What are the vowels and consonants in Russian. Vowels and consonants sounds and letters - Knowledge Hypermarket. How many pairs do Russian consonants form in hardness-softness

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveness" of our native language is the merit of its constituent words. But before you learn how to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.

When studying a language with a child, you need to clearly let him understand the differences between oral and written speech. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is, and what is a letter.

Sounds are what we perceive with our ears. Our brain easily separates what is related to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.

A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But, here for the child lies a very big difficulty. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper in different words can differ both in one direction and in the other.

How many letters and sounds in the Russian language and alphabet and their ratio

IMPORTANT: We hear sounds and can produce them with our speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! There are sounds in all languages. Even in those where there is no writing.

In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced. "b" and "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.

There is also such a "school" word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] pronounced sound [S].

There are still a lot of words in Russian that are not pronounced the way they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.

Alphabet

Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for each people who created their own language, it differs in features characteristic of this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that uses a particular people, there is a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all letters used in writing, standing in strict order.

The alphabet of the Russian language has 33 letters and looks like this:

The alphabet is the base of any language that everyone who learns it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Of course. But, in addition to being able to express your thoughts, you need to learn how to write and read. And this can not be done without knowing the alphabet.

Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, a small primer that the child can take with him on walks or trips.

In our computerized age, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help you learn the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can connect your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be of interest to the child. Then the training will go faster and more efficiently.

INTERESTING: Teachers came up with a very interesting and fun way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we should not forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, collect them from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter that the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.

Vowel sounds and letters

Introducing the alphabet to a child is a very exciting activity. But, this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue the study of its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.

Those letters that are pronounced lingeringly are called vowels.

• There are 10 vowels in Russian "A", "E", "E", "I", "O", "U", "S", "E", "Yu", "I"
• 6 vowels [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s]. Usually vowel sounds in the school curriculum should be highlighted in red.

We have already found out the difference between the elementary particles of the language.

Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotated. They mean one or two sounds.

From this table - this difference can be seen again:

INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter "Yo". Today it is mistakenly considered that it was introduced into our alphabet by Karamzin. But, it's not. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783, at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters "IO" to one "Yo".

Stressed and unstressed vowels

• Stressed vowel pronounced with great force and does not change.

For example: sn e g, st ý l, sh a f

• unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.

For example: to O rzina (heard instead of O, sound BUT), m E two d (In the first unstressed vowel instead of E, is heard And), pl E cho (vowel And heard instead E).

IMPORTANT: The stress is not put in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.

Vowels Iotated letters I, Yu, E, Yo make the consonant sound in front of them soft and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], ё → [o], yu → [y], i → [a ].

For example:

• At the beginning of a word: hedgehog [y'ozhik]
• In the middle of a word: shelter [at y'ut]
• At the end of a word: gun [rouge y'o]

Hard and soft vowels directly affect consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in a word "package"), and soft (in the word "cookie").

Consonants and letters

Consonants are called such because of the inclusion of consonants in their composition. There are 36 consonants in Russian:

Soft sounds are marked with an apostrophe.
And 21 consonants:

Consonants and sounds soft and hard: table

Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but "Hand"- solid. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. Soften the sounds of iot vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" and "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:

• "White"
• "Love"
• "Friday"

Also softens the sounds of the letter "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. An important role is played by the presence of a soft sign at the end of the word:

• "Linen" and "laziness"

A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:

• "Skates"

Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table

Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Voiced are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a deaf sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.

Voiced consonants

are formed during the passage of an air stream through the passage of the oral cavity and vibration of the vocal cords. This results in consonants such as:

When forming voiceless consonants

To make it easy to remember deaf consonants, remember the expression: STEPKA DO YOU WANT A PIECE? - FI! All consonants in these words are deaf.

If you delete all vowels from this expression, only deaf consonants remain.

Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table

By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:

Paired and unpaired voiced and deaf consonants: table

In Russian, it is customary to distinguish pairs of deaf-voiced consonants:

The remaining consonants are unpaired:

Sometimes there is a "forced" deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This is due to the position of the sound in the word. A common example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] and booth [butka].

Sonorant- voiced unpaired consonants. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]

Noisy consonants - there are voiced and deaf:

1. Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [c], [h'], [w], [w'];
2. Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [h], [h '].

Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:

Hissing consonants

Consonants "AND", "SH", "H" and "SCH" are called hissing. These letters bring some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. While studying these letters, the child should know the rules:

• "ZhI" — "SHI" write with "AND"
• "CHA" — "ShA" with a letter "BUT"
• "CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"

Letter "AND" voiced, and the other three ( "H", "SH" and "SCH") are deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that it is impossible to pronounce from without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce hissing consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment to these sounds.

The letter "and short" denotes the consonant sound th

Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets where the Cyrillic alphabet is used. In the Russian alphabet, this letter occupies the 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and voiced consonant J.

It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil type was introduced (as opposed to the church type), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" missing an important part. At the same time, the sound that was designated by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" in the letter succeeded under Peter I. But, at the same time, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.

Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, to such sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still refers to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.

Which letters have multiple sounds?

Ribbon of letters and sounds for elementary school

Very good help in learning the Russian language in various manuals. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, develop reading skills in children faster and facilitate the phonetic analysis of a word.

Even at first glance "Tape of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from the case. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can self-teach their child literacy with this tool.

"Tape of letters" You can buy it at a stationery store or make your own. For example, you can use this diagram.

Video. Native language lessons Grade 1

Vowel sounds in Russian respectively denote vowels. It is worth remembering that the Russian language is rich in 10 vowels, which in total account for six vowels:

However, there are letters that are denoted by two sounds at once - these are letters such as iquot ;, equot ;,



In the Russian alphabet, letters denoting vowel sounds

Letters need to be memorized and definitely known, because letters can represent not one sound, but two, they can soften a consonant sound and may not soften it. If you skip this topic in the first grade, then there are problems with phonetic analysis. You need to learn to determine which letter carries which sound and in which cases two sounds and both vowels, and in which cases an ioted sound appears.

Below is a table, it shows that letters and vowels do not match in number. Draw yourself a similar table at home to do your homework correctly.



The letters of the Russian alphabet are divided into three groups:!) vowels, 2) consonants, and 3) two letters that do not indicate a sound: b and b.

Vowels represent ten letters: a, o, y, s, e, i, e, u, and.

Sound a denoted in two ways: a or i (after a consonant). For example: fall, five

pa te r o.

Similarly, the sound o indicated by the letters o or quot ;: water, birch be rO z a.

Sound u - these are the letters or yu (after a consonant sound): bow, hatch.

Sound e on the letter is indicated by two letters: e or e (after a consonant sound): mayor, scarf, forest.

Sound and - this is the letter andquot ;: beat, sour.

Sound y respectively denoted by the letters and or yquot ;: fat, zinc, was, was.

There are single and multi-valued letters denoting vowel sounds. Their difference is that unambiguous ones always sound the same - they have the same phoneme.

In multi-valued letters, the phoneme can change depending on the location in the word.

So, here are the single-valued letters denoting vowels:

Here are the multivalued ones:

Even from the school bench it is known that in the Russian alphabet there are ten vowels - a, o, y, s, uh, i, e, u, i. They also denote sounds, as far as I understand. Moreover, there are vowels that are divided into two sounds, for example, I, yu, e. For example, the letter i is divided into two sounds a and y.

Vowel sounds in Russian denote vowels, of which there are exactly ten in the Russian alphabet.

So, the following letters (vowels) represent vowel sounds:

• a, e, i, o, u, s, e, u, i.

Word examples:

• strength - two vowels and two vowels: i, a;
• ld - a vowel letter, which denotes the vowel sound o;
• mint - two vowels and two vowels: sounds a and a.

• There are only 10 vowels in Russian. For clarity, I will post a picture that shows the alphabet. The red letters are vowels, the blue ones are consonants, the black ones are separators that do not indicate any sound:

  

  But it is worth remembering that although there are ten letters, there are fewer vowel sounds - only six (a, o, u, e, and, s). The fact is that the remaining vowels (, e, u, i) are formed by combining the consonant with any vowel (for example, is y and o).

  This question is probably the easiest, for the person who can write. if he learned to write, then he already knows how to read. The vowels of the Russian alphabet are studied first of all, after the consonants. Anyway, that's what I did. Of course, I'm not saying that these were only two letters, the first and last, but these are also vowels.

  There are only ten such letters, let's list them all.

  That's all. These are all letters that represent vowel sounds.

  There are only thirty-three letters in Russian.

  There are only twenty-one consonants.

  Vowels are ten letters, namely: the letter A, the letter O, the letter U, the letter, the letter I, the letter Yu, the letter E, the letter Y, the letter E, and also the letter I.

  Only six sounds are vowels, namely: A, U, O, E, I, and also the sound Y.

  

  a, o, y, s, uh, i, e, u, and;

  They are familiar to everyone, at least to people who know Russian. There are single and multi-valued letters. Polysemantic - this is when a letter denotes two sounds.

  

In russian language 6 main(that is, those that are pronounced under stress) vowels:

A

which are written in 10 letters:

AI O Y E E U Y U Y I

1. The use of vowels as part of a word has some features in Russian:

• The vowel [s] at the beginning of words, as a rule, does not appear; initial [s] is possible in rare borrowed proper nouns.

Yiya, Ynykgan.

• The sound [s] is used only after solid consonants.

Smoke[smoke], rear[rear].

• The sound [and] is used only after soft consonants.

Physicist[physicist].

• The spelling of the letter and after zh, sh, ts (these sounds are always solid) is not determined by pronunciation: letter combinations zhi, shi, qi are pronounced as [zhy], [shy], [tsy].
• The vowel [s] is pronounced at the place of the letter and also at the beginning of the word after the preposition on a solid consonant (the preposition does not have its own stress and adjoins the next word).

From iris- [from] rice.

• The vowel [e] is used in most cases after soft consonants.

Children[d'et'i], the weight[w'esʹ].

But there are digressions here. The sound [e] is combined with hard consonants:

• after [w], [w], [c];

Gesture[gesture], six[she't'], prices[prices].

• in some foreign words;

Test[test], pace[tempo].

• in some compound words.

HPP, VTEK.

2. A characteristic feature of Russian pronunciation is the different sound of vowels under stress and without stress.

• The vowel in the stressed position is in strong position, that is, it is pronounced most clearly and with the greatest force. The unstressed vowel is in weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and less distinctly.

3. In an unstressed position (in a weak position), all vowel sounds are pronounced with less force, but some of them retain their qualitative characteristics, while others do not:

• vowels [i], [s], [y] (letters i, s, y, y) do not change the sound quality in an unstressed position;

Mil[m'il] - mila[m'ila], lived[live] - lived[lived], jester[joke] - (no) jester[joking].

Exception makes a sound [and]: at the beginning of a word, if in the flow of speech the word merges with the previous word ending in a solid consonant, [s] sounds in place;

in exile[in exile].

• vowels [a], [o], [e] (letters a, i, o, e, e, e) change the sound quality in an unstressed position.

4. Russian literary pronunciation is usually called "aka" and "hiccup".

• In the prestressed syllable after hard consonants in place of vowels [a], [o], [e] (in the position after solid this sound is rarely found in Russian), a sound usually sounds close to [a]. In the school version of transcription, it is customary to designate it as [a], although this sound is not so open, therefore, in linguistics, a special sign [Λ] is used to designate it.

My[moj] - my[mΛja] or [maja], gave[gave] - gave[dΛla] or [gave].

• In the prestressed syllable after soft consonants in place of the vowels [a], [o], [e], a sound close to [and] sounds. In the school version of transcription, it is usually denoted as [and], although this sound sounds more like [and] with an overtone [e] - [and e].

Wed: took[vz'al] - took[vz’i e la] or [vz’ila], carried[nose] - carried[n'i e sla] or [n'isla], white[b'el] - white[b'i e la] or [b'ila].

• It is precisely with these features of Russian pronunciation that the need to check unstressed vowels with the help of related words in which this vowel is stressed, that is, in a strong position, is connected.
• The position of the vowel in the first prestressed syllable is called Iweak position: the force of exhalation when pronouncing the pre-stressed syllable is about one and a half times less than when pronouncing the stressed syllable.

So, in the I weak position in place [a], [o], [e], after hard consonants, a sound close to [a] - [Λ] sounds, after soft consonants - a sound close to [i] - [ie] .

5. Exception can make up some words with vowels [a], [o], [e] in I weak position after hissing [g], [w] and after the sound [c]:

• after hard [w], [w], [c] before a soft consonant in place [a], a sound usually sounds, the middle one between [s] and [e] (indicated by [s e]);

regret[zhy e l'et'], horses[lyshy e d'ej], twenty[dvtsy e t'i].

• in place of the letter e after [w], [w], [c], a sound sounds, the middle between [s] and [e], - [s e];

Wife[zhyena], sixth[shyestoj], price[tsyena].

• after solid [g], [w] in place of [a], a sound close to [a] - [Λ] sounds, as well as after other solid consonant sounds.

Ball[ball] - balls[shΛry].

6. In other unstressed syllables (second, third pre-stressed syllables, stressed syllables), the vowels [a], [o], [e] sound even weaker and fuzzy.

• The position of the vowel in other unstressed syllables (not in the first pre-stressed) is usually called IIweak position: the force of exhalation when pronouncing such syllables is three times less compared to a stressed syllable.
• In the school course, these sounds are not specifically stipulated.
• In linguistics, such sounds are usually called reduced, that is, “weakened”. To designate them, signs are most often used: “er” [b] - after hard consonants, “er” [b] - after soft consonants. (This resource uses a simplified version of the transcription of vowels, that is, the peculiarities of the pronunciation of vowels [o], [a], [e] in closed and open stressed syllables are not taken into account, the difference in pronunciation of [o], [a], [e] in stressed syllable, etc.)

For example:

after hard consonants: brownie[dmavoj], fish[fish], roof[roof], entirely[ts'l'ikom];

after soft consonants: Private[r'davoj], field[Paul], watchmaker[ch'sΛfshch'ik].

7. Exception constitutes II weak position of vowels in the absolute beginning of the word [a], [o]. In place of these vowels at the beginning of the word, it is not the reduced “er” [b] that sounds, but a sound close to [a] - [Λ], as in the I weak position after hard consonants.

Cucumber[Λgur'etz]; a monkey[Λb'iez'janʹ].

If you liked it, share it with your friends:

Join us atFacebook!

See also:

Preparation for exams in Russian:

The formation of vowels, their difference from consonants, weak and strong positions of vowels, stressed and unstressed vowels and their designation with letters, syllable formation, orthograms-vowels. Your child is getting acquainted with the alphabet for the first time, and many children find it difficult to understand and distinguish between a consonant and a vowel. The child must understand one thing: vowels are melodious, baked, and are indicated in the text in red. It is better to acquaint the child with these concepts in a playful way.

There are 10 vowels in Russian 10: A-Z, O-Yo, U-Yu, Y-I, E-E and all

6 vowels: [A], [O], [U], [S], [E], [I].

When pronouncing vowels, the exhaled air freely exits through the larynx and oral cavity between the vocal cords and does not encounter obstacles. Vowel sounds consist of a voice in the complete absence of noise. Consonants differ from vowels in that when consonants are formed, air encounters an obstacle in the oral cavity, creating noise. Consonants consist of voice and noise (voiced) or only noise (voiceless).

Teaching letters to children 4-6 years old

The purpose of the section is to introduce the kids to writing a letter, to teach them to perceive letters by ear.

When pronouncing vowel sounds, we do not create any barrier to the exhaled air, and depending on the sound being pronounced, we only change the shape of the oral cavity with the help of movable organs of speech: tongue, lips, lower jaw and soft palate. The oral cavity may vary in relation to the distance between the surface of the tongue and the hard palate. Depending on this distance, vowel sounds in both Russian and English are divided into open and closed.

By lowering the lower jaw with the tongue flat, we increase the distance between the palate and the tongue and get an open sound.

Raising the middle part of the tongue towards the palate, we narrow the distance for the passage of the air stream and get a closed sound.

Let's compare the pronunciation of Russian sounds [А] and [И]. [A] - the sound is open, when it is pronounced, the mouth is wide open, and a stream of air passes freely between the tongue and palate. [And] - the sound is closed, when it is pronounced, the tongue is raised, and the passage for the air stream is narrowed.

If we compare three sounds: [A], [E], [I], then we will notice that [E] is a more open sound compared to [I], but not as open as [A].

Long and short vowels

English vowels are divided into long and short. The brevity or length of vowels in Russian does not affect the meaning of the word, while in English this is of great importance: depending on the length or shortness of the vowel, the meaning of the word changes.

In phonetic transcription, vowel length is indicated by [:].

diphthongs

In English, unlike Russian,

Russian has 21 consonants and 36 consonants. Consonants and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [e], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], r - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].

Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).

Scheme 1. Consonant letters and consonant sounds of the Russian language.

Hard and soft consonants

Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon '] - con [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].

For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If a consonant letter in different words means either a soft or a hard sound, then the sound is paired. For example, in the word cat, the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale, the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ']. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [v] and [k '] do not make a pair in hardness-softness, but make a pair [v] - [v ']. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [g] is always solid. There are no words in Russian where it would be soft [zh']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w ’], then it belongs to unpaired ones.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Thanks to voiced and deaf consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Deaf consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost covered; when they are pronounced, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.

Some consonant sounds have a similar sound in terms of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - deaf or sonorous. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.

• paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
• unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.

Sonorant, noisy and hissing consonants

Sonorant - voiced unpaired consonants. There are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:

1. Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [q], [h'], [w], [w'];
2. Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [s ], [h'].

Hissing consonants (4): [g], [h '], [w], [u '].

Paired and unpaired consonants

Consonants (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:

To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know