization
D) maturation of pollen on the sporophyte
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the signs and divisions of plants: 1) Bryophytes, 2) Gymnosperms. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) reproduction is not associated with water
B) reproduce by means of spores
B) the presence of rhizoids
D) the gametophyte dominates the sporophyte
E) representatives of the department are cuckoo flax and sphagnum
E) representatives of the department are larch, cypress and juniper
Answer
1. Choose three correct answers out of six and write them down in the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the characteristics of the plant shown in the picture?
1) sporophyte predominates in the development cycle
2) the gametophyte is represented by an outgrowth
3) has modified leaves
4) the seeds are not protected by the pericarp
5) forms fruits
6) pollination is carried out by insects
Answer
2. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If the plant has formed shoots shown in the figure, then this plant is characterized
1) fertilization with water
2) deposition of organic matter in the rhizome
3) propagation by seeds
4) predominance in life cycle sporophyte
5) the presence of a dry multi-seeded fruit
6) well-developed tracheids in wood
Answer
1. Match between hallmark plants and the department to which it belongs: 1) Bryophytes, 2) Ferns
A) leafy plants with rhizoids
B) the presence of a modified shoot with adventitious roots
C) the presence of a large number of air cells
D) the predominance of the gametophyte over the sporophyte
D) the presence of herbaceous and woody forms
E) the presence of an overgrowth in the development cycle
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the signs of organisms and the departments for which they are characteristic: 1) Fern-like, 2) Bryophyte. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the presence of a growth in the life cycle
B) lack of roots
C) the predominance of the gametophyte in the life cycle
D) development of spores in a box
D) the location of sporangia on the underside of the leaf
E) development of protonema from spores
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the signs and departments of plants for which they are characteristic: 1) Bryophytes, 2) Ferns. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) lack of roots
B) developed conducting system
C) the presence of aquifers
D) poorly developed mechanical tissue
D) the predominance of the sporophyte over the gametophyte
E) modified underground shoot - rhizome
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between the signs and divisions of plants: 1) Bryophytes, 2) Ferns. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) some have aquifers
B) sporophyte prevails over gametophyte
B) a sprout grows from a spore
D) spores develop in a box
D) there are no roots
E) there are complex leaves
Answer
5. Establish a correspondence between the sign of a plant and the systematic group for which it is characteristic: 1) Bryophytes, 2) Ferns
B) an adult plant - a sporophyte
B) spores are formed in boxes
D) spores are formed in sporangia on the underside of leaves
D) a sprout develops from a spore
E) a pregrowth (protonema) develops from the spore
Answer
6. Establish a correspondence between the reproduction feature and the plant department for which it is characteristic: 1) Bryophytes, 2) Ferns. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the gametophyte predominates in the development cycle
B) the asexual generation of plants dominates in the development cycle
C) the formation of spores occurs in a box (sporogon)
D) the sporophyte is not capable of forming organic substances from inorganic
D) the gametophyte is represented by an outgrowth
E) the spore germinates into a pregrowth
Answer
SHAPING 7:
A) the formation of a box on the leg
B) development of adult gametophyte plants
C) development of an adult plant from a zygote
1. Establish a correspondence between the sign of a plant and the department to which it belongs: 1) Ferns, 2) Angiosperms
A) fruit development
B) the sexual generation is represented by an outgrowth
B) reproduction by spores
D) the process of fertilization depends on the availability of water
D) the presence of a flower
E) double fertilization
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the features of plant development and the departments for which they are characteristic: 1) Fern-like, 2) Flowering. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) reproduction by spores
B) the formation of male and female germ cells on the outgrowth
C) pollinated by wind and insects
D) double fertilization
D) the formation of seeds inside the fruit
E) the formation of spores on the lower surface of the leaves
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the signs and departments of plants for which they are characteristic: 1) Flowering, 2) Fern-like. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
a) Plants reproduce by spores.
B) There is a growth in the development cycle.
C) The seeds are protected by the pericarp.
D) Plants have both taproot and fibrous root systems.
D) Fertilization occurs in the presence of water.
E) Pollination precedes fertilization.
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between processes and plant divisions: 1) gymnosperms, 2) ferns. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) endosperm formation
B) the formation of a green growth
B) fusion of immobile gametes
D) development of the pollen tube
D) reproduction and settlement by spores
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the feature of the plant and the department for which it is characteristic: 1) Ferns, 2) Gymnosperms. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) The eggs develop in the gametophyte on the scales of the cones.
B) A pollen grain develops from a spore.
C) There is a haploid outgrowth in the development cycle.
D) Life form - shrub or tree.
D) Adventitious roots develop from the rhizome.
E) Spores develop in sporangia on leaves.
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the signs and departments of plants for which they are characteristic: 1) Ferns, 2) Gymnosperms. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the presence of an overgrowth in the development cycle
B) reproduction by spores
B) the presence of ovules
D) the presence of sperm
D) development of the main root
E) the presence of tree and herbaceous forms
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Angiosperms, unlike gymnosperms:
1) Capable of forming extensive forests
2) Characterized by a variety of life forms
3) Propagated by seeds
4) Pollinated by insects and birds
5) Have well-developed vegetative organs
6) Form juicy and dry fruits
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The plants shown in the figure are characterized by the following features
1) lower plants
2) primitive higher spore plants
3) diploid sporophyte prevails over haploid gametophyte
4) no roots
5) the body is not divided into tissues and organs
6) haploid gametophyte prevails over diploid sporophyte
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution a plant has formed a shoot shown in the figure, then this plant is characterized by
1) small scaly leaves
2) fertilization with water
3) propagation by seeds
4) the formation of fruits at the top of the shoot
5) development of a leafy plant from a protonema (pre-germ)
6) the presence of a well-developed root system
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The following plants are characteristic of a broad-leaved forest:
1) spruce
2) linden
3) Scotch pine
4) oak
5) beech
6) fir
Answer
Establish a correspondence between examples and categories of plants: 1) lower plants, 2) higher plants. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) horsetail
B) lichens
B) real algae
D) lycopsform
D) mossy
E) purple
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Plants that do not have roots are
1) cuckoo flax
2) male shield
3) club moss
4) horsetail
5) sphagnum
6) kelp
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What plants have roots?
1) clubs
2) brown algae
3) green mosses
4) sphagnum mosses
5) horsetail
6) gymnosperms
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Angiosperms are characterized
1) the presence of a growth
2) double fertilization
4) the presence of a fetus
5) triploid endosperm
6) predominance in the life cycle of the gametophyte
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. For ferns, unlike mosses, it is characteristic.
1) the presence of a growth
2) the formation of rhizoids in the sporophyte
3) maturation of spores in spore-bearing spikelets
4) the presence of roots
5) reproduction by spores
6) predominance in the life cycle of the sporophyte
Answer
Find three errors in the given text. Specify the numbers of proposals in which they are made.(1) In lower plants, algae, the body is unicellular or multicellular. (2) The thallus of all algae is covered with tissue that performs protective function. (3) Algae lack true leaves, stems, and roots. (4) Chlamydomonas, spirogyra, kelp are classified as green algae. (5) Chlamydomonas has a cup-shaped chromatophore and is capable of photosynthesis. (6) brown algae according to the mode of nutrition - chemotrophs. (7) Spirogyra is a multicellular filamentous green algae with helical chromatophores.
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the signs and departments of plants for which they are characteristic: 1) Bryophytes, 2) Angiosperms. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
AND) adult form represented by a sporophyte
B) the gametophyte predominates in the development cycle
B) there are no roots
D) plants have a flower and a fruit
D) pollination occurs with the help of wind and insects
E) spores develop in a box
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Ferns, unlike algae,
1) consist of a variety of fabrics
2) are autotrophs
3) in the process of breathing, they take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
4) have compound leaves - fronds
5) contain chlorophyll in cells
6) have a rhizome
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and the group of higher plants: 1) spore, 2) seed. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) develop from the embryo
B) are more ancient in historical origin
B) have a taproot or fibrous root system
D) fertilize in the presence of water
D) form the embryo sac and pollen
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the signs and groups of plants: 1) lower, 2) higher. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the body is a thallus, or thallus
B) have vegetative and generative organs
B) have a light-sensitive eye
D) have a variety of tissues
D) live mainly in the aquatic environment
E) include unicellular organisms
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and departments of plants. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) a protonema is formed from a germinating spore
B) the gametophyte is reduced to a tiny outgrowth
B) have a rhizome with adventitious roots
D) the gametophyte predominates in the life cycle
D) spores mature in sporangia collected in sori
E) have a variety of life forms
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and representatives of the plants shown in the figure. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the organism is attached to the substrate
B) the body is represented by a thallus
C) cells contain a variety of plastids
D) seed reproduction is characteristic
D) have vegetative and generative organs
E) forms a wintering zygospore
Answer
All of the characteristics below, except for two, are used to describe the plant depicted in the figure. Identify two terms that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) attached by rhizoids
2) green plant represented by the gametophyte
3) has a strobilus on the spring shoot
4) reproduces by spores
5) has a branched rhizome
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What signs are characteristic of the department to which the plant shown in the figure belongs?
1) double fertilization
2) predominance in the sporophyte development cycle
3) gametophyte reduction
4) straw stalk
5) complex spike inflorescence
6) intercalary growth
Answer
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13. Kingdom of plants. horsetail
Modern horsetails are perennial herbaceous plants with a rigid stem and a well-developed underground rhizome. Adventitious roots extend from the rhizome. Articulation of shoots is characteristic. On the stems in the nodes of the whorl of branches and small scaly leaves.
Nutrition is autotrophic - chlorophyll is contained in the chloroplasts of green cells of summer shoots. In the spring, shoots grow on the rhizomes, which end in spore-bearing spikelets. This is where controversy comes in. Ripe spores spill out and, having fallen into favorable conditions, germinate, heterosexual gametophytes are formed - the sexual generation. Fertilization takes place in water.
Development of the asexual generation of horsetail - sporophyte:
– Outgrowth (gametophyte) of sperm + egg cell zygote sporophyte (embryo) of spore outgrowth (gametophyte).
Horsetails grow in fields, in forests, or near water bodies, usually in areas with moist soil (only about 30 species have survived). In the fields where horsetails live, the soil needs liming.
14. Kingdom of plants. Club clubs
Perennial evergreen, herbaceous plants with erect and creeping shoots, found in coniferous and mixed forests. Descended from psilophytes. Adventitious roots extend from the creeping areas of the shoot along the ground. Leaves are small, various shapes, located on the shoots alternately, opposite or whorled.
Vegetative reproduction - due to the death of sections of old shoots and the rooting of viable fragments that give rise to new plants. Asexual reproduction is also carried out by spores.
The spores of club mosses are used in medicine as baby powder (talc), in veterinary medicine, and in industry to obtain paint.
15. Kingdom of plants. ferns
Ferns are one of the most ancient groups of higher plants. The stem is short, located in the kidney and is a rhizome. Conductive tissue is well developed in the stem, between the bundles of which there are cells of the main - parenchymal tissue; have adventitious roots. Leaves grow from rhizome buds and spread out above the soil surface. They have apical growth, reach large sizes and perform two functions: photosynthesis and sporulation.
The life cycle alternates between asexual and sexual generation - sporophyte and gametophyte. The sporophyte phase predominates.
The most famous forms: tree-like, epiphytic. There are floating perennial ferns.
Widely distributed throughout the globe and found in a wide variety of places, most diverse in tropical rainforests.
Young succulent leaves of some species are eaten, they are used as medicinal raw materials, fertilizer.
Gymnosperms are plants that produce seeds but do not produce flowers or fruits. The seeds lie open and are only sometimes covered with scales. Descended from primary ferns, include about 700 species of trees and shrubs.
Conifers are the most widespread. Conifers have a well-defined trunk, the leaves are hard, needle-shaped (needles) and do not fall off; are replaced almost throughout life, the greatest life expectancy is characteristic. Evaporation of these substances creates the characteristic aroma of coniferous forest.
Pine is a bisexual, wind-pollinated plant. On young stems, two types of cones are formed - shortened shoots: male and female. Male cones are located at the base of young shoots, have an axis to which scales are attached, small reddish female ones sit on the tops of young shoots. Pollen brought by the wind falls on the scales of female cones. The pollen grain germinates, the sperm reaches the egg through the pollen tube and merges with it - fertilization occurs. Connecting, sperm and egg form a cell with a double set of chromosomes - a zygote. This is the first cell of the sporophyte. In the second year after the formation of the female cone and the transfer of microspores to it, the seeds spill out and are carried by the wind.
Gymnosperms - the basis of the vegetation cover of the row natural areas. 90% of forests are represented by different types of gymnosperms. Birds feed on seeds, wood is used in the economy, pine is used in shipbuilding, paper, cardboard, and turpentine are obtained from it.
17. Kingdom of plants. Angiosperms or flowering plants
Feature - the presence of flowers and angiosperms. 390 flowering families make up two classes: Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous.
The whole variety of forms of flowering plants can be reduced to two main types: woody (trees and shrubs) and herbaceous.
The body is divided into shoot and root systems. The shoot is formed by a stem and leaves and buds located on it. The root system is represented by lateral and adventitious roots. Reproducing organs can develop on the stem: flowers, seeds and fruits.
Reproduction:
- cross-pollination - the transfer of pollen by wind, insects, birds from one plant to another;
- vegetative - by individual parts of the plant: roots, stems or leaves.
plant algae fern lichen root leaf
18. The role of plants in natural communities
In nature, species of plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms are not randomly distributed. They form natural communities. Members of the natural community are connected by direct or indirect food relations, create a habitat for each other and mutually regulate the population. Such complexes of interrelated species are called biocenoses.
Various biocenoses can be distinguished: forests, ponds, swamps, meadows, moss tussocks, collapsing stumps, etc.
In any biocenosis, three groups of organisms are distinguished: producers of organic matter (green plants), its consumers (herbivorous, omnivorous and predatory animals) and destroyers (soil worms, bacteria, mold fungi). In biocenoses, there are processes of struggle for existence and natural selection.
Examples of plant communities are forest, swamp and meadow. The role of plants in the life of the natural community is enormous. Green plants enrich atmospheric air with oxygen, necessary for respiration by the vast majority of organisms.
Plants influence the climate, contribute to the preservation of moisture, purify the air of dust, trap the wind, soften the winter cold, reduce heat, trap snow, shelter animals. Plant roots hold the soil together, preventing it from breaking down.
In species they are flat, in others they are bent, lowered down or raised up. Mushrooms are clearly visible due to the bright color of the upper integumentary layer of the cap-skin. The structure and color of the cap integument is very important to consider when determining the types of mushrooms. Under the cuticle is the subicular layer and the pulp of the cap. By the consistency, color, taste and smell of the pulp, it is sometimes possible to determine the genus and even the type of fungus. ...
The insect, meanwhile, diligently collects the sweet nectar offered by the flower as a reward for labors. Flowers of the correct form, that is, having several axes of symmetry, are called actinomorphic. In the class of dicotyledonous plants, a rich variety of flowering forms is observed. 3. Description of some families of the dicotyledonous class The ranunculus family unites about 1500 species of herbs and shrubs, many ...
Origin (rosin), fatty acids (stearic, oleic) and others. The strength and insolubility of rubber in organic solvents are related to its structure. The properties of rubber are also determined by the type of feedstock. For example, natural rubber rubber is characterized by good elasticity, oil resistance, wear resistance, at the same time it is not very resistant to aggressive environments; rubber from...
The smallest units of life. However, many highly differentiated cells have lost this ability. Cytology as a science At the end of the 19th century. The main attention of cytologists was directed to a detailed study of the structure of cells, the process of their division, and the elucidation of their role as the most important units that provide the physical basis of heredity and the process of development. Development of new methods. At first at...
The plant kingdom is striking in its greatness and diversity. Wherever we go, in whatever corner of the planet we find ourselves, everywhere you can meet representatives flora. Even the ice of the Arctic is no exception for their habitat. What is the plant kingdom? Its species are varied and numerous. What is general characteristics plant kingdom? How can they be classified? Let's try to figure it out.
General characteristics of the plant kingdom
All living organisms can be divided into four kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi and bacteria.
The signs of the plant kingdom are as follows:
- are eukaryotes, that is, plant cells contain nuclei;
- they are autotrophs, that is, they form organic substances from inorganic organic substances in the process of photosynthesis due to the energy of sunlight;
- lead a relatively sedentary lifestyle;
- unlimited in growth throughout life;
- contain plastids and cell walls made of cellulose;
- starch is used as a reserve nutrient;
- the presence of chlorophyll.
Botanical classification of plants
The plant kingdom is divided into two sub-kingdoms:
- lower plants;
- higher plants.
Sub-kingdom "lower plants"
This sub-kingdom includes algae - the simplest in structure and the most ancient plants. However, the world of algae is very diverse and numerous.
Most of them live in or on water. But there are algae that grow in the soil, on trees, on rocks and even in ice.
The body of algae is a thallus or thallus, which has neither root nor shoots. Algae do not have organs and various tissues; they absorb substances (water and mineral salts) through the entire surface of the body.
The sub-kingdom "lower plants" consists of eleven divisions of algae.
Significance for humans: release oxygen; are used for food; used to obtain agar-agar; are used as fertilizers.
Sub-kingdom "higher plants"
Higher plants include organisms that have well-defined tissues, organs (vegetative: root and shoot, generative) and individual development (ontogenesis) of which is divided into embryonic (embryonic) and post-embryonic (post-embryonic) periods.
Higher plants are divided into two groups: spore and seed.
Spore plants spread by means of spores. Reproduction requires water. Seed plants are propagated by seeds. Reproduction does not require water.
Spore plants are divided into the following sections:
- bryophytes;
- lycopsid;
- horsetail;
- ferns.
Seeds are divided into the following departments:
- angiosperms;
- gymnosperms.
Let's consider them in more detail.
Department "bryophytes"
Bryophytes are undersized herbaceous plants whose body is divided into a stem and leaves, they have a kind of roots - rhizoids, the function of which is to absorb water and fix the plant in the soil. In addition to photosynthetic and basic tissue, mosses have no other tissues. Most mosses are perennials and grow only in damp places. Bryophytes are the oldest and simplest group. At the same time, they are quite diverse and numerous and are inferior in the number of species only to angiosperms. There are about 25 thousand of their species.
Bryophytes are divided into two classes - hepatic and leafy.
Liverworts are the most ancient mosses. Their body is a branched flat thallus. They live mainly in the tropics. Representatives of the liverworts: mosses merchantsia and riccia.
Leafy mosses have shoots that consist of stems and leaves. A typical representative is cuckoo flax moss.
Mosses can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual can be either vegetative, when the plant reproduces by parts of stems, thallus or leaves, or spore. During sexual reproduction in mosses, special organs are formed in which immobile eggs and motile spermatozoa mature. Spermatozoa move through the water to the eggs and fertilize them. Then a box with spores grows on the plant, which, after maturation, crumble and spread over long distances.
Mosses prefer wet places, but they grow in deserts, and on rocks, and in tundra, but they are not found in the seas and on highly saline soils, in loose sands and glaciers.
Significance for humans: peat is widely used as a fuel and fertilizer, as well as for the production of wax, paraffin, paints, paper, in construction it is used as a heat-insulating material.
Divisions "lycosform", "horsetail" and "fern"
These three divisions of spore plants have a similar structure and reproduction, most of them grow in shady and humid places. wood forms These plants are very rare.
Ferns, club mosses and horsetails are ancient plants. 350 million years ago, they were large trees, it was they who made up the forests on the planet, in addition, they are the sources of coal deposits at the present time.
A few plant species of the fern-like, horsetail-like and club-like divisions that have survived to this day can be called living fossils.
Externally different types club mosses, horsetails and ferns are different from each other. But they are similar internal structure and reproduction. They are more complex than bryophytes (they have more tissues in their structure), but simpler than seed plants. They belong to spore plants, since they all form spores. They can also reproduce both sexually and asexually.
The most ancient representatives of these groups are club mosses. Today, in coniferous forests, you can find club-shaped club moss.
Horsetails are found in the Northern Hemisphere, now they are represented only by herbs. Horsetails can be found in forests, swamps and meadows. The representative of horsetails is field horsetail, which usually grows on acidic soils.
Ferns are a fairly large group (about 12 thousand species). Among them there are both herbs and trees. They grow almost everywhere. Representatives of ferns are the ostrich and the common bracken.
Significance for humans: the ancient ferns gave us deposits of coal, which is used as fuel and valuable chemical raw materials; some species are used for food, used in medicine, used as fertilizers.
Department "angiosperms" (or "flowering")
Flowering plants are the most numerous and highly organized group of plants. There are more than 300 thousand species. This group makes up the bulk of the planet's vegetation cover. Almost all representatives of the plant world that surround us in everyday life, both wild and garden plants, are representatives of angiosperms. Among them you can find all life forms: trees, shrubs and grasses.
The main difference between angiosperms is that their seeds are covered with a fruit formed from the ovary of the pistil. The fruit is the protection of the seed and promotes their spread. Angiosperms form flowers - the organ of sexual reproduction. They are characterized by double fertilization.
Flowering plants dominate the vegetation cover as the most adapted to the modern conditions of life on our planet.
Value for the person: are used in food; release oxygen into environment; are used as building materials, fuel; are used in the medical, food, perfume industries.
Department "gymnosperms"
Gymnosperms are represented by trees and shrubs. There are no herbs among them. Most gymnosperms have leaves in the form of needles (needles). Among the gymnosperms, a large group of conifers stands out.
About 150 million years ago coniferous plants dominated the plant cover of the planet.
Significance for humans: form coniferous forests; allocate a large number of oxygen; used as fuel, building materials, shipbuilding, furniture manufacturing; are applied in medicine, in the food industry.
Diversity of the plant world, plant names
The above classification has a continuation, the departments are subdivided into classes, classes into orders, then families, then genera, and finally plant species.
The plant kingdom is vast and diverse, so it is customary to use botanical plant names that have a double name. The first word in the name means the genus of plants, and the second - the species. Here is how the taxonomy of the well-known chamomile will look like:
Kingdom: plants.
Department: flower.
Class: dicot.
Order: astrocolor.
Family: aster.
Genus: chamomile.
Type: chamomile.
Classification of plants according to their life forms, description of plants
The plant kingdom is also classified according to life forms, that is, according to the external appearance of the plant organism.
- Trees are perennial plants with lignified aerial parts and a pronounced single trunk.
- Shrubs are also perennial plants with lignified above-ground parts, but, unlike trees, they do not have a pronounced single trunk, and branching begins at the very ground and several equivalent trunks are formed.
- Shrubs are similar to shrubs, but undersized - no higher than 50 cm.
- Semishrubs are similar to shrubs, but differ in that only the lower parts of the shoots are lignified, while the upper parts die off.
- Lianas are plants with clinging, climbing and climbing stems.
- Succulents are perennial plants with leaves or stems that store water.
- Herbs are plants with green, succulent and non-woody shoots.
Wild and cultivated plants
Man also had a hand in the diversity of the plant world, and today plants can also be divided into wild and cultivated.
Wild-growing - plants in nature that grow, develop and spread without human help.
Cultivated plants originate from wild plants, but are obtained by selection, hybridization or genetic engineering. These are all garden plants.
Ferns, in addition to the ferns themselves, also include horsetails and club mosses. This is the oldest group of higher spore plants, "living fossils", descending from psilophytes, who lived 350 million years ago.
ferns
Tree fern forests once covered every continent, including Antarctica. Now tree ferns are found only in the tropics of America, Asia and Australia.
Today there are about 10,000 species of ferns. Most of them are perennial herbs. They have a rhizome from which adventitious roots, stem and leaves extend. 
In addition to the main and photosynthetic, they already have integumentary, conductive and mechanical tissues. Some species have a cambium - an educational tissue with which the stem grows in thickness.
Conductive tissues - phloem (bast) and xylem (wood) - form a stele in ferns - a conductive cylinder located in the center of the stem and rhizome. Water is transported along the stele and nutrients, down, along the bast - organic substances, up, along the wood - water with mineral salts.
Life cycle of ferns
All ferns - ferns, horsetails and club mosses - have a similar life cycle.
They reproduce sexually and asexually. For them, as for bryophytes, the alternation of sexual and asexual generations is characteristic, but, unlike mosses, the asexual generation, the sporophyte, predominates in ferns. It is the sporophyte that forms perennial rhizomatous herbs.
On fern leaves, special organs are formed - sporangia with spores:
In sporangia, thousands of small spores develop, which are carried by the wind and, under favorable conditions, germinate, forming a haploid gametophyte - a growth. The growth is the sexual generation of the fern, it looks like a small (up to several centimeters) heart-shaped plate, has rhizoids for attaching to the soil, and is not divided into organs.
On the growth, male and female genital organs are formed - antheridia and archegonia. In the antheridium, male germ cells are formed - spermatozoa, and in the archegonium - female, eggs. After rain or heavy dew, the spermatozoa swim up to the archegonium and fertilize the egg. Despite the fact that ferns live on land, fertilization is possible only in water.
When the sperm and egg merge, a zygote is formed, from which a new sporophyte grows.
Ferns have another method of reproduction - vegetative, by dividing the rhizome into parts.
Club clubs
Club mosses are the oldest among the ferns. Today they are perennial herbaceous plants with long creeping stems densely planted with hard leaves. Roots go down from the stem, and twigs with spore-bearing spikelets go up
.
In these spikelets, haploid spores are formed, from which very small, 2-3 mm, colorless outgrowths with rhizoids grow. They live underground from 3 to 15 years, forming a symbiosis with fungi, and only after that they form antheridia and archegonia. After fertilization, a new sporophyte grows from the zygote, just like in ferns.
horsetail
Once upon a time, in ancient times, horsetails were huge trees up to 10-20 m high with powerful trunks. Currently, horsetails are perennial herbs, they grow in damp forests, in wet meadows and swamps, especially on acidic soils.
Horsetails have a perennial overwintering rhizome with adventitious roots, from which every year grow above-ground, like small Christmas trees, shoots with a whorled arrangement of leaves. 
Horsetail stalks are tough and contain silica, they are even used for grinding wood and metal. In early spring in horsetail, a spore-bearing stem grows upward from the rhizome - the arrow is thick, pinkish in color. It consists of nodes and internodes, and is hollow inside. The nodes are fused, devoid of chlorophyll, reduced leaves, they cover growth zones rich in sugar. In Rus', these arrows were eaten.
After the spores ripen and spill out, the stem dies off, and green leafy shoots grow to replace it.
Small outgrowths with archegonia and antheridia grow from spores, fertilization occurs in water, after which new sporophyte individuals grow from them.
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