Russian hut: interior decoration. Ancient Russian houses with carved architraves and pediments Decor of a Russian hut

In Russia, there are few ancient buildings that have come down to us in their original original form. Many have either collapsed or been altered. Ancient Russian architecture is strikingly beautiful. Learn more about the oldest surviving buildings in Russia.

The surviving ancient Russian buildings

Buildings that have seen great wars, great fires, and the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars are still preserved in Russia. However, they are still standing, giving us the opportunity to get acquainted with the centuries-old architecture.

Koporskaya Fortress

In the Leningrad region, the Koporye fortress, or as it is also called, the Koporskaya fortress, has been preserved. It is an example of ancient Russian military-defensive architecture.

The first mention of this fortress was found in the annals of the year 1240. The restorer's hand practically did not touch the walls of this monument of ancient Russian fortification. A small restoration was needed only once at the end of the nineteenth century. In order not to collapse the vaults, the gate part of the fortress was lined brickwork and covered with a cement pad.

Kebir-Jami Mosque

The mosque in the city of Simferopol was built in 1508. This monument belongs to the period of the Crimean Khanate. Today Kebir-Jami is the main spiritual center for all Muslims of Crimea.

The building itself is a square measuring seven by seven meters. Its walls were originally made of shell stone, and there was a dome on top. After multiple reconstructions, as well as restoration due to a fire in 1740, the Kebir-Jami mosque acquired its final form. The last time it was restored was in 1990. This mosque is active.

Palace of Facets in Moscow

In 1491, by decree of Ivan the Third, the Faceted Chamber of the Kremlin was built in Moscow, which at that time was called the Grand Chamber. This building is considered the oldest of the civil stone structures that have survived to this day.

The facade of the building is processed with faceted stone. It was for this reason that the Grand Chamber was renamed into the Faceted Chamber. It had several fires and more than one restoration. The chamber was built for solemn events. Today it is one of the representative halls of national importance.

The oldest churches in Russia

There are many ancient churches with a history dating back centuries in Russia - this is the Hagia Sophia in Novgorod, the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow, and the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. More about these structures below.

Saint Sophie Cathedral

In the year 1500, by order of Yaroslav the Wise, the Hagia Sophia was built and consecrated. It was erected not far from the burned down temple. The painting was completed in the year one thousand one hundred and nine. Unfortunately, only a small part of the original painting remains. Great Patriotic War significantly damaged this ancient church. Hagia Sophia was completely restored and re-consecrated in 1991.

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

In one thousand one hundred and sixty-five years, Vladimir masters erected a church, which stands in the place where the Nerl River flows into the Klyazma. To avoid flooding and destruction of the structure due to river floods, the foundation was deepened by five meters.

This elegant little building stands on the very shore, on a hill. It survived only by a miracle. Due to unprofitability in the seventeenth century, they wanted to dismantle the church for the sake of a brick in order to put it into another construction. Due to lack of funds, this plan remained unfulfilled.

Assumption Cathedral in Moscow

In 1479, the construction of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin was completed by Russian craftsmen. The work was supervised by the Italian master Aristotle Fioravanti. The cathedral has been restored many times, thanks to which it has been perfectly preserved. Services are still held there today. The painting was completely finished by the year 1515. More than a hundred years later, the temple was repainted, leaving elements of the original painting. On the territory of the Kremlin, this is the oldest example of fresco painting.

The oldest building in Russia

The oldest building in Russia is the Church of John the Baptist in the city of Kerch. It stands in the very center of the city. The old cross-domed part belongs to the eighth century AD. e. Later, already in the nineteenth century, the church was supplemented with an extension.

It is impossible not to name another ancient building - the Juma Mosque in Derbent. The mosque was built in 733. This building became the starting point for the spread of Islam in Russia.

By the way, Derbent is the most ancient city in Russia. On the site, the site is hosted dedicated to the history of this city.
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Decorating houses in the Russian style is becoming more and more popular. Russian style in the interior is the personification of centuries-old traditions and rich culture. Such houses are a real work of architectural art, they are unique in their execution.

In addition, Russian-style housing has good thermal insulation, it is environmentally friendly and easy to use.

Style Features

Modern Russian-style houses combine centuries-old national traditions in architecture and the latest technologies in construction. In the design of a classic old Russian interior, it is most appropriate to use natural materials. The main such material is wood.

Traditionally in Russia wooden houses built from logs of coniferous trees (pine, larch).

Now a popular material in construction is timber.

The main features of houses made of timber in the old Russian style include:

• The abundance of carved patterns in exterior finish dwellings. These are carved wooden window shutters and architraves, porch railings, gable decorations and much more. Designers are ready to offer author's original sketches of patterns for woodcarving.

• The presence of a spacious and bright room. Traditionally, part of the room was occupied by a Russian oven. In a modern house in the old Russian style, the stove is replaced with less bulky heaters.

• Unheated entrance hall. Traditionally, such a room was called a vestibule.

• gable roof with a strong slope.

Popular decorative trim timber, imitating walls made of logs, which allows you to create a feeling of antiquity.

For interior decoration houses also use natural wood, which makes housing in the neo-Russian style as environmentally friendly as possible.

For the rustic style in construction and interior design, it is undesirable to use red wood. For decoration of the premises mainly coniferous trees, oak, birch, ash are used.

The interior can be supplemented natural stone or limestone.

Designers distinguish three separate areas in the old Russian style:

• "a la rus": in other words - "Russian country";
• "Russian hut";
• "terem".

Russian country is the most common interior design style of an old Russian house. characteristic feature This direction is the use of handicrafts and symbols of ancient Russia in the interior.

• Style "Russian hut"» is not replete with unnecessary decorative items, but is more practical and strict in design.
• Terem style recreates the appearance of not a simple old Russian hut, but a merchant's house or a princely chamber. This design looks more impressive and fabulous.

Russian classicism has another direction - "Russian estate". Characteristic features in this area are:

• Decoration of buildings with relief and through artistic woodcarving.
• Roof ridge decoration.
• Canopy over the porch.
• Carved shutters and window frames.
• The predominance of pagan animal symbols (birds, snakes, horses, roosters) in the decor.

Rustic style houses are dominated by floral ornaments. The furniture in the room is artificially aged. In the interior it is appropriate to use wooden benches and large tables. For home decor, natural fabrics with bright patterns, embroidery or lace are often used.

Exterior

Traditionally, Russian-style houses are made of wood, but many construction companies are ready to offer turnkey housing made of bricks. Russian stone houses are considered a separate direction in architecture. Brick house just like the wooden one, it is decorated with various carved elements.

Log cabin remains the main material in the construction of houses in classical style. Now the construction of log houses has many different directions - Russian, Finnish, Norwegian felling.

The construction of houses in the Russian style has certain features, for example, round logs that are connected to each other “in a cup” (in other words, in a circle). The connection elements in this case are semicircular grooves. The logs are connected in such a way that their end parts protrude forty centimeters beyond the walls.

As alternative options joining logs also use the methods of fastening "in the paw" (without protrusions of logs outside the walls) and "in the clasp". The clapping takes place in the shape of a bowl, but the bowl itself is always turned upside down. In this case, each subsequent log is laid with a notch on the previous one.

Choosing an interior

There are many options for decorating the interior of a Russian hut. The interior design can be executed both in rustic rough and rich merchant styles. The choice of interior design will depend only on the preferences of the owner of the house. Designers are ready to draft modern home in Russian style for all tastes and preferences.

One of the main attributes of the interior of a country two-story house is wooden staircase. Such stairs are decorated with carved columns with various patterns.

In the living room, to give an atmosphere of antiquity, a large stove is often installed.

A one-story house cannot boast of such a large amount of free space as multi-storey cottages. Installing an overall Russian stove in a one-story dwelling is not always appropriate and practical. An analogue of a large Russian stove in a house can be a fireplace decorated in the national style.

Walls

When decorating the walls of a house in the Russian style, the most suitable material is wood. If the house was originally built of timber, then you can not resort to additional wall decoration. The walls of the timber themselves will be part of the decor.

As an exception, instead of wood, it is permissible to use whitewash or paint. Often the walls are decorated with fabrics or wallpaper with authentic patterns. Designers recommend not making the walls too dark, as the furniture in the room should be at least one tone darker than the walls.

Furniture

The Old Russian style involves the use of massive wooden furniture (benches, cabinets, chests of drawers, tables, stools). It is permissible to use furniture upholstered in fabric. Furniture is sheathed mainly with velor or other expensive high-quality fabric.

The legs of chairs and tables are often decorated with artistic carvings. Also popular artificial aging pieces of furniture.

As a material for the manufacture of furniture in the Russian style, pine is most often used. Such wood has high quality, attractive color and woody pattern, as well as low cost.

One more distinctive feature furniture made in the old Russian style is the simplicity of design. Kitchen sets, cabinets, walls in the living room, chests of drawers should not consist of many sections and have many drawers and shelves.

Lighting

Lighting devices in the form of lamps or candlesticks will be harmoniously combined with other interior items and decorating elements.

To recreate the styles of "terem" or "Russian estate" as lighting fixtures it is worth using luxurious lamps with exquisite lampshades or forged candlesticks.

Decor

As home decor in the classic Russian style, national ethnic items are often used, which can be purchased at an ordinary souvenir shop. To give a special atmosphere, you can use wooden barrels, chests or caskets with carvings. Items made of plastic are recommended to be excluded.

Modern technology it is desirable to decorate additionally.

Items made of ceramics and porcelain are often decorated with Russian folk painting, which is known as Gzhel. Traditionally, Gzhel is a complex hand painting in blue or blue tones on a white background. It is worth noting that now Gzhel is not only a folk craft for the production and painting of porcelain, but also a separate stylistic trend in interior design.

Carving is the oldest way to decorate wood products. Carvings were used to decorate wooden courts and a photo of a carved house at home, furniture and utensils, looms and spinning wheels. carved cornices and platbands, carved platbands made of wood photo, carved platbands to order.

Old carved buildings are the cultural heritage of our country, transmitted from Ancient Russia. Russian architecture is the roots that came to us from Byzantium and became the basis of Russian architecture for many years to come. Izba - "Teremok".

A beautiful Russian carved house, which was built according to the plan of Sergei Malyutin, a famous Russian architect and artist, is part of the Teremok historical complex and is located in the village. Flenovo, Smolensk region This work of art was created in 1902.

In the past, it was the property of the philanthropist M.K. Tenisheva. The carved elements of the building reflect the culture of Russia and the fabulousness of ancient epics.

The log house rests on the fabulous "mountain snakes". Just below the vault of the roof are the moon and several months. Various patterns give an unforgettable look and fabulous look to this house. The beauty!

Manor Shastina A.I..

The heritage of Irkutsk, built at the beginning of the 19th century, became lacy only in 1907. The beautiful patterns of the facade and windows radically changed appearance at home, and the relief carving and figured pillars gave a special "zest" and made the house a work of art.

All this work is completely handmade.

House of blacksmith Kirillov.

The fabulous "gingerbread" building was recognized as the best in Russia in 1999. Sergei Kirillov is an outstanding blacksmith who created this house by hand and on his own, without any help. This hard work took more than 13 years and was completed only in 1967.

Wooden and metal decorations of the facade will make you admire the skill of this great man.

The hut-terem of Kirillov is a vivid example of naive art, and to all this, the image is supported by fabulous and Soviet symbols. To this day, the blacksmith's widow lives in the house, and the gates to the courtyard are not locked. Even an ordinary passer-by can admire this house and get an unforgettable experience.

Oshevnev's house.

The attraction is located in Karelia, in the Museum of Folk History - "Kizhi". The house is a rich and beautifully decorated estate, created according to the cultural canons of the North, taking into account the winter weather conditions and the traditions of the locals.

The design, created in the 20th century, is reminiscent of a 19th century peasant's housing, which does not need anything, and includes a Russian stove, big bed, large wooden benches. The dishes are made of clay and wood.

There are many small copper things in the house. In the upper room there is a large painted dinner table and other everyday items. The house has three balconies, but they are decorated in completely different ways. The facade is decorated with volumetric carvings and many interesting patterns.

Manor Sukachev.

Vladimir Sukachev's estate is a landmark of the city of Irkutsk, created in 1882. More than 130 years have passed, but Sukachev's house still retains its amazing beauty and the unchanged details of the estate.

Silhouettes of dragons, fabulous flower images - these are indicators of the rich imagination of Siberian masters.

Pogodinskaya hut.

This relic is located in Moscow, among stone buildings, where only a few historical buildings remain. The hut belonged to the famous Russian historian M.P. Pogodin and was established in 1856.

The work of a skilled craftsman N.V. Nikitin is a tall log cabin, which is made up of large logs. The roof of the hut is decorated with "cut" carvings. Window shutters and other elements of the hut are decorated with wooden lace.

A photo by anton apostol
in Vladimir simple architraves- they are here in the treble clef!

Teremok, Nizhny Novgorod.


29. Old house, Vologda.

Beautiful house ik Dalnee Konstantinovo, Nizhny Novgorod Region


12. A beautiful house is somewhere at the entrance to Kstovo already.

fringed architraves from Kostroma and neighboring regions

Yaroslavl region

Kostroma

Rostov the Great

And Izborsk Pskov region

The village of Anastasino, near Smolensk.

In Smolensk, they must remember. A long time ago, the most carved and colorful house stood opposite the railway hospital.

Literature is not cooking, so recipes are inappropriate here. It is not so important what a person has to write: an essay, an essay, an essay or a story - there is no universal, good and effective method that will help create a verbal masterpiece. It all depends on the thoughts, emotions and soul that each author puts into his work. But, nevertheless, there are universal “seasonings”, without which even a simple description of the house will turn into hellish torture.

What's the catch?

Description of the house - an essay that should fully reveal the appearance of the property, not only inside, but also outside. That is, to answer the question "what". This kind of essay can be found more than once in the curricula of elementary and secondary schools. The essence of this task is to teach the student:

• Operate with acquired vocabulary.
• Structure thoughts.
• Express your own opinion about anything.

Describing real estate is a little more difficult than describing nature, as many little things distract attention. In this case, it is difficult to determine what is important and what is secondary. Therefore, we will try to figure out what can be served as a main dish, and what will become a good seasoning.

What do I see?

In fact, the description of the house involves writing about what a person sees in front of him. However, this task can be interpreted in different ways. If you take it as it is, then the essay will turn into a dull count of cracks and chips that can be seen on the outer walls of the building, the foundation and under the roof.

A good solution would be a description of architectural features or amusing decorations. self made(for example, carved porch railings). If chips and cracks are the only "sights" of the external facade, then you can write not just about their existence, but tell the story with which this damage is associated. This technique is especially popular when you need to come up with a description of an old house, because such a property is rich in stories.

Windows and doors

Don't overlook windows and doors. It is considered bad form to write about how many windows or doors are in the house. It's best to mention features. For example, “The doors of the house were large and heavy. They were decorated with a beautiful carved handle, which had already worn off a little with time” or “The dark panes of the windows bored travelers unfriendly. This old house definitely not happy with the new tenants.”

In the first case, the features of the entrance doors are simply described. In the second case, the author attributed human features to the windows. Nevertheless, this did not stop them from being a part of the essay-description, because they still answer the question “which one” (which windows are unfriendly). Describing a house using a similar technique is often found in fiction when the author wants to convey to the reader not only a visual representation of what is happening, but also an emotional background.

Roof or rooms?

Description of the house - an essay that raises many questions. Especially when it comes to the roof of the room. If everything is clear with the porch, windows, doors and the facade as a whole, then the roof is a separate moment, because very often you can find works in which not a word is written about it. Perhaps this is one of the most common mistakes - after all, there is no house without a roof. Even if there are no features of the roof, you can say, for example: “Under the usual tiled roof is the house of my youth. Its walls...

You can often find a description of a residential building without mentioning the roof, and rooms are also often described instead of it. In principle, this is an excellent solution, especially if you end the essay with the words: “And then all this beauty was flooded with rain, because the house was without a roof.” In the description of the building, it is necessary to mention its roof. Moreover, there is no need to “jump” from the facade and windows to the kitchen with carved furniture, and then return to the porch. First you need to describe the appearance of the house, then its rooms (if this implies a task).

House description: example

“More than 15 years have passed since I was here. I still remember the house I grew up in. It was small, a little rickety, but with a new roof. Every spring, my mother and I whitewashed the walls and painted the windows blue to give our convent a fresher look. Summer Entrance door the house was always wide open, and in winter soft light streamed from all the windows, as if welcoming you to a cup of hot tea. We didn’t have a porch, just one step leading inside the house, but how nice it was to sit on it on long summer evenings and think about everything in the world.

It's been 15 years and only a crumbled foundation remains of my house. If you look closely, you can discern where and what room was before, but nothing more. One day the house just collapsed, and its description became part of my memories.”

An essay on a similar topic is good because you can add a little history, a little emotion, a little memories to the description. It doesn’t matter whether they are real or fictional, the main thing is that everything harmoniously combines. Indeed, without these “seasonings” one cannot get a good essay. Literature is, of course, not cooking, but even here it is difficult to do without spices.

The Russian hut has always been fine, solid and original. Its architecture testifies to the fidelity to centuries-old traditions, their durability and uniqueness. Its layout, design and interior decoration have been created over the years. Not many traditional Russian houses have survived to this day, but they can still be found in some regions.

Initially, huts in Russia were built of wood, partially deepening their foundation underground. This provided greater reliability and durability of the structure. Most often, it had only one room, which the owners divided into several separate parts. An obligatory part of the Russian hut was the stove corner, to separate which a curtain was used. In addition, there were separate zones for men and women. All corners in the house were lined up in accordance with the cardinal points, and the most important among them was the eastern (red), where the family organized the iconostasis. It was the icons that the guests should have paid attention to immediately after entering the hut.

Russian hut porch

The architecture of the porch has always been carefully thought out, the owners of the house devoted a lot of time to it. It combined excellent artistic taste, centuries-old traditions and the ingenuity of architects. It was the porch that connected the hut with the street and was open to all guests or passers-by. Interestingly, the whole family, as well as neighbors, often gathered on the porch in the evenings after hard work. Here guests and owners of the house danced, sang songs, and children ran and frolicked.

In different regions of Russia, the shape and size of the porch were radically different. So, in the north of the country, it was quite high and large, and the southern facade of the house was chosen for installation. Thanks to this asymmetric placement and the unique architecture of the facade, the whole house looked very peculiar and beautiful. It was also quite common to find porches placed on poles and decorated with openwork wooden posts. They were a real decoration of the house, making its facade even more serious and solid.

In the south of Russia, the porch was installed from the front of the house, attracting the attention of passers-by and neighbors with openwork carvings. They could be both on two steps, and with a whole staircase. Some home owners decorated their porch with a canopy, while others left it open.

canopy

In order to keep the maximum amount of heat from the stove in the house, the owners separated the living area from the street. The canopy is exactly the space that the guests immediately saw at the entrance to the hut. In addition to keeping warm, the canopy was also used to store the yoke and other necessary things, it was here that many people made closets for food.

To separate the hallway and the heated living area, a high threshold was also made. It was made to prevent the penetration of cold into the house. In addition, according to centuries-old traditions, each guest had to bow at the entrance to the hut, and it was impossible to go inside without bowing before the high threshold. Otherwise, the guest just hit the bare bare.

Russian stove

The life of the Russian hut revolved around the stove. It served as a place for cooking, relaxing, heating and even bathing procedures. Steps led upstairs, there were niches in the walls for various utensils. The furnace has always been with iron barriers. The device of the Russian stove - the heart of any hut - is surprisingly functional.

The stove in traditional Russian huts was always located in the main zone, to the right or left of the entrance. It was she who was considered the main element of the house, since they cooked food on the stove, slept, she warmed the whole house. It has been proven that food cooked in the oven is the healthiest, as it retains all the beneficial vitamins.

Since ancient times, many beliefs have been associated with the stove. Our ancestors believed that it was on the stove that the brownie lives. Garbage was never taken out of the hut, but burned in an oven. People believed that in this way all the energy remains in the house, which helps to increase the wealth of the family. Interestingly, in some regions of Russia, they steamed and washed in the oven, and also used it to treat serious diseases. The doctors of that time claimed that the disease can be cured simply by lying on the stove for several hours.

Furnace corner

It was also called the "Woman's Corner", since it was precisely to do that that the whole kitchenware. He was separated by a curtain or even wooden partition. The men from their family almost never came here. A huge insult to the owners of the house was the arrival of a strange man behind a curtain in the stove corner.

Here, women washed and dried things, cooked food, treated children and told fortunes. Almost every woman was engaged in needlework, and the most calm and convenient place for this was precisely the furnace corner. Embroidery, sewing, painting - these are the most popular types of needlework for girls and women of that time.

Benches in the hut

In the Russian hut there were movable and fixed benches, and already from the 19th century chairs began to appear. Along the walls of the house, the owners installed fixed benches, which were fastened with supplies or legs with carved elements. The base could be flat or tapered towards the middle, and its decor often included carved patterns and traditional ornaments.

There were also mobile shops in each house. Such benches had four legs or were installed on blank boards. The backs were often made so that they could be thrown to the opposite edge of the bench, and carved decor was used for decoration. The bench was always made longer than the table, and was also often covered with thick cloth.

Male corner (Konik)

It was to the right of the entrance. There was always a wide shop here, which was fenced on both sides. wooden planks. They were carved in the shape of a horse's head, so the male corner is often called "konik". Under the bench, the men kept their tools intended for repairs and other men's work. In this corner, men repaired shoes and utensils, as well as wove baskets and other wickerwork.

All the guests who came to the owners of the house for a short time sat down on a bench in the men's corner. It was here that the man slept and rested.

Women's Corner (Wednesday)

It was important in female destiny space, because it was from behind the stove curtain that the girl came out during the bride in elegant attire, and also waited for the groom on the wedding day. Here, women gave birth to children and fed them away from prying eyes, hiding behind a curtain.

Also, it was in the women's corner of the house of the guy she liked that the girl had to hide the overcast in order to get married soon. They believed that such a wrap would help the daughter-in-law to make friends with the mother-in-law and become a good housewife in the new house.

red corner

This is the brightest and most important corner, since it was he who was considered a sacred place in the house. According to tradition, during construction, he was allocated a place on the eastern side, where two adjacent windows form an angle, so the light falls, making the corner the brightest place in the hut. Icons and embroidered towels hung here, as well as faces of ancestors in some huts. Be sure to put in the red corner big table and took food. Freshly baked bread was always kept under icons and towels.

To this day, some traditions associated with the table are known. So, it is not advisable for young people to sit on the corner in order to create a family in the future. It is bad luck to leave dirty dishes on the table or sit on it.

Our ancestors kept cereals, flour and other products in senniks. Thanks to this, the hostess could always quickly prepare food from fresh ingredients. In addition, additional buildings were provided: a cellar for storing vegetables and fruits in winter, a barn for cattle and separate facilities for hay.