Unions in Russian: description and classification. What are the conjunctions in Russian? Examples of sentences with allied words - adverbs
Hello. This lecture will be devoted to unions and their types. First, consider what a union is.
So everyone knows that Union is an official part of speech. And the service parts of speech, in turn, do not change grammatically and are not members of the sentence (as younger students say: "They are not underlined"), in contrast to allied words. But we will talk about allied words later.
Now about the meaning of such a part of speech as a union. The meaning of conjunctions is that it connects parts of a complex sentence; can connect sentences in a text (for example, in literary texts we often see that the words of a sentence begin with conjunctions); also connects homogeneous terms in a simple sentence.
Union classification can be varied due to the fact that you can choose a different attribute-classifier. For example, unions are simple and compound. Simple ones, as a rule, consist of one word (and sometimes it is a syllable), compound ones have a more complex structure. A large number of compound words are words that have passed into the category of unions, which are themselves independent parts of speech. . Examples of simple unions - a, yes, and, only, whether, but, what, so, once, the same, how, after all, than, at least, so that, let. Also, simple ones include unions with a frozen form of a word related to the significant part of speech, for example, in order to, rather than, that is, if, etc. Examples of compound unions: due to the fact that, perhaps, so, all the more so, then that, despite the fact that, somehow suddenly, just now, as if, as, for example, since, exactly like , without not, in order to, then in order to, in order to, in order to, in case, in case, sooner than, as soon as, just, just, just, barely, just a little.
It can also be classified according to other criteria. Some words can only be unions, while others can also be, for example, a preposition or a pronoun or some other part of speech. The first include: will, if, so that, either, but, rather than, if, because, because. It is easy to guess that this group is not numerous. The second group includes a much larger number of words.
Most often, when we talk about the classification of unions, we are dealing with a classification by value.
Distinguish:
- Writing unions.
- subordinating unions.
Coordinating ones are also divided into connecting (these unions connect sentences or homogeneous words, and the connected sentences are equal) and subordinating (there is a relationship of dependence (subordination) between sentences or parts of a sentence).
Let's talk more about coordinating conjunctions. They are usually divided into:
- Connecting. I matter - and this subject, and that. Examples: and, yes (meaning and), also, like...so, neither....neither, too, not only... but also...
- Opposite. They matter - not that, but this subject. Examples: a, yes (meaning but), but, however ...
- Dividing. The meaning is either this item or that one. Examples: or, either, or...or, either...or,
Subordinating unions are divided into (it is easy to see the connection between the categories of unions and the types of subordination in NGN):
- Explanatory. Examples: what, as if, in order to.
- circumstantial.
Circumstances are divided into:
- Temporary: when, while, while, as soon as...
- Goals: for the sake of, in order to.
- Conditions: if.
- Concessions: in spite of the fact that, although.
- Consequences: so.
- Reasons: because, because, since.
- Comparisons: as if, as if, as if.
Subordinating conjunctions and allied words are the connecting link between the main and dependent clause in a complex sentence (CSP). Here is a list of allied words and subordinating conjunctions, depending on what kind of subordinate clause they attach in meaning.
Subordinating conjunctions
Unlike unions, words of the service part of speech, they play the role of a union and at the same time remain full members of the sentence.
I was asked who I was, first in Portuguese, then in Spanish, then in French, but I did not know any of these languages (Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).
- (Who?) I- is the subject;
- (What does it say about me?) who it- compound nominal predicate.
We list allied words - pronouns:
- who;
- what;
- which;
- what;
- which;
- whose;
- how much (how much).
Examples of sentences with allied words - pronouns
Let me ask you, who has the honor of being the first? (Arthur Conan Doyle. Hound of the Baskervilles).
Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what frightened him (M. N. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).
Sometimes the gentleman, no matter how angry he was, would calm down with her and talk graciously to me (A. S. Pushkin. Belkin's Tales).
There was no answer, except for that general answer that life gives to all the most complex and insoluble questions (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).
But what this period was, he did not know and could not find out (Anatoly Rybakov. Children of the Arbat).
Is he really doomed to perish, this young man with a beautiful strong body, a young man whose voice sounds like a call of a bugle and the ringing of weapons? (Jack London. Iron heel).
But come on, how much is still unspoiled, childish in it (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).
But he was already in such a rage that he did not notice how futile his efforts were (Jack London. Hearts of Three).
Allied words are pronominal adverbs:
- where;
- why;
- how;
- when;
- where;
- from where;
- why;
- why;
- how much.
Examples of sentences with allied words - adverbs
A rich collection of pistols was the only luxury of the poor hut where he lived (A. S. Pushkin. Belkin's Tales).
They guessed why the tsar called to the palace (Alexei Tolstoy. Peter the Great).
It is not known how he did it, but only his nose sounded like a pipe (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
And when he opened them, he saw that everything was over, the haze dissolved, the checkered one disappeared, and at the same time a blunt needle jumped out of the heart (M.N. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita).
He did not understand where he was walking, spreading his legs wide, but his legs knew perfectly well where they were carrying him (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).
Two were already driving forward to the place where they were supposed to let them in (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).
Maud released his hand, causing his fingers to open slightly and the pencil fell out (Jack London. Sea Wolf).
Then he lost his patience and began to grumble why he is always forced to do what he does not want (Mark Twain. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer).
Yura understood how much he owed his uncle the general properties of his character (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).
How to distinguish unions from allied words
Subordinating unions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach clauses to the main or another clause.
For example:
It is bitter to think that life will pass without grief and without happiness, in the bustle of daily worries. (I. Bunin.)
Compare:
My father guessed what was in my soul (Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).
allied words not only attach subordinate clauses to the main (or other subordinate clause), but also are members of subordinate clauses.
For example:
In autumn, birds fly away to places where it is always warm.
I don't know why he did it.
In these sentences, allied words "where" and "why" are circumstances.
By structure, unions are divided into simple and compound.
Simple ones are one-word unions: but, if, yes, barely, if, and, for, or, if, how, when, whether, or, than, but, for now, since, as if, also, too, although, than, to.
Compound conjunctions represent the semantic unity of two or more words: because, because, since, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, while, before, meanwhile, especially since, nevertheless, as, as if, or maybe, namely, not that, and, and also, as soon as, barely, but, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since, after, like.
By origin, unions are non-derivative and derivative.
Non-derivative (primitive) unions are not divided into morphological elements and do not correspond in modern Russian with generating words: a, and, but, yes, or, whether, or, etc.
Derivative conjunctions have retained live word-formation connections with significant words from which they were formed: what, in order, if, although, due to the fact that, etc.
By use, unions are divided into single, repeated and double.
Single conjunctions are used in a sentence once and stand before the component that is attached, or between the connected parts: She got lost in the forest and began to look for her way home, but she didn’t find it, but came to the house in the forest (JI. Tolstoy); It is very difficult to tell everything in order, because of the participants in the incident, only Alyonushkin Bashmachok (D. Mamin-Sibiryak) remembered the whole thing; As soon as I saw the Greek woman's threshold, my eyes darkened (A. Pushkin).
Repeating conjunctions are used more than once. These include unions and ... and ..., yes ... yes ..., or ... or ..., not that ... not that ..., then ... then ... , either... or..., neither „. neither ... and some others: What do you have over the edge here? It is either cold, or very hot, or the sun hides, or it shines too brightly (I. Krylov); Either my eyes did not penetrate my son, or the old man deceived me (A. Pushkin); There is no love for either the village or the city (S. Yesenin); Are there tears, is she sweating over her eyelashes, right, it’s hard to say (N. Nekrasov); Behind the village is either a forest or a park, wild, oaky (I. Bunin). *
Repeating unions are heterogeneous. Some of them are formed by repeated repetition of a single union, while the repetition is usually optional; such is the union
and ... and ... (some scientists do not consider such unions to be repeated). In other cases, a repeating union cannot be reduced to a single union: neither ... neither, then ... then, not that ... not that. Repeating unions are classified as simple.
Double (pair) unions consist of two non-coinciding and positionally disconnected parts: not only ... but also, because ... insofar as ... so, if ... then, barely ... how, although ... but, not that ... but, if not ... then, not that ... but (a), etc. For example: Than. the brighter the fate of Prince Andrei seemed to him, the more gloomy his own seemed (JI. Tolstoy); If my first poem was the fruit of sober and very hard work, then the second was written in a state of the most genuine and undeniable inspiration (V. Veresaev); And although a victorious horn is heard, my last, deadly jump will test the enemy blood (S. Yesenin); Let me love another, but with her, with my beloved, on the other, I will tell you about you, dear (S. Yesenin); Not only was there no fish, but the rod did not even have a fishing line (M. Sadovsky). The role of the second part of the double union can be both a particle and a modal word: If you let her live with you under the same roof, then she deserves it (I. Turgenev) - so it stands still.
By syntactic properties, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
Coordinating unions serve to connect syntactically equal units, that is, they connect homogeneous members of a simple sentence and parts of a compound sentence. The formal feature of the compositional union is that, being located between the connected components, it is not included in the syntactic structure of any of them: While living, be able to survive everything: sadness, and joy, and anxiety (F. Tyutchev); The sea still whispered with the shore, and the wind still carried its whisper across the steppe (M. Gorky).
By meaning, i.e., by the nature of the relations they express, the coordinating unions are divided into:
- connecting unions expressing the relation of enumeration (and, yes (in the meaning of and), and ... and, neither ... nor, too, also): The farm was spread far to the side, and near the pier there was such silence as happens in deserted places only in the dead of autumn and at the very beginning of spring (M. Sholokhov); Uncut hay, forest and monastery (S. Yesenin);
- adversarial conjunctions expressing the relationship of opposition, inconsistency, difference (a, but, yes (in the meaning of but), however, the same, but, otherwise): The birches were still burning, but they crumbled, quietly dropping the last leaves through a dream, which a lot lay around each birch (V. Soloukhin); The ear was not bad, but the dry days were ruined (S. Yesenin); I felt somehow sad; however, something like laughter stirred in my soul (F. Dostoevsky); Fedya never cried, but at times a wild stubbornness came over him (I. Turgenev);
- separating unions expressing relations of mutual exclusion, alternation of actions, phenomena, signs (or, or, whether ... whether, then ... then, not that ... not that, or ... or, either ... or, either ... or, or that, or not that, not that, otherwise): Either she - a telegram - fell into a snowdrift and now lies deep under the snow, or she fell onto the path and was pulled away by some passerby ... (A. Gaidar); Either rain, then hail, then snow, like white fluff, then the sun, shine, azure and waterfalls ... (I. Bunin); A storm covers the sky with darkness, twisting snow whirlwinds: then, like a beast, she will howl, then she will cry like a child (A. Pushkin); Are you sad or happy? (S. Yesenin); Having lost me, sir, she will either die of sadness or die of hunger (M. Lermontov); Get up this very minute, otherwise I won’t even talk to you (M. Bulgakov); Please leave me, otherwise I will have to take action (A. Chekhov); .
- gradational unions (they are also called double comparative unions), expressing a comparison or opposition in terms of significance (not only ... but also, not that ... but, not only ... but and, not only not ... but , not so much ... as, not even that ... that, not even ... let alone not, etc.): They did not know anything not only about Sintsov, but also about the entire editorial staff (K. Simonov); With the rest of the servants, Gerasim was not on friendly terms - they were afraid of him - but in meek (I. Turgenev);
- connecting unions (yes and, yes and that, (and) moreover, (and) moreover, also, also, and also, etc.), expressing additional information to what was said, not provided for by the original plan of the statement: Many women loved me, and I myself loved more than one (S. Yesenin); He rarely mentioned Asya, and even then in passing (I. Turgenev); Over tea, my uncle ordered me to sort out my warehouse in the hay, and also go to the janitor to clean the dishes, wash the floor and put the apartment in order (A. Gaidar);
- explanatory unions (namely, that is, or (in the meaning that is), like that, exactly, etc.), expressing explanation and clarification: They drank in the usual way, that is, a lot (A. Pushkin); Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, at the Oblonskys ... (JI. Tolstoy); She is called that, that is, her nickname is Manilovka, and Zamanilovka is not here at all (N. Gogol).
On a semantic basis, subordinating conjunctions are usually divided into:
- explanatory (what, so that, as if): I wanted my heart to remember the garden and summer more deafly (S. Yesenin); To the credit of our national pride, it should be noted that in the Russian heart there always dwells a wonderful feeling to take the side of the oppressed (N. Gogol); I was convinced that I had found for every unfortunate lonely person a joyful exit into people, into the world (M. Prishvin); The forest was still full of people, and no matter how many of them were sent under command in different directions, it seemed that they would never resolve (K. Simonov);
- temporary (when, before, after, barely ... as, as soon as, barely, only, barely, only, only, before, since, until, until, until, etc.): I will return when our white garden spreads its branches in spring (S. Yesenin); As soon as we entered this charming garden, fatigue was forgotten (A. Kern); Several days passed before I figured something out (A. Trifonov); As soon as they set sail, water gushed out of the rotten bottom in different places (M. Sholokhov);
- causal (because, because, since, in view of the fact that, especially since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, as a result of the fact that, because etc.): Oh, if you would grow with your eyes, like these leaves, in depth (S. Yesenin); According to Cui, the word is not fully defined, because it can be completed with music (V. Rabinovich); Since the site turned out to be too swampy, it was necessary to urgently start drying it (A. Kuprin); I mumbled something and quickly disappeared, because in Vaska's case there was also my share of guilt (A. Gaidar);
- conditional (if, if ... then, if, if, if, if, if, if, if, once, etc.): If you love, then without reason, if you threaten, then in earnest, if you argue, it’s so bold (A. K. Tolstoy); Therefore, it is a sin to close beautiful cheeks in front of the world, since mother nature gave them (S. Yesenin); If there were no hell and heaven, they would have been invented by man himself (S. Yesenin);
- concessive (despite the fact that, although, regardless, let it be, let it be others): The horse began to get tired, and sweat rolled down from him in hail, despite the fact that he was constantly waist-deep in snow (A. Pushkin); No, he didn’t think now about being with his division there, in the very center of the earthquake shaking the plains of southern Russia, but, although his mind was unyielding to such thoughts, his heart felt solemn and terrible shocks coming from there (K. Simonov) ;
- consequences (so, as a result of which): Antokolsky met my parents in Rome, in the early seventies, so that he remained in my memory from a very young age (V. Mamontov);
- goals (so that, in order to, for the sake of, so that, then so that): He used all his eloquence in order to turn Akulina away from her intentions (A. Pushkin); Often an artist, in order to better understand the present, refers to the events of the past (Yu. Prokushev); Sasha pinned an agricultural exhibition badge on his jacket so that everyone could see that he had been to Moscow (S. Antonov);
- comparative (as if, as if, as if, just as, like, like, like, as if, for sure): I watch how the Eskimo looks at the train, I bite, as a tick bites into my ear (V. Mayakovsky) ; The doors suddenly clattered, as if the hotel was missing a tooth (V. Mayakovsky); Something suddenly expanded with extraordinary force in Romashov's chest, as if he was about to fly (A. Kuprin);
- comparative conjunctions that coincide with subordinating conjunctions on a formal basis, but in meaning are not opposed to coordinating conjunctions: if ... then, while, meanwhile, how, then how, as, how, than ... that. For example: The fathers did not go to each other, she had not yet seen Alexei, while (= o) the young neighbors only talked about him (A. Pushkin). Comparative conjunctions, due to the fact that they do not express syntactic inequality, are sometimes included in compositional conjunctions, especially in cases where a replacement for the union a is possible.
Unions- a service part of speech that allows you to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, components of a complex sentence, sentences in one paragraph, as well as several paragraphs in the text.
In Russian, a unified classification of unions has been adopted according to several criteria:
- of Education;
- by structure;
- by the nature of syntactic relations;
- by value.
Types of unions by education
According to the principle of education allocate unions of the following types:
- derivative unions;
- non-derivative unions.
Derivative unions, as a rule, are formed from other parts of speech. For example, the union is still formed by combining a preposition, a demonstrative pronoun and a plural noun.
Non-derivative unions, unlike derivatives, by origin are in no way connected with other parts of speech and exist on their own. Examples: and, or, but, yes and etc.
Types of unions by structure
By structure unions are divided into two groups:
- simple unions;
- compound unions.
Simple unions consist of one word: and, or, but, but, yet, although, etc.
Compound unions, in turn, consist of two or more words that are written with a space: until now, since, while, as if.
Types of unions according to syntactic features
By syntactic role in sentences, conjunctions are divided into:
- coordinating conjunctions;
- subordinating unions.
Coordinating conjunctions- unions that connect equal elements: homogeneous members of a sentence, simple sentences as part of a compound sentence, sentences and paragraphs in a text. Examples of coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions and, or, a, but, however, yes.
Subordinating conjunctions- unions, which, on the contrary, connect unequal syntactic elements, indicating the dependence of one element on another. They connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence, simple sentences in a complex sentence, as well as sentences and paragraphs in a text. Examples: because, although, as if, if, in order etc.
Types of unions by value
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into several types according to their meaning:
- Connecting: and, and... and..., yes (meaning "and"), also, not only... but also...
- opposing: a, but, although, yes (meaning "but"), however, but.
- Dividing: or, either ... or ...
- Explanatory: namely, that is.
- gradation: not so much ... as ..., not only ... but also ...
- Connecting: and, yes, also, also, moreover, moreover.
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into:
- Causal: because, since, for.
- Temporary: while, while, then.
- Target: so that, for the purpose of, in order to, in order to.
- Conditional: if, if, if.
- Investigative: so.
- Explanatory: what, how to.
- Comparative: like, like, like.
The word "union" is a tracing paper from the Latin "conjunction" - it is an invariable auxiliary, which is a formal means of connecting syntactic units.
The honors of some compound unions (“not only ... but also”, “as ... and”) are found with different homogeneous members of the sentence or in different sentences that are part of the complex one.
Consisting of one are called simple: “and”, “a”, “but”, “or”, “yes”, “like”, “either”, “what”, “as if”. And unions, which are a combination of significant and non-significant words, are compound. For example: "meanwhile", "that is", "as soon as", "despite the fact that", "in view of the fact that", "while", "as" and others.
Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
Coordinating unions convey equal, independent relations between homogeneous members or parts of a complex. For example: "The house stood on a hill, and a wide view opened from there." In this, the coordinative union "and" connects 2 simple sentences as part of a complex one. And in the sentence: “A light wind, then subsided, then woke up again” - the union “that ... that” connects the homogeneous members of the sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions convey unequal, dependent relationships between parts of a complex sentence. For example: “We wanted (what?) Spring to come sooner” (subordinate explanatory clause). Or: “The book will be released (under what condition?) if it is accepted by the publisher” (subordinate clause).
Types of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
When making a morphological analysis of the union, it is necessary to indicate its meaning and morphological features (composing or subordinating; an invariable word), as well as designate its syntactic role.
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into:
1) Connectives, which include “and”, “yes”, “not only ... but also”, “like ... and”. For example: “As yesterday, it is snowing today.”
2) Opposite: “but”, “a”, “yes” (meaning “but”), “but”, “however”. For example: “We were born in different countries, but we all do not want war!”
3) Dividing, this group includes unions “or”, “or”, “that ... then”, “not that ... not that”. For example: "To the right, then to the left, the rumble of falling trees was heard."
In turn, subordinating unions are divided into:
1) Temporary: “when”, “before”, “while”, “only”. For example: "We were still sleeping when the phone rang."
2) Explanatory, this group includes: “what”, “to”, “how” and others. For example: "He said that a friend visited him."
3) Causal: “because”, “because”, “due to the fact that”. “Since the sun has set, it has become chilly.”
4) Conditional: “if”, “time”, “how soon”, “whether”, “if”. For example: "If you only wanted to, if you only knew."
5) Concessive: “although”, “despite the fact that”. “Although it was already morning, the city was still sleeping.”
6) Target: "to", "in order to", "in order to". For example: "To love music, you need to listen to it."