Simple sentences in French with translation. Interrogative sentence in French. In public places

AT interrogative sentence direct order words occur only in the following cases:

• if the question is expressed by intonation: Vous venez?
• if the interrogative sentence begins with qui (who) / qui est-ce qui (who)/ qu'est-ce qui (what) in the function of the subject or quel (what) in the function of determining the subject: Qui a dit cela?
• on turnover est-ce que(usually not translated into Russian): Comment est-ce que vous lisez?
• if the question word is placed at the end of the sentence: Tu t'appelles comment?

In all other cases, the interrogative sentence is characterized by inversion, i.e. reverse word order. Inversion can be simple or complex.

Simple inversion is done when the subject is expressed by a pronoun. In this case, the pronoun is placed after the verb through a dash. Permutation of the pronoun je is allowed only in some monosyllabic forms of verbs: ai-je? suis-je? disje? dois-je? vais-je? puis-je?

Between the verb (if it does not end in t or d) and the 3rd person singular pronoun, the letter t is placed: Lit-il le journal? Pense- t-il à notre projet?

Complex inversion done if the subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun (other than the personal or indefinite on). In this case, the subject remains in its place and, in addition, is repeated after the predicate in the form of a personal unstressed pronoun of the 3rd person of the corresponding gender and number: Pierre est- il etudiant? Les notres sont- ils Venus?

NB! Direct word order: the subject comes first, followed by the predicate.

Inversion = reverse word order: the predicate comes first, followed by the subject.

General question (question to the whole sentence)

It can be set in three ways:

1) By changing intonation to interrogative. The word order in the sentence does not change: Tu vas au cinéma? — Are you going to the cinema?

2) With the help of an interrogative phrase est-ce que keeping the direct word order after it: Est-ce que tu vas au cinéma? — Are you going to the cinema?

3) Using inversions: Vas-tu au cinema? — Are you going to the cinema?

The words “whether” and “is it”, used in a general question in Russian, are not translated into French:

Does he go to the cinema? = Does he go to the cinema? = Does he go to the cinema? = Est-ce qu'il va au cinema?

Special question

Involves the use of special question words:

With question words, there are three options for constructing phrases:

Question to the subject

Question to direct object (addition without preposition)

Question to an indirect object (addition with a preposition)

question for definition

For those who are just starting to learn French, it may seem that it is very difficult, and the French language itself is too difficult. In fact, this is not at all the case, so do not be upset at first. There is an opinion all over the world that it is the Russian language that is the most difficult, and since you are its native speaker, you will be able to master the French language. You just have to be patient and at least have a little free time a day.

Today we will explore such a phenomenon of the French language as word order in a French sentence, and briefly go over the members of the sentence.

What does a French proposal look like?

Friends, please note that French direct word order in a sentence, and its scheme is as follows:

Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + circumstance

Le sujet + le predicat + le complément d'objet direct + le complément d'objet indirect + le complément circumstantiel

Sometimes some members may be absent in the sentence, but the word order remains the same: if there is no member of the sentence, then comes the one that should be according to the scheme. As for the definition, it can stand anywhere, complementing one or another member of the sentence.

• J'écris des lettres à mes amis chaque semaine. - Iwritinglettersminefriendseveryweek.
• Elle voit le chat dans la maison le soir. - She isseescatinhomein the evening.
• Nous lisons les livres d'histoire le matin. - Wereadbooksonstoriesonin the morning.
• J'achete des joujous pour mes enfants. I buy toys for my children.
• Jeregardelateleavecmafemme. – I watch TV with my wife.
• Je ne comprends pas cette proposition. - InotUnderstandthis issentence.
• Ils se rencontrent chaque jour. - They aremeeteachday.

The subject in a French sentence must always come before the verb, and nothing else. Sometimes the subject and predicate can be broken up by another part of speech. For example:

• nous vivons ensemble. - Wewe livetogether.
• Je veuxê tre avec toi. - I wanna be with you.
• Michel et Marie sont venus chez nous. – MichelleandMariecametous.
• Je vais au magasin. - II'm goinginscore.
• Vous chantez bien. - You sing well.

In Russian, a free word order with a change in intonation is allowed. This is not allowed in the French sentence.

A noun that is a direct object must come immediately after the predicate. For example:

• Je vois un garçon. - Iseeboy.
• Nous preparations le dî - Wecookingdinner.
• J'aime ma mere. - I love my mom.
• Michel lave la vaisselle. – Michellewashescrockery.
• Elle dessine une image. - She isdrawspicture.

A noun that is expressed by an indirect object must also appear in the sentence after the predicate:

• Michel parle à sa femme. Michel is talking to his wife.
• J'aipreparecelapourtoi. “I prepared this for you.
• Elle s'adresse au chef. She turns to the boss.
• Nous écrivons à nos cousins. We write to our cousins.
• Je parle a mon mari. - I'm talking to my husband.

If the sentence contains both direct and indirect objects, then the predicate is followed by a direct object, followed by an indirect object.

• Andrelitunlivred'histoire. Andre is reading a history book.
• J'écris un message à mon ami. I am writing a message to my friend.
• Il aime les tartines avec du beurre. - HelovessandwichesWithoil painting.
• Les fruits dans la vase sont sur la table. - Fruitinvaseon thetable.
• J'ai envoyé le livre à Michel. - IsentbookMichel.

If there is a circumstance in the sentence, then it is either at the beginning of the sentence, or at its end, if it is one in the sentence. If more than one, then the circumstances are distributed according to meaning, at the beginning or at the end. For example:

• Aujourd'hui je veux parler de la geographie. - TodayIwanttalkaboutgeography.
• Je visite ma grand-mère souvent. - Ivisitingmygrandmotheroften.
• Heureusement, nous avons reussi. - TOfortunately, wemanaged.
• Il a decidé cela definitivement. - HeI decidedthis isfinally.
• Tout a coup elle s'est tue. - Suddenlyshe isfell silent.

In a French sentence, the impersonal phrase Il est is often used to indicate time:

• Il est trois heures. - Threehours.
• Il est tô - Early.
• Il est tard. - Late.
• Il est trois heures après midi. - Threehoursafternoon.
• Il est cinq heures et demie. - half past six.

Another impersonal turnover Il y a is used to indicate the presence of something. This turnover is expressed in the sentence by the circumstance, and is located either at the beginning or at the end. For example:

• Il y a une serviette sur la table. - Tablecloth(there is) on thetable.
• Sur la table il y a une serviette. - On thetablethere istablecloth.

We study the members of the French sentence

In French, the same members of the sentence as in Russian:

Le sujet - subject. In a sentence, it can be expressed by a noun, a pronoun and other parts of speech.

Le predicat - predicate. As in Russian, most often it is a verb.

Le complément d'objet direct is a direct complement. As in Russian, this addition is without a preposition.

Le complément d'objet indirect is an indirect addition. Suggestion addition.

Le complément circumstantiel - a circumstance. It is expressed by various parts of speech and answers the questions: where? where? where? as? when?

Le complement attributif - definition. In a sentence, it can be expressed by an adjective, participle, numeral, etc.

As you can see, nothing complicated, there are many similarities with the Russian language.

Types of sentences in French

Here, dear readers, everything is like in Russian. French has affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences.

With an affirmative sentence, everything is clear:

• La salle a manger est pleine de hô - Canteenfullguests.
• Nous aimons passer le temps avec nos amis. We love spending time with our friends.
• J'écris un article. - Iwritingarticle.
• Vous cherchez la reponse correcte. - Youlooking forrightanswer.
• Le garçon est tres intelligent. - Boyverysmart.

A negative sentence is formed by adding negative particles ne and pas on both sides of the verb:

• Michel ne travaille pas à l'usine. – Michellenotworkson thefactory.
• Leur reponse n'est pas correcte. - Themanswerwrong.
• Nous ne savons pas quoi faire avec cela. - Wenotwe know, whatWiththisdo.
• Il n'est pas poli avec nous. - HenotpoliteWithus.
• Le livre n'est pas interesting. - Booknotinteresting.

If the verb-predicate begins with a vowel, then the first particle "ne" drops e and it is written with the verb through an apostrophe:

• Jen'observerien. - I don't notice anything.
• Elle n'entend pas nos voix. She doesn't hear our voices.
• Nous n'avons pas d'argent. - We do not have money.
• Marien'arrivepasdemain. Marie is not coming tomorrow.
• L'enfantn'irritepasleshô tes. The child does not annoy the guests.

In colloquial French, it is very common to find cases of dropping the particle “ne” and only “pas” remains:

• Ils travaillent pas. - They arenotwork.
• Ellearrivepasdemain. She is not coming tomorrow.
• Nous chantons pas bien. - Wenotlet's singGood.
• Je sais pas. - I dont know.
• Je choisis pas cela. - I don't choose it.

To reinforce the meaning of the sentence, instead of the negative particle "pas", the words jamais - never, personne - nobody, nobody, rien - nothing are sometimes used:

• Je ne vois personne. - Inobodynotsee.
• Michel ne plaisante jamais. – Michellenevernotjokes.
• Je ne sais rien à propos de cette affaire. - InothingnotI knowonaboutthisaffairs.

Interrogative sentences are formed by inversion or by turnover Est-ce que:

• Dois-jefairecela? – Should I do it?
• Est-ce que je dois faire cela? - Imustthis isdo?

Questions in French can be formed using the following question words:

• Que? - What?
• Quoi? - What?
• Quand? - When?
• Ou? - Where? Where?
• Pourquoi? - Why? What for?
• Combine? - How?
• comment? - How?
• Quel? /Quelle? /quels? /Quelles? - Which? Which? Which?

The French language is not only beautiful, but also interesting. Write as many sentences as you can in French and you will become friends with him very quickly.

Proposition principal. Proposition subordonnee.
Main offer. Subordinate clause
La fièvre était tombée main clause quand le médecin sonna subordinate clause. The temperature dropped when
the doctor called.

Main offer
The main sentence is called the sentence on which other sentences either depend on or obey it.
Le contrat sera simé dès que nous aurons l'avis de la direction. The contract will be signed. as soon as (subordinate sentence) we get the consent of the administration.
■Subordinate clause
It is added to the main sentence and gives it additional meaning. J'ignore ce au'il envisage. I don't know what he's going to do. subordinate clause
different types subordinate clauses and their functions
□ A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. Such a subordinate clause is the complement of the noun that precedes it (hereinafter referred to as the antecedent).
C'est une voiture qui consomme peu. This is a car that consumes little fuel.
voiture antecedent; qui relative pronoun + relative clause, antecedent object
□ An additional subordinate clause is introduced by the subordinating conjunction que and is the object or subject of the predicate of the main clause. It can also be the nominal part of the predicate main clause.
Je vous assure que le feu etait vert. I assure you that the green light was on.
assure verb
que le feu était vert
Que la pluie cesse de tomber (additional subject clause) me ravirait (verb). If the rain stopped, I would be very happy.
Mon plus cher désir (subject) est que vous retrouviez le sourire (additional clause - nominal part of the predicate). My cherished desire is for you to smile again.
□ The adverbial clause is introduced by subordinating conjunctions (except que). It is the complement of the predicate of the main clause.
Le concert est (verb) annulé parce que (complex conjunction) le chanteur est aphone (adverbial clause-complement of the predicate main clause). The concert was canceled because the singer lost his voice.
□ There are other types of subordinate clauses:
- infinitive sentence: J'ai entendu le réveil sonner. I heard the alarm go off;
- absolute participle construction: La peinture a peine séchée. ils emmenagerent. As soon as the paint on the walls was dry, they moved in;
- indirect question: Je te demande pourquoi tu ris. I wonder why you laugh;
- relative nominal sentence: Il a pris deux mois de vacances, dont un à la mer. He took two months of vacation, one of which was for a holiday at sea.
■ Remember to include a comma
If the attributive clause is in the middle of the main clause.
Ma voiture, qui était correctement garée, a été percutée par un automobiliste ivre. My car, which was legally parked, was damaged by a drunk driver.
Le monument, dont vous voyez une photographie dans ce livre, a été restauré l "an dernier. The monument whose photograph you see in this book was restored last year.
If there is an introductory sentence (a short sentence inserted between two other sentences).
Il ajouta, me semble-t-il, que le feu était vert. As far as I remember, he added that the light was green.
If the subordinate clause is at the beginning of the sentence.
Quand le vin est tire, il faut le boire. He took hold of the tug, do not say that it is not a dozen (literally, if wine is poured, you must drink it).
■ Avoid the following mistakes
Negotiation errors.
The attributive clause verb agrees with the antecedent relative pronoun qui as the subject.
Ce sont des voitures qui consomment peu. These are cars that consume little fuel. C "est son frère qui les conduira. His (her) brother conducts them.
Errors leading to misunderstanding of meaning.
- J "ai vu la robe de mariée de ma sœur qui est en dentelle. I saw (a) wedding dress my sister, all lace.
The antecedent of qui is robe de mariée, which is difficult to understand from the above sentence. It's better to make two sentences, separating them with a comma.
J "ai vu la robe de mariée de ma sœur, elle est en dentelle. I saw my sister's wedding dress, it is lace.
- Nous avons trouvé un chien pour mon père qui est noir et blanc. We found a dog for my father, black and white.
It is better to rearrange the addition.
Pour mon père, nous avons trouvé un chien noir et blanc. For my father, we found a black and white dog.

Magnificent France is a country of romance and loving hearts. Traveling to France is the dream of every couple in love. It has everything for a romantic getaway.

Lovely cozy cafes, wonderful hotels, a lot of entertainment and nightclubs. Holidays in France will appeal to any person, no matter what tastes he may have. This is a unique, very diverse country. And if you also communicate with its inhabitants, you will fall in love with this wonderful corner of the Earth.

But in order to communicate with the local population, you need to know at least the basics of the French language, or have our Russian-French phrasebook at hand, which consists of important sections.

Common phrases

Appeals

At the station

At customs

In a hotel, hotel

City walks

In transport

In public places

Emergencies

Numerals

In the shop

At the restaurant

Tourism

Greetings - a list of words that you can use to greet the people of France or say hello to them.

Standard phrases are all that is needed to maintain or develop a conversation. Common words used in daily conversation.

Station - questions frequently asked at stations and common words and phrases that are useful both at the railway station and at any other station.

Passport control - upon arrival in France, you will have to go through passport and customs control, this procedure will be easier and faster if you use this section.

Orientation in the city - if you do not want to get lost in one of the big French cities, keep this section from our Russian-French phrasebook handy. With it, you will always find your way.

Transport - Traveling in France, you will often have to use public transport. We have compiled a translation of words and phrases that will be useful to you in public transport, taxis and more.

Hotel - translation of phrases that will be very useful to you during registration at the hotel and throughout your stay in it.

Public places - with the help of this section you can ask passers-by what interesting things you can see in the city.

Emergencies are a topic that should not be neglected. With its help, you can call an ambulance, the police, call passers-by for help, tell you that you feel bad, etc.

Shopping - when going shopping, do not forget to take a phrase book with you, or rather this topic from it. Everything that is in it will help you make any purchases, from vegetables on the market to branded clothes and shoes.

Restaurant - french cuisine famous for its sophistication and you will most likely want to try its dishes. But in order to order a meal, you need to know at least minimal French in order to be able to read the menu or call the waiter. In this, this section will serve you as a good helper.

Numbers and figures - a list of numbers, starting from zero and ending with a million, their spelling and correct pronunciation in French.

Tours - translation, spelling and correct pronunciation of words and questions that every tourist will need more than once on a trip.

Unlike Russian, the French sentence has a fixed word order. This is because there are no cases in French, and the function of a word is determined by its place.

In a declarative sentence, the word order is usually direct, that is, the subject is followed by the predicate. The predicate is followed by a direct object, and then an indirect object.

The circumstance can be both at the beginning and at the end of the sentence, and the circumstance of the manner of action can be after the verb:

Aujourd'hui il fait beau. = Il fait beau aujourd'hui. — It's a good weather today.

Il lit bien en francais. — He reads French well.

A definition expressed by an adjective can come before and after the word being defined.

Reverse word order, or inversion, when the predicate precedes the subject, is characteristic of interrogative sentences and is found in exclamatory sentences.

In an affirmative sentence, inversion is possible in the following cases:

Monsieur Durand n'habite plus ici, lui expliqua la concierge.

“Monsieur Durand no longer lives here,” the porter explained to him.

This construction is characteristic of a limited number of verbs, such as dire, penser, répondre, affirmer, annoncer, déclarer, ajouter, expliquer, prévenir and some others.

2. After some adverbs at the beginning of a sentence:

• after à peine, ainsi, aussi, aussi bien, du moins, encore, en vain, tout au plus, à plus forte raison and other adverbs, inversion is obligatory if these adverbs refer to the verb, and optional (that is, not obligatory) in other cases:

A peine ont-elles pu se résoudre à nous faire donner des sièges (inversion). — They could hardly bring themselves to invite us to sit down.

Ainsi un pays était suspendu à un visage (without inversion). — So the country peered into that face.

• after adverbs of place and time: là, de là, ici, alors, aussitôt, bientôt, enfin etc., if the subject is a noun. The inversion in this case is simple and optional:

La ou est La France, la est la patrie. — Where there is France, there is the motherland. (=Homeland is where France is.)

• after peut-être and sans doute. In this case, both simple and complex inversion are possible:

Peut-être aussi ce visage était-il suspendu à un pays. — Perhaps this face also peered into the country.

HO: Peut-être il viendra demain (without inversion). — Maybe he will come tomorrow.

3. In sentences that begin with a verb, to provide a link to the previous sentence:

La porte s'ouvre. Entre un pere solennel… — The door opens. With a solemn air, the father enters ...

4. Cases of inversion are also typical for remarks (brief explanations of the author in the text of a dramatic work) and for the administrative style:

Entre Mme Pompadour. — Enter Madame Pompadour.

Sont recus les candidates suivants. — The following candidates have been accepted.

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