What a lot of pronoun. Pronoun in Russian. What forms does the pronoun something have?
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To the pronoun, you can ask questions: who? what? (I, he, we); which? whose? (this one, ours); as? where? when? (so, there, then), etc. Pronouns are used instead of nouns, adjectives or numerals, so some pronouns correspond to nouns ( me, you, he, who, what etc.), part - with adjectives ( this one, yours, mine, ours, yours, anyone etc.), part - with numerals ( how many, how many, several). Most pronouns in Russian change by case, many pronouns - by gender and number. Pronouns acquire a specific lexical meaning only in the context, acting in the meaning of the word instead of which they are used.
Ranks of pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns - a part of speech, a type of pronoun that expresses an attitude towards two or more persons or objects. For example: "They have known each other for a long time." (meaning two people), "They often see each other." (meaning several people).
Reciprocal pronouns in Russian are extensive due to various prepositions:
each other; friend (oh, in) friend; one (at, behind, on, from, under, for) another; a friend (at, behind, in front of) a friend; friend (at, for, on, from, from under, for) a friend; friend (with, behind, over, under, in front of) a friend; friend (oh, in) friend; one (at, for, on, from, for) another; one (in, for, on) one; one to one (other); one (in, for, on) one; friend (with, behind, under, in front of) boyfriend; friend (from, from, from under) friends; on each other; time after (on) time [th]; from time to time; once in a while; from time to time; each (at, for, on, from, for) each; each behind (above, under, in front of) each. each in each; that (at, in, for, on, from, from under, for) [e] that; from that to [e] that; eventually; from beginning to beginning; from first to second; from opposite to opposite;
In English, there are only two reciprocal pronouns: "each other" (one of the other; refers to two persons or objects) and "one another" (each other; refers to more than two persons or objects), which can indicate two or more persons or objects, but the distinction between these pronouns is often not observed - a preposition referring to "each other" or "one another" is placed before "each" or "one": "about each other" (about each other), "for each other" (for each other). Examples:
* "We seldom write to each other." (We rarely write to each other.); * "We know everything about each other." (We know everything about each other.).
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Notes
Literature
- Pronoun//Russian language. - Printhouse: Astrel Publishing House, 2003. - P. 3. ISBN 5-271-06781-5
An excerpt characterizing the pronoun
“But how could it be otherwise? he thought. - Here it is, this capital, at my feet, waiting for its fate. Where is Alexander now and what does he think? Strange, beautiful, majestic city! And strange and majestic this minute! In what light do I present myself to them! he thought of his troops. “Here it is, the reward for all these unbelievers,” he thought, looking around at those close to him and at the troops approaching and lining up. - One word of mine, one movement of my hand, and this ancient capital of des Czars perished. Mais ma clemence est toujours prompte a descendre sur les vaincus. [kings. But my mercy is always ready to descend to the vanquished.] I must be magnanimous and truly great. But no, it's not true that I'm in Moscow, it suddenly occurred to him. “However, here she lies at my feet, playing and trembling with golden domes and crosses in the rays of the sun. But I will spare her. On the ancient monuments of barbarism and despotism, I will write great words of justice and mercy ... Alexander will understand this most painfully, I know him. (It seemed to Napoleon that the main significance of what was happening was his personal struggle with Alexander.) From the heights of the Kremlin - yes, this is the Kremlin, yes - I will give them the laws of justice, I will show them the meaning of true civilization, I will force generations boyars lovingly commemorate the name of their conqueror. I will tell the deputation that I did not and do not want war; that I waged war only against the false policy of their court, that I love and respect Alexander, and that I will accept peace conditions in Moscow worthy of me and my peoples. I do not want to take advantage of the happiness of war to humiliate the respected sovereign. Boyars - I will tell them: I do not want war, but I want peace and prosperity for all my subjects. However, I know that their presence will inspire me, and I will tell them, as I always say: clear, solemn and great. But is it really true that I'm in Moscow? Yes, here she is!- Qu "on m" amene les boyards, [Bring the boyars.] - he turned to the retinue. The general with a brilliant retinue immediately galloped after the boyars.
Two hours have passed. Napoleon had breakfast and again stood in the same place on Poklonnaya Hill, waiting for the deputation. His speech to the boyars was already clearly formed in his imagination. This speech was full of dignity and that grandeur that Napoleon understood.
The tone of generosity in which Napoleon intended to act in Moscow captivated him. In his imagination, he appointed the days of reunion dans le palais des Czars [meetings in the palace of the tsars.], where the Russian nobles were to meet with the nobles of the French emperor. He mentally appointed a governor, one who would be able to attract the population to him. Having learned that there were many charitable institutions in Moscow, he decided in his imagination that all these institutions would be showered with his favors. He thought that just as in Africa one had to sit in a burnous in a mosque, so in Moscow one had to be merciful, like tsars. And, in order to finally touch the hearts of Russians, he, like every Frenchman, who cannot imagine anything sensitive without mentioning ma chere, ma tendre, ma pauvre mere, [my dear, tender, poor mother,] he decided that in all in these establishments, he orders to write in capital letters: Etablissement dedie a ma chere Mere. No, just: Maison de ma Mere, [Institution dedicated to my dear mother... My mother's house.] - he decided to himself. “But am I really in Moscow? Yes, there she is in front of me. But why is the deputation of the city not appearing for so long? he thought.
Meanwhile, in the back of the emperor's retinue, an excited conference was taking place in a whisper between his generals and marshals. Those sent for the deputation returned with the news that Moscow was empty, that everyone had left and left it. The faces of those conferring were pale and agitated. Not that Moscow was abandoned by the inhabitants (no matter how important this event seemed) frightened them, but they were frightened by how to announce this to the emperor, how, without putting his majesty in that terrible situation called by the French ridicule [ridiculous] , announce to him that he waited in vain for the boyars for so long that there are crowds of drunks, but no one else. Some said that it was necessary at all costs to collect at least some kind of deputation, others disputed this opinion and argued that it was necessary, having carefully and cleverly prepared the emperor, to declare the truth to him.
- Il faudra le lui dire tout de meme ... - said the gentlemen of the retinue. - Mais, messieurs ... [However, you must tell him ... But, gentlemen ...] - The situation was all the more difficult because the emperor, considering his plans for generosity, patiently walked back and forth in front of the plan, occasionally looking from under his hand on the way to Moscow and cheerfully and smiling proudly.
- Mais c "est impossible ... [But awkward ... Impossible ...] - shrugging their shoulders, the gentlemen of the retinue said, not daring to pronounce the implied terrible word: le ridicule ...
Meanwhile, the emperor, tired of vain waiting and feeling with his acting instinct that the majestic minute, lasting too long, was beginning to lose its majesty, gave a sign with his hand. A single shot of a signal cannon rang out, and the troops, which surrounded Moscow from different sides, moved to Moscow, to the Tver, Kaluga and Dorogomilovskaya outposts. Faster and faster, overtaking one another, at a quick step and at a trot, the troops moved, hiding in the clouds of dust they raised and filling the air with merging rumbles of screams.
Fascinated by the movement of troops, Napoleon rode with his troops to the Dorogomilovskaya outpost, but there he again stopped and, dismounting from his horse, walked for a long time at the Chambers of the collegiate rampart, waiting for the deputation.
Moscow meanwhile was empty. There were still people in it, a fiftieth of all the former inhabitants remained in it, but it was empty. It was empty, as a dying beehive that has become matless is empty.
The matted hive is no longer alive, but on the surface it seems as alive as the others.
Just as merrily, in the hot rays of the midday sun, bees curl around a matted hive, as they do around other living hives; in the same way it smells of honey from afar, in the same way bees fly in and out of it. But it is worth taking a closer look at it in order to understand that there is no longer life in this hive. Not like in living hives, bees fly, not the same smell, not the same sound strikes the beekeeper. To the knock of the beekeeper on the wall of the diseased hive, instead of the former, instantaneous, friendly answer, the hissing of tens of thousands of bees, menacingly squeezing their backs and producing this airy vital sound with a quick beat of wings, he is answered by scattered buzzing, echoing loudly in different places of the empty hive. The entrance does not smell, as before, of the alcoholic, fragrant smell of honey and poison, it does not carry the warmth of fullness from there, and the smell of emptiness and rot merges with the smell of honey. The notch has no more guards preparing for death for protection, raising their backsides, trumpeting the alarm. There is no longer that even and quiet sound, the fluttering of labor, similar to the sound of boiling, but the incoherent, scattered noise of disorder is heard. In and out of the hive, timidly and evasively, black oblong, honey-smeared robber bees fly in and out; they do not sting, but elude danger. Previously, only with burdens they flew in, and empty bees flew out, now they fly out with burdens. The beekeeper opens the bottom well and peers into the bottom of the hive. Instead of the black lashes of succulent bees that previously hung to the tie (lower bottom), pacified by labor, holding each other by the legs and pulling the foundation with a continuous whisper of labor, sleepy, shriveled bees wander in different directions absent-mindedly along the bottom and walls of the hive. Instead of a floor that was cleanly plastered with glue and swept away by the fans of the wings, crumbs of foundation, bee feces, half-dead, slightly moving legs and completely dead, untidy bees lie at the bottom.
The beekeeper opens the upper well and inspects the head of the hive. Instead of continuous rows of bees, clinging to all the gaps of the combs and warming the children, he sees the skillful, complex work of the combs, but no longer in the form of virginity in which she used to be before. Everything is up and running. Robbers - black bees - darting quickly and stealthily to work; their bees, shriveled, short, lethargic, as if old, wander slowly, not bothering anyone, wanting nothing and losing consciousness of life. Drones, hornets, bumblebees, butterflies stupidly knock on the walls of the hive in flight. In some places, between foundations with dead children and honey, an angry grumbling is occasionally heard from different directions; somewhere, two bees, out of old habit and memory, cleaning the nest of the hive, diligently, beyond their strength, drag away a dead bee or a bumblebee, without themselves knowing why they are doing it. In another corner, two other old bees are lazily fighting, or cleaning themselves, or feeding one another, not knowing themselves whether they are hostile or friendly. In the third place, a crowd of bees, crushing each other, attacks some kind of victim and beats and strangles it. And a weakened or killed bee slowly, easily, like fluff, falls from above into a pile of corpses. The beekeeper unrolls two medium foundations to see the nest. Instead of the former solid black circles back and forth of thousands of bees sitting and observing the highest secrets of their native business, he sees hundreds of dull, half-dead and dormant skeletons of bees. Almost all of them died without knowing it, sitting on the shrine, which they guarded and which no longer exists. They smell of rot and death. Only some of them move, rise, fly languidly and sit on the enemy's hand, unable to die, stinging him - the rest, dead, like fish scales, easily fall down. The beekeeper closes the well, marks the block with chalk and, having chosen the time, breaks it out and burns it out.
A pronoun is an independent part of speech, which includes words that point to objects, signs, etc., but do not name them. In a sentence, pronouns can act as various members of a sentence.
Types of pronouns :
In Russian, pronouns are divided into personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative, mutual and indefinite.
Ranks of pronouns
1. Personal pronouns. Unit hours Mn. h.
Personal pronouns. Unit hours Mn. h.
2 l. you you
Personal pronouns refer to the person in question. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person denote the participants in the speech (I, you, we, you). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in speech (he, she, it, they).
They vary in persons, numbers and (in the third person singular) gender, and also decline in cases.
2. Reflexive pronoun
It conveys the meaning of the direction of the action to the subject of the action (I see myself in the mirror).
Declines in cases:
yourself (rd., vn. cases), yourself (dt., pr.), yourself, yourself (tv.).
There is no nominative form. It does not change in persons, numbers and gender.
3. Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns indicate the belonging of an object (object, property, etc.) or several objects to a particular subject or group of subjects. Unit h. subject
and object Unit. h. subject
and many others. including objects Mn. including subjects
and units h. object Mn. including subjects
and objects
1 l. my my our our
2 l. yours, yours yours, yours yours
any one's own one's own
They change according to persons, numbers and gender, and also decline according to cases, consistent with the noun being defined. Pronouns of the 3rd person (his, her, them) are not declined.
4. Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as the related groups of relative, negative and indefinite pronouns) includes the most heterogeneous words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change according to numbers and genders, as well as to decline according to cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words they replace.
how many cases are declined
which are declined by cases, change by gender and number, consistent with the noun being defined
why don't they change
5. Relative pronouns
Same pronouns as interrogatives. Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause. At the same time, they become allied words and play the role of a union, while being a member of the sentence. For example:
Ask him what his grade is.
6. Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
declines so much in cases, agreeing with the noun being defined
one (us.)
this (us.)
which are declined by cases, change by gender and number, consistent with the noun being defined
here it doesn't change
7. Defining pronouns
everything is in decline
others are declined by cases, changed by gender and number, agreeing with the noun being defined.
8. Negative pronouns
there is nothing to decline in cases
no
they decline by cases, change by gender and number, agreeing with the noun being defined
never
no need
don't change at all
Comment. In negative pronouns, it is neither always unstressed, but not stressed.
9. Reciprocal pronouns
each other
10. Indefinite pronouns
some
several
sometime (don't know when)
indefinite pronouns with a prefix something or suffixes - that, -or, -something are written with a hyphen: someone, somewhere, someone, something, etc.
Comment. Indefinite pronouns contain a stress particle not, with which they are written together.
In French on, in German man. They are translated into Russian with an indefinitely personal construction.
Correlations of pronouns with other parts of speech
pronouns correlated with nouns (generalized subject): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, one, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and other;
In academic grammar, some pronouns are sometimes distinguished into a special part of speech - a pronominal noun, which includes the pronouns of the different classes indicated above on the basis of syntactic and morphological characteristics common with the noun (for example: all personal, reflexive, part interrogative - who, what, negative - no one, nothing, indefinitely personal - someone, something, etc.)
pronouns correlated with adjectives (generalized qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others;
pronouns correlated with numerals (generalized-quantitative): as much as.
pronouns correlated with adverbs (pronominal adverbs): where
Traces of the ancient system of pronouns
In the Proto-Slavic language, there was a rather harmonious system of pronouns based on combinations of roots and suffixes; in modern Russian, only its remnants can be seen (in the table below, the roots are written vertically, suffixes horizontally).
t- that one so there there - then
s - this syak here here - here -
who how where where when
all - all everyone everywhere - everywhere always
in- other otherwise — — — sometimes
In some cases, the reduplication of the root occurred: that (← t-t), here (← s-de-s).
The roots “he-” and “th-” fell out of this system and merged into a single pronoun “he, she, it”, in the declension of which the phenomenon of suppletivism is observed: he / him, she / her, etc. (cf. also obsolete "one", "ever").
In a much more complete form, the ancient system of pronouns has been preserved in the Church Slavonic language.
Views of different schools and scholars
The position of the pronoun in parts of speech has historically not been so strong. Its inclusion in the ranks of parts of speech refers to the European grammatical tradition, dating back to antiquity. But in a number of grammatical theories of the 20th century, quite strong objections appeared against this approach. They emphasized the grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, which qualified as:
“indicative words” (K. Brugman, K. Buhler, U. Weinreich);
"indices" or "indicators" (Ch. S. Pierce, W. Collinson);
“words with non-permanent signification” (A. Nuren);
“movable determinants” or “shifters” (O. Jespersen, R. O. Yakobson);
"actualizers" or "means of transition from language to speech" (Sh. Balli, E. Benveniste);
words with a "subjective-objective" lexical meaning (A. M. Peshkovsky);
“word substitutes” or “substitutes” (L. V. Shcherba, L. Bloomfield, Z. Z. Harris);
"representatives" (F. Bruno);
“remnants of a special part of speech” (V. V. Vinogradov); etc.
Pronoun - this is an independent part of speech that indicates an object, sign, quantity, but does not name them.
Depending on the expressed meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.
The initial form for most pronouns is the nominative singular form.
All pronouns change in cases (me, me, (about) me), some by birth (such, such) and numbers (this, these).
syntax function pronouns depends on what part of speech the given word corresponds to. Pronouns, pointing to an object, are correlative with nouns and perform the functions of nouns in a sentence (me, you, he, who, what etc.), and pronouns, indicating a sign, are correlative with adjectives and perform the functions of adjectives in a sentence (mine, yours, whose, what, such etc.), for example:
You - all!
You sky and water... (D. Merezhkovsky)
What do they smell they, then they take into themselves,
They have space in themselves. (I. Kanevsky)
In my dreams - your minutes:
Your Memphis eyes. (V. Bryusov)
Lexico-semantic categories of pronouns
Taking into account lexico-semantic features are the following ranks of pronouns:
Rank of pronouns | Examples |
|
I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they. |
||
returnable | ||
Possessive | Mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. |
|
relative | Who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much. |
|
Undefined | someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, someone, how much any, anyone, anything, anybody, something, anyone, anybody. |
|
Negative | Nobody, nothing, nobody, nobody, nobody, nothing. |
|
Interrogative | Who, what, what, what, what (obsolete), which, whose, how much. |
|
pointing | That, this, such, such, so much, such (obsolete), such (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete). |
|
Determinants | Himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, other, any, other, everyone, everyone. |
In some manuals, interrogative and relative pronouns are considered in the same group of interrogative-relative pronouns.
Pronouns can also include words both, both since they express to a greater extent not the quantitative meaning “two” or “two”, “two”, but the pronominal demonstrative “both one and the other”, “both the one and the other”. Wed Both received an award.- Both of them received an award. Both girls were injured in the accident.- Both were injured in the accident.
Personal pronouns
group personal pronouns make up the words: I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they.
Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicate persons, participants in the dialogue - the speaker and the interlocutor: I, you, we, you.
Pronouns of the 3rd person singular and plural indicate the one or those who are not participating in the dialogue, or the subject that is being spoken about, was said or will be said in the future: he, she, it, they.
Grammar signs personal pronouns: 1) have face shapes; 2) have the form of a number; 3) pronouns of the 3rd person singular have gender forms; 4) forms of indirect cases are formed from different stems, that is, in a suppletive way (i - me, me; you- you, you; he- him, him; she is- her, her; they- them, them etc.).
Personal pronouns 3rd person, if used with prepositions, may have a form beginning with and: at him, to him, behind him, with them, with him. No initial n these pronouns are not used with some derived prepositions: thanks to him, her, them; against him, her, them.
Personal pronouns him, her, them should be distinguished from homonymous possessive pronouns him, her, them. In offers personal pronouns most often refer to verbs and act as complements, for example: The watchman saw him at once. It is impossible not to love her. They have a lot of work. Possessive pronouns him, her, them, as a rule, refer to nouns, act as definitions, for example: Her eyes shone with happiness. His brother has many friends. This is a gift for their daughter. Possessive pronouns, used with prepositions, do not have an initial k. Compare: for him- for his friend; for her- for her friend; for them- for their friends.
2nd person plural pronoun you can be used when referring to one person as a polite form. In this case, the pronoun is most often capitalized, for example: I heartily congratulate you on the holiday. Wishing you all the best.
Reflexive pronoun "myself"
Group reflexive pronouns represented by the word myself. There are no other words in this group.
grammatical meaning reflexive pronoun myself - an indication of the person in question.
Grammar signs reflexive pronoun: 1) has no nominative form; 2) has no form of person, number, gender.
reflexive pronoun myself has no initial form, it changes only in oblique cases. Can refer to any of the personal pronouns of all three persons: He bought himself a book. She bought herself a book. They bought themselves books.
In a sentence reflexive pronoun myself performs the complement function: I would love to treat myself to a small gift.
reflexive pronoun myself in the form of the dative case should be distinguished from a pronoun that is close in meaning to a particle. Wed: He found himself a job.- He goes to himself and does not think about anything. Help yourself.- The performance was not very, so-so. In this case the word myself does not stand out as an independent member of the sentence, but is underlined along with the word to which it refers.
Possessive pronouns
group possessive pronouns make up the words: mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, yours.
grammatical meaning possessive pronouns- this is an indication that the object belongs to the person in question (this person can be the speaker, the interlocutor or some third person).
Grammar signs possessive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms; 2) have gender forms; 3) change in cases according to the type of adjectives (except for pronouns him, her, them).
Pronouns him, her, them by origin are a form of the genitive case of personal pronouns he she, they; have gender and number, but do not change by case, although they can be combined with a noun in any case, for example: He saw her father. He met with her father. He was proud of her father. He talked about her father.
Interrogative and relative pronouns
group interrogative pronouns make up the words: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much.
Interrogative pronouns express a question about an object, attribute or quantity in interrogative sentences.
The same pronouns used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one make up a group relative pronouns . Wed: Who come? (interrogative) - I don't know who came (relative).
Grammar signs interrogative and relative pronouns: 1) pronouns who, what, how much do not have a form of gender and number, they change by cases; 2) pronouns which, which, whose change according to cases, numbers and gender, decline according to the type of adjectives, for example: whose\\, h- j- eGo, whose-j-him, whose-j-andm, (o) ch-j-eat.
Indefinite pronouns
group indefinite pronouns make up the words: someone, something, some, some, someone, something, some, someone, someone anyone, anyone, something, anyone, someone, several and under.
grammatical meaning indefinite pronouns- an indication of an indefinite object, sign, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns formed from interrogative questions with prefixes not- and something and suffixes something, something, something.
Grammar signs indefinite pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed. The only difference is the pronouns. someone and something, which do not change.
Negative pronouns
group negative pronouns make up the words: no one, nothing, no one, no one, not at all, no one, nothing.
grammatical meaning negative pronouns: 1) denial of the presence of any object, sign, quantity; 2) strengthening the negative meaning of the whole sentence.
Negative pronouns are formed from interrogatives by the addition of particles-prefixes not and neither and have the same features as interrogative pronouns.
Grammar signs negative pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed.
Pronouns no one and there is nothing do not have a nominative form and are used only in impersonal sentences: You have no one to blame for what happened. He had nothing to do.
Pronouns nobody, nothing, nobody, no one usually used in a sentence with a negative verb: no one believed, nothing foretold etc.
From pronoun nothing The accusative form is formed only with a preposition: for nothing.
Demonstrative pronouns
group demonstrative pronouns make up the words: that, this, such, such, so much, such (obsolete), such (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete).
grammatical meaning demonstrative pronouns- selection among others of any object, attribute, quantity.
In a complex sentence, they can act as demonstrative words.
Grammar signs demonstrative pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (except for the pronoun so many); 2) have gender forms (except for the pronoun so many); 3) change in cases according to the type of full and short adjectives, according to the type of numerals (pronoun so many).
Some linguists classify demonstrative pronouns the words both and both in the meaning of "the one and the other", "the one and the other": Both students successfully passed their exams.- Both of them successfully passed the exams. Both girls received gifts.- Both of them received gifts.
Definitive pronouns
group definitive pronouns make up the words: himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, other, any, other, everyone, everyone.
grammatical meaning definitive pronouns- definition of an object in a number of other objects.
Grammar signs definitive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (all, all); 2) have gender forms (all, all, all); 3) change in cases (all, everything, everything etc.).
Pronouns myself and most in declension, they differ only in the form of the nominative case and stress: (the) same house, the house itself- (of) the very house, the very house.
With the help of a pronoun most a complex superlative form of qualitative adjectives is formed: beautiful- the most beautiful, kindest- kindest, freshest- the freshest.
Pronoun myself can have two meanings: 1) the meaning of an intensifying word with a noun or personal pronoun: It was the director of the school himself; 2) the meaning of "independently, without outside help": He solved the problem himself.
Declension of pronouns
AT pronoun declension individual discharges there is a wide variety of types and forms, as well as cases of the formation of forms from different bases.
1. Declension of personal pronouns I, you; we you; he (it, she), they.
Forms of indirect cases of personal pronouns have a different basis, different from the form of the nominative case.
1st person pronouns | Pronouns 2 persons | Pronouns 3 persons |
|
He (it), she, they |
|||
me, you | Him, her, them |
||
me, you | Him, her, them |
||
me, you | Him, her, them |
||
By me(s), by you (-YU) | us, you | To them, to her, to them |
|
(About) me, (About) you | (About) us, (About) you | (O) him, (about) her, (about) them |
Pronouns I, you can represent either a male or female person. Wed: I'm almost happy.- I'm almost happy. You got angry.- You got angry.
Pronouns he, it, she, they, used with prepositions, can get the initial n (from him, to her, with them, with him, but: thanks to him, towards her, in spite of them).
2. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative form; it only changes in oblique cases, following the model of a pronoun you:
reflexive pronoun |
|
by myself |
|
3. Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours, yours, index that one, this one, interrogative and relative which, which, whose, defining most, himself, all, everyone, other have generic and plural forms and are declined according to separate patterns of adjective declension.
feminine pronouns | |||
mine, this one; mine, this | |||
mine, this | mine, this | mine, these |
|
mine, this | mine, this | mine, this |
|
mine, this one; mine, this is mine, this | Mine, these Mine, these |
||
mine, this | My (th), this (th) | mine, these |
|
(0) mine, (about) this | (0) mine, (about) this | (0) mine, (about) these |
It is necessary to distinguish between the declension of pronouns most and myself.
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
|
The most (the most), myself (the most) | The most, herself | The most, themselves |
|
by myself, by myself | The most, themselves |
||
by myself, by myself | By the most, by ourselves |
||
The most (most), himself (samb) Himself, most | most, myself | The most, themselves The most, themselves |
|
By the most, by ourselves | The most (th), the most (th) | By the most, by ourselves |
|
(0) itself, (about) itself | (0) most, (o) most | (0) the most, (about) themselves |
Pronoun all (all, all, all) has special forms in the instrumental singular masculine and neuter and in all plural forms:
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
|
All (everything) | |||
All (all) Total | |||
(About everything | (Both) all | (both) all |
4. Interrogative and relative pronouns who and what and negative pronouns nobody, nothing form when declining the form from other bases:
Who, what, nobody, nothing |
|
Who, what, no one, nothing |
|
Who, what, nobody, nothing |
|
Who, what, nobody |
|
Who, than, nobody, nothing |
|
(0) com, (about) what, about no one, about nothing |
5. Negative pronouns nobody, nothing do not have nominative case forms, and in oblique cases they are declined according to the given pattern:
Nobody, nothing |
|
Nobody, nothing |
|
Nobody, nothing |
|
Not about anyone, not about anything |
6. Indefinite pronouns someone (someone, anyone), something (something, anything), some (any, some), someone (someone, someone) ) and others are declined according to the pattern of the corresponding interrogative pronouns.
7. Indefinite pronoun some in some cases it has variant forms.
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
|
Some (some) | |||
Some and some | Some and some |
||
Some and some | Some and some |
||
Some (some) and some | Some Some and some |
||
Some and some | Some (yu) | Some and some |
|
(Oh) some | (o) some and (o) some | (o) some and (o) some |
8. Pronouns such as, someone, something do not bow.
Morphological analysis of the pronoun includes the selection of two permanent signs (rank by value and features of declension) and three non-permanent ones (gender, case and number). For personal pronouns, the person is also indicated as a constant feature. Fulfilling morphological analysis of the pronoun, you should remember about its specificity as a part of speech: pronoun indicates on objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. This is important when formulating the general meaning of the pronoun. It should also be noted that only a change in cases is characteristic of all categories of pronouns (this is a common non-permanent feature).
Scheme of morphological analysis of the pronoun. I. Part of speech. II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form. 2. Permanent signs: 1) rank by value; 2) features of declination. 3. Non-permanent signs: III. Syntactic function. The officer was embarrassed and, looking around, on tiptoe, with a red face and a beating heart, went into his room. (A. Kuprin) | An example of the morphological analysis of the pronoun. I. My- a pronoun, as it indicates the ownership of the subject. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is your own room, your own. 2. Permanent signs: 1) possessive, correlates in meaning with an adjective; 2) is declined as an adjective like "fox". 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) accusative case; 2) feminine gender; 3) singular. III. The pronoun "his" agrees With the noun "room", therefore, in the sentence it performs the function of an agreed definition. |
According to their semantics and morphological features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. According to correlation with the named parts of speech, the following groups of pronouns are distinguished:
1) pronouns correlated with nouns (generalized subject): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others;
2) pronouns correlated with adjectives (generalized-qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others;
3) pronouns correlated with numerals (generalized-quantitative): as much as.
On the issue of attributing pronouns to parts of speech and determining their role in the language, various considerations were expressed. Their generalizing role was also pointed out by M.V. Lomonosov. There are statements about the abstract nature of pronouns by A.A. Potebny, who, precisely because of the special function of pronouns, did not include them in the parts of speech. F.F. Fortunatov contrasts words-names with words-pronouns, and A.A. Shakhmatov and A.M. Peshkovsky, developing this idea, distinguish pronominal nouns (I, you, he, who, etc.), pronominal adjectives (mine, yours, etc.), pronominal adverbs ( I think here and there). A.M. Peshkovsky does not include pronouns at all in the parts of speech, speaking only of the pronoun as a special form of expression of “subjective-objective meaning”. A similar point of view is expressed by M.V. Panov, believing that pronouns “although they constitute a lexical group of words (or even several groups: with demonstrative, substitutive, etc. meaning of the stem), they are not a special part of speech ... Within each part of speech there is a corner of pronominal words ...".
By their meaning, as well as by their syntactic role, all pronouns are divided into the following categories:
1. Personal pronouns I, we (1 person); you, you (2 person); he, (she, it), they(3rd person), which are demonstrative pronouns in their origin.
The pronoun I indicates the person who is speaking, and the pronoun you indicates either the person to whom the speech is addressed, or the person in general (takes on a generalized personal meaning).
These pronouns do not have grammatical gender and plural forms (the pronouns we and you mean: “I and someone else”, “you and someone else”).
The gender of the pronouns I and you is determined by referring to the real gender of the person they refer to. For example, in a sentence “No,” Lisa laughed, “I went to the farm with Lyuba ...”(Closed) The pronoun i indicates a female person, so the verb is used in the feminine form.
In scientific, business, journalistic speech and in the language of fiction, the pronoun we is sometimes used in the meaning of the pronoun i, for example, as the author's "I": At the station, in the caretaker’s house, whom we have already mentioned, a traveler sat in the corner(P.).
Previously, there was the use of we instead of I to give speech, special solemnity (for example, in royal manifestos).
The pronoun we is also used when referring to the second person, for example, in colloquial speech: “Well, how are we feeling today? the doctor asked. Sometimes this pronoun is used to give an ironic tone to speech: How, Have we started talking yet?
The pronoun you as a form of politeness is also used when referring to one person: She glanced at the flowers... "Who did you pick flowers for, Gleb Ivanovich?"(Closed).
When declining personal pronouns I and we, there is a change in the stems in indirect cases (suppletiveness): i - me, me etc.; we - us, us etc. There are two forms in the instrumental case: me and me. The first one is more common. However, in poetic speech, the use of both forms is observed.
The pronoun of the third person has the category of gender (he, she, it) and number (they), as it is demonstrative in origin (sometimes called personally demonstrative).
With declension, there is also a change in the stem in oblique cases: he - his (him), him (him) etc.; she - her (her, her), her (her) etc.
Note. As a result of the historical development of the language, forms of pronouns with н in the base appeared. The primitive prepositions v, s, k originally ended in a nasal consonant and looked like vn, son, kn (sn im, kn him, etc.). Later, as a result of the process of re-decomposition, the final consonant of the preposition began to be perceived as the initial n of pronouns. By analogy with the primitive prepositions v, s, k, the initial n did not appear after the prepositions y, near, about, etc. However, after the prepositions of later formation ( thanks to, in spite of, towards etc.) n is not used in pronouns: near him, but towards him.
2. reflexive pronoun itself indicates the relation to the acting person (ie, the producer of the action). Morphologically, it is characterized by the fact that it does not have forms of gender and number. It declines like a pronoun you, however, it does not have a nominative case form, which is due to its syntactic role: in a sentence, this pronoun always acts as an object, therefore it can only be used in indirect cases.
For example: Oleg took himself as his nickname[stepfather] surname, because he had the first heroic ideas about partisan struggle associated with it(Fad.). In the form of the dative case ( self) this pronoun is used in colloquial speech as a particle, for example: Look, you are already hoarse, and he walks forward and does not notice your barking at all.(Cr.).
3. Possessive pronouns mine, ours, yours, yours form a group of personal possessives; the pronoun your is a reflexive possessive. The pronouns my, our indicate belonging to the first person, the pronouns yours, your - to belong to the second person, the pronoun your - to belong to all three persons.
Personal possessive pronouns sometimes almost lose their meaning of belonging to the first person and acquire a meaning that is not related to the concept of belonging: Not even two months had passed, and my Alexei was already in love with no memory(P.); We will follow every step of our reviewer(P.) etc. (where mine is the one in question; ours is the one dealing with us).
Morphologically, possessive pronouns are characterized by the fact that they have gender and number forms.
To indicate belonging to a third person in the role of possessive pronouns, the genitive case of personal pronouns of the third person is used: his, her, them. For example: His face was triangular(Cat.); Ulya knew that her mother and father were too attached to their home and too old and sick to decide to leave home.(Fad.); ... As a liberty, their lodging for the night is merry(P.).
Possessive pronouns mine, yours, mine are inclined like the adjective blue, and pronouns ours, yours are modeled older.
In the accusative plural (and for the masculine and in the singular) all possessive pronouns have two forms: one to indicate nouns denoting animate objects ( mine, yours, theirs, ours, yours), others to indicate nouns denoting inanimate objects ( mine, yours, theirs, ours, yours): He met his relatives on the street. He saw his books in the shop window.
4. Demonstrative pronouns this, that, such, such, so much and obsolete this, this, such, such have the general meaning of pointing to one object from among the homogeneous. The colloquial pronouns eky and such have variants ekoy, such and such, used with an exclamatory connotation. For example: What are you, brother! ..(L.); You are such a jerk!
Semantically, the pronouns this and that differ in that one indicates a more distant object, already mentioned in speech, and this one indicates a very close one: those days when all the impressions of being were new to me...(P.); This man always causes me a terrible disorder(Gr.).
Among the morphological features of demonstrative pronouns is the presence of gender forms ( this, this, this; that, that, that) and numbers (these, those).
When declining in the accusative plural (for the masculine and in the singular), two forms are used: this, that, these, those- to indicate nouns denoting animate objects, and this, that, these, those- to refer to inanimate objects. For example: Gavrik alone ran this path in fifteen minutes.(Cat.); She [Ulya] knew all these people(Fad.).
The pronoun such (and the book such) has the general meaning of indicating "to an object similar to that which has already been mentioned": In such a night I feel sorry for people deprived of shelter(Bl.); Such a beginning did not bode well for me.(P.).
Sometimes the pronoun such takes on the meaning of a word indicating a greater degree of quality or state: He so unfortunate.
Such a pronoun has gender forms ( such, such, such) and numbers (such as ). It declines like adjectives with a back-lingual consonant base (Tver).
The pronoun such is used relatively rarely and only in the function of a predicate. For example: So are you, poet!(P.). It was preserved in a stable phrase and was like this (disappeared, disappeared): Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat(Cr.).
Pronouns this, this, such are almost never used in modern Russian. At the beginning of the XIX century. they were still widely distributed in bookish speech. Wed at A.S. Pushkin: I love this dark garden with its coolness and flowers. They were preserved in separate stable phrases: during it is, so far, this minute and etc.
5. Interrogative-relative pronouns who, what, which, which, whose, how much are characterized by semantic and grammatical diversity, since they can act both as interrogative words and as relative (union) words. In the first case, they do not indicate an object, person or sign, but only contain a question about them: Who is jumping, who is rushing under the cold haze? The belated rider, with him a young son(Bug.).
In the role of relative words, these pronouns attach subordinate clauses to the main ones: Here is a gift to you that I promised a long time ago(Rings.).
The morphological features of the pronouns who and what include the absence of forms of gender and number. The pronoun who refers to animate objects, what - to inanimate objects.
When agreeing verbs with an interrogative pronoun who, the masculine singular is used: Which one of you girls has been to the theater. To agree with the feminine gender, an additional pronoun is used: Who did this come?
With an interrogative pronoun that the verb-predicate in the past tense is used in the middle gender: What fell there? Or: What happened to you? etc. The gender of this pronoun, acting as a relative word, is determined by the gender of the noun to which it refers: ...Old oak that was planted by the father(N.).
The pronoun who is declined according to the type of pronouns this, that. The pronoun that is declined according to the type of the pronoun all.
The pronoun which, acting as an interrogative, differs from the pronoun in what semantics of the intended answer: it must contain either an indication of the order in the account ( What time is it now? - The first), or an indication of one of several items ( Which costume suits you best?). To the question with the pronoun what answer should have the shade of indicating the quality of the subject ( What color do you like best? - Lilac). According to the declension of the pronoun which, which are similar to adjectives of the type old, steel.
The pronoun whose in the role of the relative is used mainly in the book language (in poetic speech): O you, whose memory the bloody world will be full for a long, long time!(P.). In the role of an interrogative, it denotes a question of ownership: Whose tireless horse is this running in the boundless steppe?(P.). The pronoun whose is declined like the possessive adjective foxes. The only difference is that the vowel in the stem of the pronoun is e, while in the adjective it is and.
The pronoun how much in an exclamatory sentence is used most often in book speech: how many poets the lightness of the hand!(M.) In the role of an interrogative, this pronoun suggests a question about the number of objects: How much to wait? Day? Two?(Azh.).
The pronoun how many declines like adjectives with a stem into a soft consonant. The peculiarities of declension include the fact that in the nominative and accusative cases it, like numerals, governs the case, i.e. requires after itself a certain case, namely genus. n. pl. hours, for example: How much windows in the house? Used in other cases, this pronoun, like adjectives, agrees with the noun: how many people, how many people etc.
6. Definitive pronouns himself, most, all, everyone, each, other differ from each other.
The pronoun sam has the meaning "on its own, without anyone's help": He I drew it all myself. Sometimes it takes on the meaning of a reinforcing word: Here he is he stands with a rifle ...(Tward.). This pronoun is most often used with nouns denoting animate objects, or with personal pronouns. It has gender and number forms. When declensed in the accusative case, the plural (for the masculine and in the singular) has two forms: themselves, itself when referring to animate objects, and themselves, when referring to inanimate objects. A feature of this pronoun is also the presence of fluctuating feminine forms in the accusative case: samoyo, sama, of which the second is more often used.
The pronoun most is usually used for clarification with demonstrative pronouns. In this the very minute a strong gust of wind parted the cloud(Grigorovich). It can also be used with nouns denoting time or measure, in the sense of "exactly", "just that": the very hour you were born, thunder struck in the sky(ACT.). It is also used with the meaning of indicating the limit of manifestation of quality or time limit: The game is at its best...(L.); Before the very departure I came to her to say goodbye(New-Pr.), or is part of the complex form of the superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs: I chose for her the most poetic words that I knew(New-Rev.).
A feature of the declension of this pronoun is the presence of constant stress on the basis in all cases, the presence of two forms in the accusative case to indicate animate objects (most, most) and inanimate (most, most), double endings in the instrumental case of the feminine (most - most) .
The pronoun all has a collective meaning, it indicates the totality of phenomena or the completeness of the coverage of something. For example: I did not sleep all night(P.); When... I reappeared in the light, the rumors were in full force.(P.).
Pronouns everyone, each indicate any one object, taken separately from among several, many. For example: Every time she[Zina] in his thoughts it seemed to him in a normal setting - at home, on a Moscow street or at an institute(Azh.); Each language has its turns, its conventional rhetorical figures, its learned expressions.(P.). Pronouns everyone, everyone are inclined according to the type of adjectives red, loud.
7. Negative pronouns no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing have the general meaning of negation. They are formed from interrogative-relative pronouns with the help of negative particles not and neither.
The declension of negative pronouns is similar to the declension of those pronouns from which they are formed. Pronouns n e who, not what do not have a nominative form, when they are declined, the stress in all cases falls on the negative particle. In pronouns, none oh nothing the stress always falls on the ending.
If negative pronouns are used with prepositions, then the preposition is always placed between the negative particle and the pronoun: with no one, for nothing, with no one, for nothing etc.
Pronouns nobody, nothing, none are used only in negative sentences: No one knew where he fell from to our district ...(T.).
The pronoun nobody usually means "belonging to no one": These books are nobody's. Sometimes it is used in the meaning of "someone", i.e. in an indefinite meaning (in negative sentences): Don't reject anyone's advice(Cr.). Somewhat more often, the pronoun nobody is used in the sense of "whoever": More no one's gaze has penetrated into his abode until now(P.).
8. Indefinite pronouns someone, something, some, some, a few , someone, something, some, someone, someone, something, something, someone, something, anyone, someone, someone anyone, anyone, anyone have the meaning of an approximate indication of an object or feature. For example: Several bullets screeched over my head(L.); Among those seeing off there were many teenagers, girls, young women, and one of them, seeing off his sister or brother, accidentally fell behind the cordon and could no longer get out of there.(Fad.), etc.
Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative-relative pronouns with the help of a prefix particle indefinite and indefinite postfix particles ( either, something, something) and particle-prefix (some- ).
The morphological features of indefinite pronouns include the following: 1) the presence of forms of gender, number and category of animation in pronouns some, some, something, something, something, something and under.; 2) double forms of the pronoun a certain in indirect cases ( some, some; some, some etc.), and the form of some, some, etc. are outdated; 3) the pronoun someone can be used only in the form of the nominative case: And it seems that in that solitude someone unearthly hid(P.); 4) the pronoun something has only nominative-accusative forms: Something like remorse echoed in his heart, and again fell silent. - He sang separation and sadness, and something, and foggy distance, and romantic roses(P.).
We will learn how to use personal pronouns correctly. Let's find out their meanings. We will learn how to correctly determine the case endings of personal pronouns.
My sister and I went to the Christmas tree. She was very smart and festive.
(It is not clear who was dressed up, a girl or a Christmas tree)
How to write. My sister and I went to the Christmas tree. The Christmas tree was very elegant, festive.
And here's another one: the Clown gave balloons to the guys. They were round, elongated and long.
(The guys were elongated and long).
How to write. The clown gave balloons to the children. The balls were round, elongated and long.
We are confused by the pronoun.
Pronoun- this is an independent non-significant part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.
The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun acts as a substitute in the text.
Pronoun ranks by meaning
There are 9 categories of pronouns by meaning:
1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue (I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects (he, she, it, they).
2. returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of a person or object called the subject, a person or object called the word himself (He will not offend himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive : mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).
4. pointing : this, that, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants : himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone (outdated), all (outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, attributes, and quantity.
7. relative : the same as interrogative ones, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (union words).
8. Negative : nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or feature.
9. indefinite : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns by the prefix something or suffixes something, -or, -something.
Ranks of pronouns
|
pronouns |
Pronouns |
How do they change |
|
pronouns |
I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they |
By persons, cases, 3rd person pronoun he changes by birth |
|
Interrogative pronouns |
who?, what?, what?, whose?, how much?, what? |
They vary by gender and number. Pronouns who what? do not change by gender and number |
|
Refundable pronouns |
It has no nominative case, gender or number. |
|
|
Relative pronouns |
who, what, which, which, whose, how much, what |
Change in cases |
|
indefinite pronouns |
someone, something, some, several, someone, something, someone, someone, something, etc. |
Indefinite pronouns except someone, something change in cases. Also some indefinite pronouns |
|
Negative pronouns |
no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing |
Change in cases. Pronouns nobody and nothing do not have a nominative case |
|
Possessive pronouns |
mine, yours, yours, ours, yours |
Change by gender, cases, numbers |
|
Demonstrative pronouns |
that, this, such, such, how many |
The pronouns that, this, such, change according to gender, cases, numbers. The pronoun such changes by gender and number. |
|
Definitive pronouns |
all, everyone, each, himself, the most, any, other, other |
Change by gender, cases, numbers |
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :
1st person: I, we;
2nd person: you, you;
3rd person: he, she, it, they.
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . Personal pronouns are singular (I, you, he, she, it) and plural (we, you, they) numbers.
All personal pronouns have a constant gender.
Pronouns I and you are of the general gender: I, you came - I, you came.
The pronoun he is masculine: he came.
The pronoun she is feminine: she came.
The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.
Plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their C. p. coincides with R. p. (I don’t have you - I see you).
All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. inclined. In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to pronouns of the 3rd person: from him, to them, from her. The addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, contrary to, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.
|
face |
units h., Cases - them. (rd., dt., vn., tv., etc.) |
pl. h., Cases - them. (rd., dt., vn., tv., pr.) |
|
I (me, me, me, me / me, both to me) |
we (us, us, us, us, about us) |
|
|
you (you, you, you, you/you, about you) you (you, you, you, you, about you) |
you (you, you, you, you, about you) |
|
|
he (his / him, him / him, him, them / him, about him) she (her/her, her/her, her, her/her/her/her, about her) it (his / him, him / him, him, them / him, about him) |
they (them/them, them, them/them, them/them, about them) |
Say the correct pronoun THEM!
Their clothes
Boy - I learned.
Girl - I learned.
Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person do not change by gender.
Rice. four.
You, Petya, have learned your lesson, and you, Masha?
“Yes!” Masha said, “I learned!” “Me too,” said Petya.
Rice. 5.
Boys, have you learned your lessons?
Girls, are you going to school?
We will answer to ourselves both boys and girls.
Let's correct the sentence, indicating the person, number, case, if possible, the gender of pronouns.
1. Once a comrade approached (I) during a break.
Approached (to whom?) To me - this is the pronoun of the 1st person singular of the dative case.
2. Give (you) a monkey?
To give (to whom?) to you is the pronoun of the 2nd person singular of the dative case.
3. (She) is called Yashka.
Her name is (who?) - this is the pronoun of the 3rd person singular feminine of the genitive case.
4. Dad is angry at (we) with Yashka.
Angry (at whom?) at us is the pronoun of the 1st person plural of the accusative case.
5. Let her live with (you) for now.
Will live (with whom?) With you - this is the pronoun of the 2nd person singular of the genitive case.
6. With (she) having fun.
(With whom?) with her is the pronoun of the 3rd person singular feminine of the dative case.
7. So (I) got a monkey.
(Who?) for me is the pronoun of the 1st person singular of the accusative case.
1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baikova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book / Textbook.
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.
3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.
3. Russian language in the CIS countries ().
1. Read Tsvetaeva's verse. Find pronouns in the text, determine their category.
I will win you back from all lands, from all skies, Because the forest is my cradle, and the grave is the forest, Because I stand on the ground with only one foot, Because I will sing about you like no other.
I will win you back from all the others - from that one, You will be no one's fiancé, I will be no one's wife, And in the last dispute I will take you - shut up!
2. Read. Write off. Underline personal pronouns. In brackets, write case questions to them.
The third part of the Earth is occupied by dry land. The rest is water! A variety of marine animals live in it. Among them are tiny ones, like a pinhead, and large ones, such as whales. Sharks live in the oceans. They are also different. There are dwarf sharks. And there are giant sharks. They weigh up to 20 tons.
3. Write down the sentences by inserting the missing pronoun in the correct form.
1) The pianist's concert ... liked it. His game made a wonderful impression on ....
2) I called … all evening yesterday, but … was constantly busy.
3) I have been studying with Volodya since the first year. I know very well ... and for a long time
I'm friends with...
4) I have a younger sister. In the evening I go for ... to kindergarten.
4.* Write a dialogue on any topic using as many personal pronouns as possible in different case forms.