General rules for drawing coordination axes. Construction drawings, coordinate axes Marking of axes

Building floor plans

Working drawings of architectural solutions

Building floor plan- this is an image of a section of a building made by an imaginary horizontal cutting plane passing at the level of window and doorways or at a height of 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor of the building.

The floor plan gives an idea of ​​the configuration and dimensions of the building, reveals the shape and location of individual rooms, window and door openings, main walls, columns, stairs, partitions. The contours of the building elements (walls, piers, pillars, partitions, etc.) that fall into the cut and are located behind the cutting plane are applied to the plan.

If floor plans high-rise building have slight differences from each other, then they completely fulfill the plan of one of the floors, for other floors they perform only parts of the plan necessary to show the difference from the plan depicted in full.

Coordination (layout) axes- these are coordination lines that determine the division of a building or structure into modular steps and floor heights. They determine the position of the main load-bearing structures buildings and pass along its main walls and columns.

These axes, which can be longitudinal or transverse, divide the building into a number of elements.

On the images of each building and structure, coordination axes are indicated, which are assigned an independent notation system. Coordination axes are applied with dash-dotted lines with long strokes in accordance with Figure 5. On the plans, the center axes are taken out of the contour of the walls and are indicated in capital letters of the Russian alphabet and Arabic numerals (numbers), which are recorded in marking circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm. The marking circles of the coordination axes are placed at a distance of 4 mm from the last dimension line.

For marking on the side of a building with a large number axes use numbers, and with a smaller number of axes - letters, with the exception of the letters E, Z, Y, O, X, C, H, SH, b, Y, b. Letters mark, as a rule, the axis running along the building.

The sequence of digital and alphabetic designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top, placing marking circles on the left and bottom sides of the building (Fig. 12, 20).

The designation of the coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure. If the coordination axes of the opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, at the locations, the designations of the indicated axes are additionally applied along the top and / or right sides. Omissions of letters and numbers when marking axes are not allowed.

For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main supporting structures, additional axes are applied and denoted as a fraction, in the numerator of which the designation of the previous coordination axis is indicated, and in the denominator - an additional serial number within the area between the coordination axes (Fig. 11a).

The building, or any structure in the plan, is divided by conditional axial lines into a number of segments. These lines that determine the position of the main load-bearing structures are called longitudinal and transverse coordination axes.

The interval between the coordination axes in the plan of the building is called a step, and in the predominant direction the step can be longitudinal or transverse.

In the event that the distance between the coordinating longitudinal axes coincides with the span, overlap or coating of the main supporting structure, then this interval is called the span.

For floor height H This is the distance from the floor level of the selected floor to the floor level of the floor above. By the same principle, the height of the upper floor is also determined, at which the thickness of the attic floor is assumed to be conditionally equal to the thickness of the interfloor floor c. In industrial one-story buildings, the floor height is equal to the distance from the floor to the bottom surface of the roof structure.

In order to determine the relative position of the parts of the building, a grid of coordination axes is used that determines the supporting structures of this building.

Drawing coordination axes.

Coordination axes are stroked with dotted thin lines and marked inside circles with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm. The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200 - 1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10. The direction of the marking of the axes is applied from left to right, horizontally and from bottom to top, vertically.

If the coordination axes of the opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of these axes at the divergence points are additionally applied on the upper and / or right sides. For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main supporting structures, additional axes are applied and denoted as a fraction:

• above the line indicate the designation of the previous coordination axis;
• under the line - an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with the figure.

It is allowed to assign digital and letter designations in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.

Binding of coordination axes occurs according to the rules described in paragraph 4 GOST 28984-91. Example:

The binding of load-bearing walls made of piece materials to the coordination axes should be carried out in compliance with the following rules:

• a) when resting directly on the walls of the coating slabs, the inner surface of the wall should be taken from the longitudinal coordination axis at a distance of 130 mm for brick walls and 150 mm for block walls;
• b) when supporting the walls of the supporting structures of the coating (beams) with a brick wall thickness of 380 mm or more (for blocks of 400 m or more), the longitudinal coordination axis should pass at a distance of 250 mm from the inner surface of the wall (300 mm for a wall of blocks);
• c) at brick walls 380 mm thick with pilasters 130 mm wide, the distance from the longitudinal axis to the inner surface of the wall should be 130 mm;
• d) with brick walls of any thickness with pilasters more than 130 mm thick, the inner surface of the walls is aligned with the coordination axis (“zero” binding);
• e) the binding of the bearing end wall when the roof slabs are supported on it should be taken the same as when the roof slabs are supported on the longitudinal wall;
• e) geometric axes internal load-bearing walls must be aligned with the coordination axes.

When supporting floor slabs for the entire thickness of the bearing wall, it is allowed to align the outer coordination plane of the walls with the coordination axis (Fig. 9d).

Marking of coordination axes.

Coordination axes are marked with Arabic numerals and capital letters, except for the symbols: 3, Y, O, X, S, b, b. The numbers indicate the axes along the side of the building with the largest number of coordination axes. Axes marking is located, as a rule, on the left and lower sides of the building plan. The height of the font denoting the coordination axes is chosen one or two numbers more than the size of the numbers on the same sheet. Omissions in the numerical and alphabetic designations of the coordination axes are not allowed.

On the image of a repeating element attached to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with the figure:

• "a" - with the number of coordination axes not more than 3;
• "b" - "" "" more than 3;
• "c" - for all alphabetic and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached, with respect to the neighboring axis, is indicated in accordance with the figure.

1. Rules for the design of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.

General information.

The main and working drawings are carried out in line drawing, using lines of different thicknesses, due to which the necessary expressiveness of the image is achieved. In this case, the elements that fall into the cut are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas behind the section are thinner. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.

Scales images in the drawings should be selected from the following row: to reduce -1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000; 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; to increase - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.

The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, facades, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; blueprints large buildings perform on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Units and details of any buildings are performed on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25.

Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of the structural elements of the building, the dimensions of steps and spans. Axial lines are applied with a dash-dotted thin line with long strokes and are marked with marks that are put down in circles.

On building plans longitudinal axes, as a rule, they are taken out to the left of the drawing, transverse - from below. If the location of the axes of the opposite sides of the plan does not match, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is done through. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal ones are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except for E, Z, Y, O, X, Y, E) upwards.

The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200-1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10..

The font size for marking the axes should be over size font size numbers used in the drawing, 1.5-2 times. Marking of axes on sections, facades, nodes and details must comply with the plan.
To apply dimensions on the drawing, dimension and extension lines are drawn. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the contour of the drawing in an amount of two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing indicate the dimensions of the smallest divisions, on the next - larger ones. On the last dimension line, the total size between the extreme axes is indicated with the binding of these axes to the outer faces of the walls. Dimension lines should be applied so that it is not difficult to read the drawing itself. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is taken at 6-8 mm.
The segments on the dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of the outer elements of the walls (windows, partition, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be applied starting at a small distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, to the intersection with the dimension line. The intersections are fixed with serifs having a slope of 45 °. With very closely spaced small sizes in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs are allowed to be replaced by dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1-3 mm.

On the internal dimension lines indicate the linear dimensions of the premises, the thickness of the partitions and internal walls, width of door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the inner edges of walls or partitions so as not to obstruct the reading of the drawing.


Rules drawings plans in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-wire lines; g - area of ​​premises; e - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).

Dimensional and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without a dimension designation. The numbers are applied above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil.

^ Level marks and slopes. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. The level marks are counted from the conditional zero mark, which, as a rule, is taken for buildings as the level of the finished floor or the upper edge of the floor of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a "-" sign, marks above zero - without a sign. The numerical value of the marks is put down in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension.

Rules for applying marks, sizes and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing).

To indicate the mark on facades, sections and sections, a symbol is used in the form of an arrow with sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45 °, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the finished floor or ceiling plane) or on the extension line of the element level (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal ledges, exterior walls). In this case, the marks of the external elements are taken out of the drawing, and the internal ones are placed inside the drawing

On the plans, marks are applied in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf with a “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle, on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, various openings in the floors - on the leader line.

The magnitude of the slope on the cuts should be indicated as a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and denoted by a special sign, the acute angle of which is directed towards the slope. This designation is applied above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it.

Designation of cuts and sections show an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken cut, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown

At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line extended beyond the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are placed under the arrows in transverse sections and on the side of the outer side of the arrows - in longitudinal ones. See the illustration on the right for the arrows' style and size.

^ Designation of the areas of premises. Areas expressed in square meters with two decimal places without a dimension designation, they are usually put down in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers are underlined.

In the drawings of projects of residential buildings, in addition, the residential and useful (total) area of ​​\u200b\u200beach apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the living area of ​​​​the apartment, and the denominator is useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe drawing allows, on the plan of the front.

^ Remote inscriptions, explaining the names of individual parts of structures in nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal one serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription. With a small scale of the drawing, the leader line can be completed without an arrow and a dot.

Remote inscriptions to multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called "flags". The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension.

Marks of structural elements on the layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or put a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the contour. The font size for designating brands should be larger than the font size numbers on the same drawing

Marking nodes and fragments - important element design drawings to help them read. The main purpose of marking is to link nodes and fragments taken out on a larger scale with detailed areas on the main drawing.

When placing nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) with an indication on the shelf of the leader line with a number or letter of the serial number of the element to be taken out. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line, indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed

Above the image or on the side of the rendered node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on), a double circle is placed with the designation of the serial number of the node. Circle diameter 10-14 mm

Technical construction drawings are accompanied by the names of individual images, textual explanations, tables of specifications, etc. For these purposes, a standard roman font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; ten; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, stamp filling, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for illustrative drawings. Image titles are placed above the drawings. These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. Headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.

^ Floor plan.

In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to follow the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the mark of the finished floor or the floor number, for example, “Plan for elev. 0.000", "Plan of 3-16 floors", it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the premises of the floor in the names of the plans, for example, "Plan of the technical underground", "Plan of the attic"

Floor plan depicted as a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. With a multi-tiered arrangement of windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within window openings lower tier. All structural elements that fell into the section (steles, pillars, columns) are circled with a thickened line

On floor plans apply:

1) coordination axes of the building with a dash-dotted thin line;

2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external - outside);

3) marks of the levels of clean floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);

4) cut lines (cut lines are carried out, as a rule, in such a way that the openings of windows, external gates and doors fall into the cut);

5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (it is allowed to mark the openings of gates and doors in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);

5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;

6) names of premises, their area

The names of the premises are allowed, their areas are given in the explications in form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are put down on the plans.

Form 2

Explication of premises

Built-in premises and other sections of the building, on which separate drawings are made, are schematically depicted as a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.

Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically by a dash-dotted thin line with two points

^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building:

Floor plan elements.

Lightweight concrete block walls. ^ Symbol in plan:

The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm.

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 200 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm.

^ The walls are brick.

The wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm).

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

The dimensions of an ordinary ceramic brick are 250x120x65 (88) mm.

^ Timber walls.

Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 180, 220 mm.

^ The walls are timbered.

Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (multiple of 20mm).

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 180 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 180 - 320 mm.

^ Walls - wooden frame filled with effective insulation.

The thickness of the frame stand is 100, 150, 180mm + 40-50mm double-sided plating.

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm.

Partitions:

from lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;

brick, thickness 120mm;

three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;

plasterboard metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.

Window openings:

in brick walls;

in timber, log and frame walls.

Doorways external:

in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;

brick walls;

and frame walls.

Doorways internal:

for all types of walls.

GOST 21.101-97
INTERSTATE STANDARD
SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION
MAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR PROJECT AND WORKING DOCUMENTATION

5. GENERAL RULES FOR DOCUMENTATION

Coordination axes

5.4. Coordination axes are indicated on the image of each building or structure and an independent notation system is assigned to them.

Coordination axes are applied to the images of the building, structures with thin dash-dotted lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: Ё, 3, Ъ, O, X, C, Ch, Щ, b, Y, b) in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm.

Omissions in numerical and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of the coordination axes are not allowed.

5.5. The numbers indicate the coordination axes along the side of the building and structures with a large number of axes. If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordination axes, subsequent axes are designated by two letters.
Example: AA; BB; VV.

5.6. The sequence of numerical and alphabetic designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top (Fig. 1a) or as shown in Fig. 1b, c.

5.7. The designation of the coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure.
If the coordination axes of the opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of these axes at the divergence points are additionally applied on the upper and / or right sides.

5.8. For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main supporting structures, additional axes are applied and denoted as a fraction:
above the line indicate the designation of the previous coordination axis;
under the line - additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with fig. 1g

It is allowed to assign numerical and alphabetic designations to the coordinating axes of half-timbered columns in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.

5.9. On the image of a repeating element attached to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with Fig. 2:

"a" - with the number of coordination axes not more than 3;
"b" - with more than 3 coordination axes;
"c" - for all alphabetic and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis, to which the element is attached, in relation to the neighboring axis, is indicated in accordance with Fig. 2y.

Rice. 2

5.10. To designate the coordination axes of block sections of residential buildings, the index "c" is used.
Examples: 1s, 2s, Ac, Bs.

On the plans of residential buildings, arranged from block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the block sections are indicated without an index in accordance with Fig. 3.

Rice. 3

The construction of the main elements of buildings is carried out using modular size coordination in construction (MKRS), according to which the dimensions of the main space-planning elements of the building must be a multiple of the module.
The main module is taken equal to 100 mm.
Main structural elements ( bearing walls, columns) buildings are located along the modular coordination axes(longitudinal and transverse). The distance between the coordination axes in low-rise buildings are taken as multiples of the 3M module (300 mm).
To determine the relative position of building elements, grid of coordination axes.
Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dotted thin lines and are usually indicated on the left and bottom sides of the plan, marked, starting from the lower left corner, with Arabic numerals (from left to right) and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (from bottom to top) in circles with a diameter of 6 ... 12 mm (Fig. .2).

Rice. 2. An example of marking the coordination axes

Dimensions on construction drawings they are affixed in millimeters and are applied, as a rule, in the form of a closed chain.
Dimension lines are limited to serifs - short strokes 2 ... 4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45 ° to the dimension line. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1 ... 3 mm. The dimension number is located above the dimension line at a distance of 1 ... 2 mm (Fig. 3, a).
To designate cutting plane positions section or section of a building, an open line is used in the form of separate thickened strokes with arrows indicating the direction of view. The cut line is marked with Arabic numerals (Fig. 3, c). The start and end strokes must not cross the outline of the image.
The dimensions of buildings in height (height of floors) are assigned as multiples of the modules. Floor height of a building is defined as the distance from the floor level of a given floor to the floor level of an overlying floor. In projects of residential buildings, the floor height is assumed to be 2.8; 3.0; 3.3 m
On facades and sections, high-rise marks the level of an element or structure of a building from any calculated level taken as zero. Most often, the level of the finished floor (floor covering) of the first floor is taken as the zero level (mark ± 0.000).
Level marks are indicated in meters with three decimal places without indicating units of length and are placed on extension lines in the form of an arrow with a shelf. Parties right angle arrows are drawn with a solid thick main line at an angle of 45 ° to the extension line (Fig. 4).

Rice. 3. Inscription of the dimensions and position of the cuts:

a - dimensions and dimension lines; b – gaze direction arrow;
c - positions of cuts

Rice. 4. Drawing level marks on the views:

a - dimensions of the level mark; b - examples of location and design
level marks on cuts and sections; c – the same, with explanatory inscriptions;
d - an example of the image of the level sign on the plans

The mark mark may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions: Ur.ch.p. - the level of the clean floor; Ur.z. - ground level.
Marks on the plans are applied in rectangles (Fig. 4, d). Marks above the zero level are indicated with a plus sign (for example, + 2.700), below zero - with a minus sign (for example, - 0.200).
The following are accepted in construction drawings: denominations types of buildings.
AT names of plans the building indicates the mark of the finished floor of the floor, the floor number or the designation of the corresponding plane; when executing a part of the plan - the axes that limit this part, for example:
Elevation plan +3,000;
2nd floor plan;
Plan 3–3;
Elevation plan 0.000 in axes 21–39, A–D.
AT name of cuts of the building, the designation of the corresponding secant plane is indicated (in Arabic numerals), for example, Section 1–1.
AT names of facades of the building, the extreme axes are indicated, between which the facade is located, for example:
Facade 1–5;
Facade 12–1;
Facade A-G.
For multilayer structures, portable inscriptions located on shelves in a straight line,
ending with an arrow (Fig. 5). The sequence of inscriptions (material or construction of layers with indication of their thickness) to individual layers must correspond to the sequence of their location on the drawing from top to bottom and from left to right.
On the leader lines, ending with a shelf, additional explanations to the drawing or item numbers of elements in the specification are placed.

Rice. 5. Examples of execution of portable inscriptions

Graphic symbols materials in sections and sections of buildings and structures are given in App. 3. The distance between parallel hatching lines is selected within 1 ... 10 mm, depending on the hatching area and image scale. Material designations are not used in the drawings if the material is homogeneous, if the dimensions of the image do not allow the symbol to be applied.
Conditional graphic images building elements and sanitary facilities are given in App. four.