We take out the stairs to the second floor from the house. Varieties of modern stairs for a country house: standards and an individual project. Convenient staircase: the ratio of the sizes of the steps
Interfloor staircase necessary to connect the premises of a house that has several levels. It should be durable, safe and comfortable. In addition, the stairs essential element interior design, it cannot be hidden or disguised.
You should think about the location, configuration and design of the stairs in scrap at the very beginning of the design, because the layout of the building often depends on this. Taking into account the features of this element, the halls of the floors and the entrances to the rooms are located. The free zone in front of the stairs and around it, the convenient location of the “start” of the stairs and its “finish”, the lighting of the rise are the most important conditions for comfort and harmony of the interior. In addition, the safety of the stairs is directly related to its convenience.
Rules for the construction of stairs in the house
When designing a house, take into account the required size of the opening for the stairs in the ceiling between floors and the way it is supported. Concrete, marble or glass structures can weigh up to 2 tons, so you need to take into account the additional load on the ceiling.
concrete stairs- a constructive component of the house, and they are erected at the construction stage. In a small building, they are usually built in between the main walls that limit the staircase space.
Light stairs- wooden, metal - mounted at the final stage finishing works. They can be turned into a spectacular element of the interior, placed anywhere in the house, made completely open.
When designing a staircase, the owner often has to choose between its convenience and the useful area of the house. Only a specialist can create a convenient, economical and safe design. The size of the opening in the ceiling of the second floor depends on the shape of the stairs and the height of the floor. For the most economical, single-march structures, an opening of at least 100 x 250 cm is required, for screw structures, the minimum opening diameter is 120 cm.
Spacious hall - the best place for stairs
But you should always remember about the convenience and safety of the stairs. They will be provided:
- the correct ratio of parameters: the angle of ascent and descent, the width of the passage on the stairs, turning sections;
- sufficient free space above the head of a climbing person - at least 2 m;
- reliable fencing of stairs and landing;
- sufficient lighting is better, natural, and if this is not possible, it is desirable to provide bright staircase halls.
Staircase at the door provides maximum autonomy of the second floor
The location of the stairs in the house
It is better to place the stairs closer to the geometric center of the house in order to save on the length of communications. It is necessary to provide a convenient approach to it, and around - free space so that two people can pass each other. Most often, the stairs are located in the hall or hallway - this ensures the autonomy of the premises and allows you to climb to the second floor directly from the entrance to the house. Sometimes a staircase is placed in the living room and this multi-level design serves as a decoration for the room. The hall of the second floor can be made in the form of a gallery, open to the living room or hallway.
The staircase is located in the living room so that it does not disturb the comfort
Spiral staircase with gallery
This type of staircase is often located in the living room. It is less convenient for climbing than marching, and involves limited use, for example, leads to a mezzanine.
Spiral staircase with gallery
Staircase in the hall
The staircase in the hall is convenient because it connects special communication rooms and ensures the autonomy of all rooms. Under it, you can arrange utility rooms.
Staircase in the hall
Staircase in the living room
The staircase located in the living room always attracts attention. It must have an expressive design. But for her, you will have to sacrifice free space and peace in the common room.
Staircase in the living room
Stair elements
The staircase consists of a supporting structure, steps and railings. The design must be strong, and it can rely on walls or ceilings. The convenience of the stairs depends on the angle of ascent and is related to the ratio of the height and width of the steps (they are calculated based on the average step of a person). The fence consists of railings and filling between them and the steps. First of all, the strength and height of the fence are important, and secondly, its decorative effect.
Wide first steps invite you to start climbing and provide turn
Stair terminology
Flight of stairs- rise with a certain number of steps (preferably no more than 17) between landings or from the floor of one floor to the floor of another. The optimal slope of the march is 30-40 °, but not more than 45 °, and its optimal width for a private house is 80-90 cm.
Landing- a horizontal platform between marches, the width and length of which is not less than that of the march. Usually used to turn the stairs 90-180°.
tread- the width of the step, commensurate with the human foot. Usually 25-30 cm, but not less than 22 cm.
riser- step height. The optimal height is 15-18 cm, but not more than 20 cm. The height of all steps should be the same.
winder steps- steps narrowing towards the inside and widening towards the outer edge of the stairs. Used to turn it around. The width of the winder step in the center must be at least 22 cm. Stairs consisting only of winder steps are called spiral.
Balusters- staircase fencing elements: vertical columns located between the steps and the railing and limiting the staircase, platform, gallery. They provide security and decorate the stairs. The distance between the balusters should not exceed 10 cm, and the height of the fence with railings should be 96-98 cm, but not less than 90 cm.
Boltsy- elements of the supporting structure of the stairs: bolts mounted in the wall, on which the stair step is attached.
Kosour- an element of the supporting structure of the stairs: an inclined beam (or a pair of beams) to which the steps are attached. It is made of wood, metal, concrete and rests on the floors of the floors.
From the landing, as from a balcony, it's nice to glance at the living room
Types and configurations of stairs
The configuration of the stairs depends on the floor plan, the area allotted for this element, the style of the interior, the design and the material. With the correct calculation of the parameters, any configuration of the stairs will be convenient. At the same time, the greater the number of marches and the slope of the structure, the more space it will take, but it will be safer, more presentable and easier to lift.
Staircase in a minimalist style |
Original, but descent along such a "cascade" will require caution |
A staircase with winder steps is shorter than a two-flight one. A screw takes up less space than others, but it is difficult to walk on it, so it is better not to use it as the main one.
Unusually shaped staircase does not require additional decorations
Configuration and area of the 0.9 m wide staircase with a floor height of 2.75 m (17 steps)
1. Single-flight straight (3.78 m²) 2. Double-flight straight with an intermediate platform (4.59 m²) 3. Double-flight L-shaped (4.59 m²) 4. Double-flight U-shaped with an intermediate platform (5.61 m²) 5. Three-flight with two platforms (5.51 m²)
6. Single flight with winder steps and turn by 90° (4.23 m²) 7. Single flight with winder steps and turn by 180° (4.32 m²) 8. Single flight with winder steps and turn by 180° (3.75 m²) ) 9. Single flight only with winders and 180° turn (3.54 m²)
10. Spiral staircases (3.14 m²) and (2.54 m²)
Convenient ladder: step size ratio
About the safety of stairs
The staircase must be designed by a specialist. Should be given Special attention its safety and do not neglect the following rules:
- starting from a height of 1 m, flights of stairs, landings and galleries must have a fence with a height of at least 90 cm;
- gaps between the elements of the fence should not be more than 10 cm in width or diameter;
- railings should be shaped to fit comfortably in the hand;
- all steps must be the same height;
- steps should not slip;
- on the upper platform to the stairs it is necessary to provide free access from all rooms.
Classic, well-defined spiral staircase |
Smooth turn along the entire length - both beautiful and comfortable |
How simpler form and the fewer turns the staircase has, the more convenient it is |
Elegant and comfortable, but better when the railing is on the right |
Classic straight staircase with comfortable handrail along the wall
Stair materials
The load-bearing structures of the stairs are made of wood, metal, glass and concrete. As finishing materials use ceramics, stone and mosaics. When finishing steps, take into account that they must resist abrasion. If the steps are lined with slippery material, rough strips are applied to the plane of the treads or a carpet is laid. The railing and cladding of the stairs will be coordinated with the interior design. Wooden stairs are the most popular: they are suitable for interiors of any style, while steel and glass are attributes of a modern setting.
Wooden stairs are especially in demand in private homes, they are diverse, durable, environmentally friendly and beautiful. For the construction use solid wood or glued wood
Wooden stairs are traditionally decorated with carved balusters and railings, as well as wooden sculptures. Forged railings and railings, as well as glass elements, make the design of any material spectacular. For staircase design, an entrance platform with several initial steps is important. It can be oval, with unusually designed railings.
Glass stairs are made of triplex (several layers of tempered glass), metal is used for a non-existent structure. Glass stairs can have a complex spatial configuration and are spectacular. Fences are made of triplex, steel, brass
Metal stairs are made from metal profiles, pipes, reinforcing steel and steel sheets. They allow you to give the structure any configuration.
Concrete stairs can be prefabricated or monolithic. Concrete allows you to create representative staircases of complex, plastic, curved shapes. The surface of the stairs is faced with stone, mosaic, ceramics. The fences are made of stone forged metal, steel, less often - from wood
Stair lighting
If the ladder is dark or improperly lit, it is dangerous to use it. The more complex the shape of the structure and the longer it is, the more carefully you need to pay attention to the lighting of flights of stairs and approaches to them.
It is desirable to achieve natural light on the stairs
Artificial light, first of all, should illuminate the steps well. Their night illumination is both convenient and effective. The light finish of the walls surrounding the stairs will also make the space lighter and more comfortable.
Step lighting is one of the practical solutions to the problem of safety.
If you liked any photo in a private house, there will be questions about the implementation of such a project on your own. Even when placing an order with a specialized company, information about technological processes for close control. Self-manufacturing of structures is more difficult. You will have to learn new skills, learn how to put them into practice. This article has many useful information on this topic. It will help you make the right decisions, save money and time.
Which staircases are installed on the second floor in a private house: photos and design features
Regardless of who exactly will be the builder of such a structure, it is necessary to formulate correctly technical task. In accordance with the current natural wood, plywood in should not consist of more than two marches. This rule should be observed to ensure a good level of fire safety.
Use the following guidelines for sizing:
- Ideally, the width is chosen taking into account the free passage of two people. A permissible minimum of 0.8 m is used when there is only enough free space for mounting a compact screw structure.
- To count the number of steps, a standard step of about 25-33 cm is used. The height of the steps is set from 12 to 18 cm. The minimum value is chosen if elderly people and small children live in the house.
- You can also use a certain angle of inclination of the lift in relation to the horizontal. The optimal value is 42-47°.
- When performing calculations, take real levels floor on the first and second floor after . You should also consider the presence of railings.
Note! If you want to know how to make a staircase with your own hands without mistakes, start by preparing design documentation.
Related article:
In the article, we will consider in detail the design options, the algorithm for their calculation, detailed step by step instructions creating stairs with your own hands and practical recommendations from specialists.
The usual option: stringers and bowstrings
This specific name refers to the supporting elements of a special profile, on which steps are installed.
How to lighten the design
In this example, risers, stringers, and other visible supports have been eliminated. The figure shows that thick steps had to be used to ensure high strength. They are attached to the wall using large dowels. It should not be forgotten that Basic structure buildings must be designed for the appropriate loads.
The design on the bolts looks easy. These are special fasteners that hold the steps together. One of the advantages of such structures is the possibility of simple disassembly for repair, replacement of worn-out steps.
Compact metal and wooden stairs in the house to the second floor: photos, technical details
If the structure is made in the form of a spiral, it will fulfill its functions, but it will occupy a small area. Such solutions are used in small rooms where it is necessary to economically manage the available space.
What are the advantages of stairs to the second floor on a metal frame: the correct use of other materials
Positive characteristics, disadvantages, application rules should be considered separately. various materials.
Even without a detailed study of the design documentation, it is clear that such a design is not complicated. It is not too difficult to create such a wooden staircase to the second floor with your own hands. Balusters, posts and handrails can be ordered from the carpentry shop. Steps of simple shape and bowstrings with slots are not too difficult to make without help. The assembly is also not accompanied by great difficulties.
Wood is easy to process. This material is covered with a transparent varnish in order to preserve for viewing the unique patterns created by nature itself. Products made from this material are lightweight. They are well in line with modern trends, in which ecological cleanliness and naturalness are highly valued.
Important! It should be remembered that wood parts are damaged by temperature changes, humidity, mold and other harmful effects of biological origin. They must be protected by impregnations, special surface layers.
Such structures are suitable for installation on outdoors. However, in this case, it is necessary to create a layer of paint, perform other anti-corrosion treatment to extend the service life.
Glass products do not rust. Cracks do not form in them, as you do a tree, when the humidity and temperature regime changes. They do not burn, retain integrity and excellent appearance for a long period of use. They can be cleaned of contaminants with potent detergents.
Such reliable structures are designed for increased loads. But they themselves weigh a lot, so the appropriate tolerances for a particular building should be taken into account in the calculation.
Overview of designs, taking into account style, purpose
The following photos of stairs to the second floor in a private house show examples of the use of different details. With their help, they create certain aesthetic and specifications.
The elements of this lightweight construction are prefabricated. You should not apply such solutions without professional experience, engineering skills. To fix such parts in the walls, large ones are used.
The exact calculation of the metal frame allows each step to withstand the weight of an adult without damage. You should not install a ladder without in a house where small children, the elderly live.
It is more difficult to work with this material, so complex parts are ordered at specialized enterprises. For assembly using bolted connections, special skills are not required. It is more difficult to make a quality connection if you have to use welding machine.
It is also better to entrust the creation of such a metal staircase to the second floor to professionals. 
It should be noted that in some of the options, usability is questionable. Designers show excessive imagination, forgetting about the direct functional purpose of products. In other cases, the level of comfort is reduced by the cramped conditions of a narrow aisle. Below are photos of several practical solutions.
How to properly illuminate straight and spiral staircases: photos, expert recommendations
To ensure safety during the operation of flights of stairs, it is necessary to ensure their sufficient visibility. Best suited for solving such problems. These compact devices can be built discreetly into structural elements. Their durability, low power consumption, resistance to power surges and other external influences will appeal to prudent owners.
General conclusion
You can create a staircase to the second floor yourself, or purchase a finished product. These designs use different materials, methods exterior finish. They are equipped with manual lighting, or. In any case, the following factors must be taken into account:
- with an estimate and a list of necessary purchases will help optimize costs.
- Stairs must match the overall style of the room and purpose.
- The features of future operation should be studied and a sufficient level of comfort (safety) for all users should be ensured.
The materials in this article will help you make the right decision when determining the exact parameters of complex and simple designs of this class.
If your cottage is at least slightly elevated above ground level or it has two or more floors, then the street staircase to the house is one of the essential elements of its design. There are many criteria for choosing outdoor stairs. At least they are made from different materials- metal, wood or concrete, which means they are designed according to other principles.
The stairs to the house can be made of any material and any design. Source hi.decorexpro.com
In addition, a street staircase is not necessarily just a separate entrance, for example, if the house has several floors, then the project should include a fire escape.
Ladder on the street in a private house: how to choose
There are several criteria that need to be reviewed one by one in order to choose the right ladder:
Purpose
The most common porch- this is such a familiar structural element that it is often not even perceived as a staircase. However, the porch can be of different heights, so if there are steps here, then it would be most correct to say “porch with stairs”.
Stationary external stairs leading to the second floor, attic or attic. It is they who most often have in mind when they talk about outdoor stairs.
Firefighters- must be installed in buildings with a height of 10 meters or more. In fact, these are the same stationary stairs, but with certain design requirements, so they are usually classified as a separate category. If stationary ladders involve regular use, then firefighters, first of all, are installed in case of evacuation or early access to the premises during a fire. However, no one forbids the use of a fire escape for other needs, if at the same time free access to it is maintained.
A fire escape can be very beautiful and simply used as a separate entrance. Source metkon26.ru
Design
marching- having a span in the structure. This is the most common version of the execution (if the stairs are high, then you can see two or three flights with platforms between them).
Screw (spiral) stairs. They are used when there is not as much space as one would like (they are easy to distinguish, these are usually interesting "twisted" designs).
stairs on the bolts. Despite the complex name, it simply means "bolted" - in this case, the steps are individually attached to the wall.
Attached or retractable (lifting). With the spread attic floors are used extremely rarely, mainly for access to an unused attic. But in fact, this is also an outdoor staircase for the house.
Spiral staircase leading to the second floor from the street source seattlehelpers.org
Choosing the right design is quite simple - if there is no space, then the second option is needed, otherwise we evaluate the convenience and costs.
Boltsy look very nice, but they can only be installed if the wall can withstand the additional load, the size of which is calculated depending on the particular design of the stairs. Plus, it is necessary to take into account the complexity of installation.
If you look for a compromise, then these are wooden marching stairs. Most often they are made on the so-called stringers.
For reference! Kosoura - boards in which there are cuts for installing steps. A typical sign of a kosour is when you see the “saw” pattern of the stairs with all the steps on the side.
Making a marching staircase on stringers takes some time, but this design looks neat and beautiful. Intermediate marches are also made from boards or, alternatively, from shields.
Production material
Wood. Such a staircase is quite inexpensive in execution, but at the same time it should be covered with an antiseptic and treated (painted) with a waterproof solution. In addition, even if all the rules are followed, the wooden staircase is not very durable: the first steps will have to be repaired in 5-10 years.
Wooden staircase is simple and neat Source derevyanny.com
Metal. It can have a very beautiful execution, especially if you fork out for an additional purchase of solutions with glass or forging. However, if there are elements hand made The turnaround time for work is increasing exponentially. metal staircase it may also have its own varieties: from cast elements, welded or economy version - a typical collapsible design. By the way, it will also be the fastest installation. Well, it is natural that each metal staircase requires anti-corrosion treatment;
Metal staircase with forged railings Source krsk.au.ru
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer construction installation services. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
Concrete. A monolithic concrete outdoor staircase in a private house has a number of advantages - strength, durability, the ability to combine with decorative elements from any materials. By performance characteristics There are simply no drawbacks to such a design, but before you stop your choice on such a staircase, you need to take into account its price, weight (an additional foundation will be required), manufacturing complexity and the time it takes to install. According to the last point, this is not only the hardening of concrete, but also the manufacture of formwork. It looks very nice on such a staircase finishing with clinker tiles or marble, but since these materials have never been cheap, beauty will require a rather big financial sacrifice.
Monolithic marble staircase source seattlehelpers.org
Brick. The option is quite rare, but having the right to exist. Unlike a concrete monolithic staircase, which can be made into a spiral staircase, a brick base can only be a marching one. For the manufacture of the staircase itself, you can use rubble bricks, and finish with clinker.
For snowy regions, you can use the heating of the surface of the stairs. In some cases, it will be cheaper and easier than lining with anti-slip coatings.
Convenient stairs from the street to the house: the main criteria
There are several main criteria that an outdoor staircase for a house must meet:
Comfortable movement. According to SNiP, the width of the stairs must be at least 90 cm. Common sense also speaks of this - it will be difficult to go down or up through a narrower passage. Per best option it is customary to consider a width of 1-1.5 m. There are also certain recommendations on the size of the steps - the height and length should be related approximately as 18/30 cm. It is calculated that with this ratio, the descent and ascent will be most comfortable. An exception is made for fire escapes - they have a permissible depth of steps that can be 10 cm less;
Approximately this is how the parameters of the height and depth of the steps of the stairs are calculated Source olestnicah.ru
Strength. This parameter, among other things, is affected by the length of the stairs. For marching, for example, the number of spans is not limited building codes, but the steps on each of them should not be more than 18 pieces.
Sustainability. In addition to the staircase itself, if the building was built recently, then you need to think about the shrinkage of the house. This is especially true for wooden cottages, for which external structures are made last.
wear resistance. Since the staircase is external, special attention should be paid to this issue, because you always want repairs to be done as rarely as possible.
Safety. The design of the stairs should take into account who will walk on it - depending on the material, it may be necessary to provide ribbed ledges or rubber mats from slipping, whether the handrails will be low (the minimum allowable height is from 90 cm). If there are small children who can be left unattended, then you should not leave a distance of more than 15 cm between the balusters, otherwise the child will be able to stick his head in there.
Calculation and design of street stairs
Even though a large number of ready-made solutions, it must be borne in mind that each staircase will be placed at least a little, but “in its own way”, which means that you will need to make preliminary calculations.
Even the simplest staircase requires preliminary design source seattlehelpers.org
Exemplary algorithm calculations are as follows:
Depending on who will use the stairs, it is selected step height. For example, if there are elderly people in the house, then you can move away from the recommended standard and make the steps lower.
Based on the number of steps, it is determined staircase shape or the number of marches.
Depending on the location and functionality of the stairs, it is selected width.
slope for a prefabricated spiral staircase, this is approximately 45 °, but you still need to calculate height support pole.
If a street staircase to a wooden house is supposed, a reserve of "backlash" is immediately laid down for the shrinkage of the wood or its additional processing if necessary (lapping or grinding).
Video description
A wooden staircase does not have to be made entirely of wood. Quite popular options are wooden steps on an iron frame:
What to consider when choosing and operating a ladder
If your staircase immediately leads from the street to the second floor, then this is convenient (for example, if two families live in the house). However, here have their own tricks:
If there is little space, and the spiral staircase does not appeal (if you use it constantly, it is not always convenient), then you can consider the so-called turning ladder with winder steps (the steps make a turn by increasing one of their sides). This design is more difficult to manufacture, but takes up less space on the march.
If possible, instead of a continuous vertical rise, it is better to do extra march- this will add not only attractiveness, but the stairs outside the house to the second floor will become safer.
The steps of the stairs and platforms between marches should be made under a small (1-2°) angle. This is necessary for the natural flow of water.
Top platform width should take into account the width of the doorway, in other words, it is necessary to provide such a width that it is comfortable to enter and leave the house;
A wide porch with railings will provide not only the comfort of entry / exit, but also security. Source vip-1gl.ru
Best materials for wooden stairs - beech, pine, larch or oak, as well as maple. The use of glued board is allowed. If finances allow, it is better to choose the "Extra" or "A" classes, they will be stronger and more aesthetic in appearance.
How to choose a tile for stairs on the street: rules
Tile is a relatively convenient material for finishing. But any here will not work - when choosing need to know a few things:
If after the repair it remains, even if very strong, but wall tiles , then using it for stairs is not the best choice - at least it will slide.
Clinker tiles has all the required properties. Low hygroscopicity (that is, repels water), resistance to harmful substances(e.g. alkalis and salts), big choice colors and sizes, good resistance to wear and tear allow it to be used on stairs without any problems. If there are variations, it is better to choose extruded clinker, it has grooves on the “wrong” side, which means that such a tile will be better “grabbed” with glue;
When choosing a tile for finishing stairs, it is important to pay attention to its anti-slip properties. source seattlehelpers.org
Ceramic tile also has all the advantages of the previous option, but when choosing, you need to look at the documentation and make sure that the tile is frost-resistant;
Choosing relief tiles, think about the practicality of the pattern: of course, it can be beautiful, but any stairs will have to be cleaned of debris and snow. Beauty or comfort - the choice is yours.
rounded edges it is not only a beautiful “appearance”, but also simply practical solution- such tiles are less prone to chipping.
And a little more useful about stairs
The staircase can be equipped with additional elements that will not only bring joy to their appearance, but also benefit. It:
Heating system. There are many ready-made solutions on the market that allow you to have a comfortable staircase without snow. They are most often based on a "smart" heating cable, which regulates the degree of heating independently, responding to environment. It is laid on each step, with a loop width of not more than 10 cm. There are no restrictions on the length, for outdoor stairs you should choose a cable with a flow rate of 20-40 W / m.
Video description
About some of the nuances of cable selection, the opinion of experts in the video:
Decor. Traditionally, this includes railing elements - balusters. If you are not satisfied with the classic solutions, then you can make design decision made of cast iron or wood to order. In addition, glass finishes (especially durable), mosaic, metal inserts, and, if the design allows, then built-in stands (for vases, sculptures and similar decorations) will look beautiful.
Beautiful stone staircase with an attached flower bed Source ko.decorexpro.com
Dye. Many unusual design solutions play with “steps”, making the picture come together only from a certain angle of view. Or it can be a simple, but unique painting of its kind. Since most of the stairs still require additional processing, you can consider this method of decorating.
The easiest way to make a wooden staircase attractive is to open it with varnish. Source roomester.ru
Conclusion
As a correct calculation does not guarantee correct execution, and vice versa - lack of experience gives rise to errors that can spoil the mood from using the stairs for many years. Therefore, no matter what staircase you choose, it is best to entrust its calculation and manufacture to professionals.
Stairs for a private house are not only a necessity, but also beauty and attractiveness. Such stairs can be different types, the choice depends on the size of the room, the design, the wishes of the owners of the household. You can install designs from different materials. This article will help you learn about the types of staircase designs for the home, when one type or another is preferable, what are the differences, what requirements are put forward for the safety of stairs, what parts the stairs consist of.
There are many types of stairs. The subdivision depends on the purpose, functionality and other criteria. Knowledge of the main types of stairs will allow during construction or home improvement to make a choice in favor of one or another type.
Stair types
- By appointment:
- interfloor,
- input,
- checkpoints,
- workers;
- By functionality:
- landscape,
- brownies,
- special;
- By relative position:
- outdoor,
- internal;
- By layout:
- rotary,
- straight;
- According to the way of functioning:
- transformable,
- stationary,
- portable;
- By design:
- single-march,
- two-march,
- multi-march;
- According to the material of the bearing parts:
- metal,
- reinforced concrete,
- wooden,
- concrete,
- combined.
As you can see, there are a lot of types of stairs. Now let's choose from this variety exactly those stairs that are suitable for the house. First, let's talk about the constituent elements (details) of stairs.
The main elements of stairs
The main details of the stairs are the steps and the supports that support them. Beams that support steps from the ends and from the bottom at the same time are called bowstrings. Beams that support steps from below are called stringers. If the steps are based on 3 stringers, then the middle instance will be called the intermediate one.
Steps consist of a tread, that is, a horizontal surface and a riser, a vertical part. The design of the stairs may not contain risers, which are an additional support for the steps.
riser
stair step
Stringer stairs
String of stairs
Supporting elements are also bolts and racks. Bolts are special bolts that are mounted in the wall. Stair steps are attached to the bolts. The rack is the main load-bearing element in a spiral staircase.
Boltsy
spiral staircase post
The assembled steps and beams are called a flight of stairs, it serves to climb from one level to another. If the design of the stairs is more complex, then it also contains landings, which we talked about above.
Another of the important details of stairs, although not always used, are railings, handrails or fences, as well as sheathing and finishing details. There may be additional enclosing parts in the form of rods, metal racks, handrails, and so on.
Stair railing
Railings can be supported in the form of balusters. These are such vertical elements of stairs, which are racks, they are also an ornament. They are made of cast iron, bronze, wood, marble, brass or other materials.
Baluster for stairs
Types of stairs for the home and their features
Stairs for the house can be divided into three main types:
- Spiral or screw.
- Marching.
- Bolts stairs.
Let's now look at them in more detail.
Spiral or spiral stairs
Spiral stairs
They are suitable for rooms where there is little space for conventional straight stairs. Calculating the size of the space is easy. This will depend on the size of the steps. On average, the length of each step of the spiral staircase is 50-100 cm. And the space required for such a design is at least twice as much. That is, 100-200 cm. Such designs are not very convenient, but take up less space. Suitable as an auxiliary, allowing you to descend or climb ground floor or attic. Can be various shapes: and octagonal, and square, and round, and so on.
Square spiral staircase
Octagonal spiral staircase
They are usually made from wood or metal. Steps in the form of wedges are attached around a rack or pole. Usually the rack is made of metal, it is a pipe. The narrow side of the steps are attached to the pillar, and the wide side is in contact with the wall or balusters. Usually there are no risers, the steps are attached to the railing post with the wide side.
Spiral staircase without risers
Important points about spiral staircases:
- To make it convenient and safe to climb such a ladder, the central width of the steps is made no less than 20-25 cm. The widest part should be no more than 40 cm.
- Basically, the materials for the manufacture of spiral staircases are wood or metal.
- Stairs can be placed bearing wall, and in the middle of the room. They take up little space, but still install them less often than straight ones. It depends on the convenience, since it is very difficult to go down the screw copy, you need to be careful and attentive while doing this.
- Basically, these stairs are auxiliary. They are good when the mounting opening is small. But there are specimens with a diameter of more than 3 meters, of course, this is a rarity, an experienced master always uses such an opening for a marching staircase.
- It must be borne in mind that the smaller the opening, the steeper the staircase.
Marching stairs
marching stairs
This design is the most common. It is very convenient to go down and up along it, since the biomechanics of movements are taken into account. Such stairs are ideal in rooms where there is enough space. The size of such a ladder and required dimensions spaces can usually be calculated as follows: measure the height of the wall where the stairs will pass, and the length of the floor. Then a right triangle is drawn, where the legs will be the wall and the floor, and the hypotenuse will be the stairs. The ideal staircase angle is 45 degrees.
Scheme for calculating the dimensions of a marching staircase
Important points about mid-flight stairs:
There are stairs various kinds: closed flight stairs and open ones. Closed ones suggest the presence of steps with risers, open - when there are no risers.
Staircase without risers
Marching staircase with risers
M arched stairs differ in design. There are with stringers, but there are with strings. These are types of fastening of stairs.
The kosour design assumes such an arrangement of steps, in which they are, as it were, laid in the so-called "saddles". Steps are laid on top of the stringer beam, and risers are mounted from the end. The beam has a sawtooth shape. Stairs of this type are not as popular as bowstring ones, they look perfect if they are made of wood. Stringer structures are good in rooms where country style is maintained, for example.
Marching stairs on kosoura
Ladder stringers
- stringer sawtooth beam,
- tread,
- riser.
Bowstrings, that is, inclined load-bearing beams, run along the entire length of the marches, they are the basis, the supporting part of the structure. Basically, overall stairs are bowstring (their width can be 2 meters or more). The end fragments of the marches are closed with the so-called bowstring. Here the steps are fixed in wide gaps (grooves) that are inside the supporting beams. The thickness of the beams must be greater than 6 cm.
Marching ladder on bowstrings
Ladder string
- string beams
- tread.
Stairs can be single-flight, double-flight or multi-flight. The number of marches depends on the layout and number of floors in the house, as well as the purpose of the premises.
One-flight ladder
Double flight staircase
Multi-flight staircase
In addition, conditionally stairs are subdivided for swivel and straight.
Straight lines are the easiest. Their characteristics are convenience, durability, ease of manufacture.
Straight staircase
If there are more than 10 steps, then the march must be divided into two parts and a platform should be installed. A staircase with an intermediate platform will be called a turntable. In order to save space, the gaps are replaced with steps, called running ones, for such structures the outer edge is wider than the inner one.
winder steps
Turning stairs occupy less area than straight ones, having the same step height. Usually rotary structures are installed along the walls, and under them it is good to place a pantry or utility room.
Rotary flight ladder
Rotary mid-flight stairs are also divided into types.
These are curvilinear, the width of the narrow end of which should be no less than 10 cm. This is their feature. There are curved stairs. It is inconvenient to go up and down stairs with winder steps, the legs do not feel the necessary support.
Curved stairway
Also, turning stairs are semi-turn, circular, quarter-turn. The angle of rotation of the latter type is 90 degrees, they are usually mounted along two adjacent walls.
Quarter-turn staircase
The angle of rotation of a half-turn is 180 degrees.
Half-turn flight ladder
And for circular this parameter is 360 degrees.
Circular flight staircase
Bolts stairs
Bolts ladder
Stairs on the bolts got their name from the German word, which in translation means a pin or bolt. That is, a fastener with which you can attach a ladder. Steps and a fence of this design are mounted to the wall with the help of bolts. Or the ladder lies on special steel supports in the form of rods. Such an instance is good in rooms where compactness, weightlessness and lightness of design are needed.
Bolts ladder 2
Steps are fixed exclusively to the wall with bolts. That is, on one side of the stairs there must be a wall. Such designs are very popular and are becoming more widespread. They seem light and weightless from the outside. But this is, of course, not true. Such ladders are very reliable and durable, one step can withstand a load weighing more than 1500 kg.
Fixing ladders on bolts
Important points of stairs on the rails:
- Bolts are fastened with special rubber gaskets. Such a staircase is attractive, "airy", allows maximum light to penetrate into the room.
- For stairs on the bolts, the presence of stringers or bowstrings is not typical, they are characterized by graceful curved railings.
Railing stairs on the rails
Materials for the manufacture of stairs
Stairs can be made from various materials. Steps made of wood, concrete, plastic, marble, metal, granite, glass are no longer surprising, in conditions of diversity it is difficult to make right choice. It is necessary to pay attention to the durability of the materials from which the ladder is made. The material from which the steps are made is important, because it is they who receive most loads. They must be resistant to abrasion, not susceptible to footprints, mechanical stress, the least sensitive to temperature fluctuations, sunlight, humidity. It is also important that household chemicals, other substances, dirt do not have an impact on the steps, they must be environmentally friendly and easy to maintain.
Steps can be made from the following materials:
stone steps
- Wood. The most durable wood is mahogany, teak, dussie, wenge, walnut, ash, cabreuva, mutenia. These rocks are resistant to atmospheric phenomena, excessive moisture, they are hard, do not perceive mechanical damage. Maple, oak, beech are also resistant to mechanical stress, hardwoods. But oak can leave light traces of oil, it is very susceptible to it. Beech can be deformed, susceptible to moisture. Maple may turn yellow, prone to cracking.
Pine can be called the most unsuitable material for stairs, as it is soft and very susceptible to any mechanical stress. Cherry and pear have medium strength characteristics, are resistant to impacts. Larch does not rot, stronger than pine.
wooden steps
- Glass. Stairs require laminated or tempered glass. But when hitting the butt, such steps can be damaged, prone to scratches. Lighter and stronger acrylic glass. But over time it may turn yellow, it is easy to put scratches on it.
glass steps
How to choose a ladder
What should you first of all pay attention to in order to choose and order the right ladder from the manufacturer?
The following criteria are important:
- It is important to contact the manufacturer of stairs at the stage of designing a house. At this stage, specialists will have to recommend the openings necessary for the stairs.
- You need to immediately choose the design of the stairs. Will it be a spiral, mid-flight or ladder on the rails. Marching is very convenient, but it needs a lot of space. The spiral staircase is beautiful, economical in terms of space, but very inconvenient when going up and down. The ladder on the bolts is both aesthetic and convenient. The choice can be made by reading the description of the types of stairs, which is given in the article above.
- The stairs should be comfortable. The most convenient and safe stairs are marching specimens with platforms, as well as straight ones. marching structures, where no more than 18 steps. In second place are stairs on the rails and marches with winder steps. And the honorable third place is rightfully occupied by spiral staircases.
- Pay attention to stairwells. Each opening is an individual solution, it depends on the design of the stairs and the configuration. Engineers usually recommend the following parameters, but we must remember that this is a purely individual criterion and each room should have its own approach: if the march is straight, then the opening should be 1.2 by 3.7 m; if the configuration is L-shaped, then the opening size is 3.1 by 1.3 m. For a U-shaped design, an opening of 2 by 2.5 m is recommended. The main spiral staircase can have an opening equal to 2.2 by 2.2 m ( d 200 - 210 cm); and the auxiliary - 1.5 by 1.5 m (d 140 cm).
- The experience of the manufacturer of stairs, positive feedback from previous customers is important.
- One of the important points to pay special attention to is ladder safety. That is, there must be a certain ratio of the width of the tread and the height of the rise, the method of installing the last and first steps, which are the most dangerous places in the structure, is important. For the safety of babies, the distance between the railings of the fence or posts should be no more than 15 cm.
- If the stairs do not pass between two walls, then there must be railings. The height of the fences should not exceed 85 cm. The width of the steps is recommended from 25 to 30 cm.
- Another point of safety is the bearing capacity of the stairs. That is, it must withstand certain loads. For public buildings - this is not less than 400 kg per 1 square meter steps, and for residential premises this parameter is 300 kg per 1 square meter.
- For safety reasons, the steps must be non-slip, without inclination. Railings should be suitable for any height. All this is laid at the stage of designing stairs. Safety depends not only on the manufacturer, who must comply with all rules and regulations, but also on the installers.
- First, the stairs are very carefully fixed on the second floor or on the platform between the floors. The length of the stairs must match the height of the floor. Railings are installed on the second floor. For these purposes, reliable fasteners are needed. As a result, the staircase must be strong, the railing must be tight and secure.
- The angle of elevation should not exceed 45 degrees. The best option is 35-40 degrees. The width of the marches should be no less than 80 cm, it is best if it is from 90 to 120 cm.
- The size of the opening in the interfloor ceilings is recommended for single-flight straight stairs with a minimum size of 100 by 250 cm. For spiral staircases that have a central post, the minimum opening diameter is 170 cm, and for U-shaped stairs - 210 by 250 cm.
- It is recommended to break the rise into several parts with rest areas or with winder steps on the turns. This will be a security guarantee. The material from which the steps and the whole structure are made is also important. It must be incombustible. For these purposes, for example, a tree is treated with special compounds.
When installing stairs, it is important not to neglect the engineering requirements for the method of fastening structures and not to choose decorative specimens to the detriment of the necessary functions.
- Stairs are always designed for a specific house, all its features are taken into account. The height of the lifting step is recommended from 15 to 19 cm, and the desired and safe height of the handrails is 90-95 cm.
Preparation for installation and installation of stairs
Staircase for a private house
Installation of stairs can be divided into stages. Before installation is carried out, a number of important steps must be taken:
- The place where the stairs will be located is determined.
- The type of stairs, the number of steps, height and width, the angle of inclination of the structure, design, and the material from which the stairs will be built are selected.
- Installation is carried out after completion of construction and finishing works, both external and internal. Stairs should be included in the design of the house. The specialist must determine the place for it, leaving the necessary opening, calculate where the beams will be located, what supports will be.
- The size of the stairway is important, as discussed in the article above.
- All safety measures (fences) are taken into account.
- It is important to think over the strengthening of the stairs, choosing the most optimal for this room. When the wall is far away, the ladder is fixed both from below and from above. If the elements of the stairs are held on wooden dowels, the structure will creak and loosen. Therefore, only metal fasteners are needed.
- After that, you can proceed to the installation of stairs. It is best to entrust this work to experienced professionals.
Staircase for a private house from metal
When choosing stairs, it is necessary to take into account all the features of the house, its design, so that the design fits perfectly into the room, was its stylish addition and yet it was safe.
This article is an overview of the most popular types of stairs, and also contains practical advice on how to make and calculate stairs to the second floor in a private house with your own hands. Scheme, calculations, dimensions, as well as drawings are attached. At the end of each chapter there is a video with a visual display of the construction process.
For ease of reading, the article is divided into several chapters:
- the first chapter contains general recommendations;
- the second chapter presents methods for creating a spiral staircase project that can be applied at work;
- the third, fourth and fifth chapters have examples on creating common structures made of wood, concrete and metal;
- the latter offers 10 designs and answers the question about the optimal width.
For convenience, the article has a navigation bar with which you can go to any item and start reading from the desired chapter.
An example of a metal staircase project
How to calculate the stairs to the second floor in a private house with your own hands correctly - general recommendations
The staircase is used for comfortable movement between floors. As a rule, this design is used daily - two-storey houses most often built with the location of bedrooms and a bathroom on the second floor. From this you can get the two most important rules when designing a structure - safety and convenience.
Above the racks Important: Stairs are a source of increased trauma for people of all ages. A fall can have an extremely negative impact on human health, therefore, it should be made as safe as possible. To do this, there are several ways that allow you to completely minimize the risks.
First of all, it is necessary to make steps of optimal height and width. It’s easy to stumble on too high steps, and it’s extremely difficult to walk along narrow ones, so you can easily slip. It is necessary to take this into account when designing, laying the size in advance in the project.
In the big house The most optimal step height can be considered 150-200mm. This is enough to take a confident step, without fear of stumbling or incorrectly bringing your foot up. The depth, or width, must be at least 200mm - this requirement is easy to obtain from the average length of a person's leg.
In addition, each staircase needs a railing. They allow you to move with greater comfort and safety - the risk of falling is significantly reduced.
Important: The material must not be slippery. It is better not to make a staircase from tiles or varnished wood - they have a smooth surface, which is very inconvenient for movement. If wood is still used, it is not superfluous to sandpaper or upholster the steps with a carpet.
Above the sofa Convenience often depends on safety. If the steps are safe, then, at the same time, they will be comfortable. Of course, sometimes for the sake of convenience, you can deviate somewhat from standard sizes- if only a large person will use them, you can make the height of the steps more than 200mm.
Ladder slope versus usability graph How to make a screw structure yourself
The spiral staircase has its own special appearance, due to which it becomes possible to create a completely different design. In addition, the screw design saves a lot of space on both floors, making the room more ergonomic.
screw Calculation of the spiral staircase to the second floor
In the case of creating a spiral staircase to the second floor, the calculation must begin with the number of steps and the height of their location. Based on what was said in the last chapter, the optimal height between the steps is 200mm, and the depth is 200-300mm. But it must be taken into account that the steps of spiral staircases have the form of expanding cones, therefore, their depth must be calculated in a special way.
With center pillar For calculation it is better to use mathematical formulas. First, you need to know the circumference of the structure. It is most convenient to do this using the formula 2 * 3.14 * r, where r is the span width. For example, with a span width of 1000mm, the circumference will be 6280mm. To get the step width from the outside, it is enough to divide this distance by the number of steps in one span. For example, with 10 steps, the distance will be 628mm, which will allow you to create a flat staircase without voids.
Screw model calculation scheme The height of the structure is determined by the height of the room, just like when creating a regular staircase. The height between the steps should be equal to the optimum - for example, usually 150-250mm is enough. The optimal height is best calculated from the height of the room. For example, for the height of the ceilings in the room - 2700mm. The steps will be 20mm thick, the ceiling thickness will be 150mm.
Advice: Calculations must start from the floor - the floor is the zero step. First you need to sum up the height of the room and the ceiling, since it is at this distance that the stairs should go. In this case, it is equal to 2850mm. To get the number of steps, it is necessary to divide it by the appropriate height of one step with its height - for example, 220mm. The result, rounded off, is 13 steps. The last, 13th step, in this case, will be the floor of the second floor.
Graphic construction and dimensions At this stage, it is best to create a project on paper. It is not necessary to make it as accurate as possible in terms of drawing, but even a simple sketch will help to better understand the project.
Dimensions of spiral staircases to the second floor
When calculating the size, it is necessary to build on the most comfortable width of the stairs in 800-1000mm. This is enough to pass even with a large load on your hands, while not restricting your movements (unfortunately, large-sized furniture will still have to be lifted through the windows).
Screw model project A spiral staircase is a circle, therefore the diameter is equal to the addition of the width of the passages and, if the staircase is built with a central support, the size of the support. On average, the diameter of such a design is 1600-2000mm, which is enough for its convenient use, regardless of the features. More details in the table below
Advice: Very often the size of the stairs depends on the height of the ceiling. For a small country house, it makes no sense to make a very wide staircase - 700mm will be enough to go to the second floor. For the attic, exactly the same rule is followed.
Video spiral staircase project
This video shows how to make stairs to the second floor in a private house with your own hands (diagram and dimensions of the project are attached). The main points of installation are shown, as well as all the features of working with this type of structure.
Do-it-yourself wooden staircase to the second floor
An ordinary staircase can be built according to similar calculations and methods. A do-it-yourself wooden staircase to the second floor in a private house is made much simpler than a spiral one, but it takes up relatively more space. Next, consider the main points of the calculation and video instructions.
from wood Calculation of a wooden staircase to the second floor
In this case, it is necessary to build on the same average values - with a depth of 200-250mm and a height of 200-250mm. The distance must be divided in the same way - by calculating from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second floor.
Calculation example The calculation of a wooden staircase to the second floor must take into account the length - it is the addition of the depth of all steps. The more there are, the longer the length itself will be. For an ordinary staircase in a room, on average, 10-12 steps are enough, which in total will be equal to 2000-2500mm with a depth of 200mm and 2500-3000mm with a depth of 250mm.
Stair design with 90 degree turn Advice: The width of such a design should be on average 800-1000mm. This size should provide complete freedom of action. Therefore, if railings are planned, then there should be additional space for them on the steps.
The opening above the structure should begin from the place where less than 2000-2200mm remains from the step to the ceiling - this is enough for any person of height. Do not make the opening too short - savings in this case can result in inconvenience and additional labor costs.
Notation If it is planned to create a turn, then it is necessary to calculate it with the same conditions - the only change is the width of the step - steps in the turn area are calculated similarly to screw ones, but they can be done with emphasis on the wall.
Video instruction
This video is an instruction for the design and installation of a wooden staircase with a 90 degree turn.
Do-it-yourself concrete staircase to the second floor - video instruction
Concrete is an excellent material for stairs - it is very durable and allows you to work with any volume. Often, for such a design, it is enough just to assemble the frame and fill it.
Formwork for concrete structure Important: It should be noted that the creation concrete stairs on the second floor with their own hands requires very large investments - a huge amount of concrete is spent on a completely cast structure. Most likely you will have to order a full-fledged concrete mixer - the process will take an extremely long time using the usual manual method.
Cast construction To facilitate this process the span should be additionally strengthened with different blocks. A good idea is to create a frame from foam blocks, on which the formwork is subsequently laid. This allows you to get additional space under the structure and use it for household needs.
The video below shows the process of assembling the formwork and pouring it, showing the main points of work.
Do-it-yourself metal staircase to the second floor - calculation and video instruction
Metal is an extremely ductile and at the same time durable material. Do-it-yourself metal staircase to the second floor, unfortunately, is not the most comfortable - it is quite difficult to heat it, but the strength will be very high. In addition, a metal staircase takes up little space - this is true for houses with a small total area.
Iron construction The peculiarities of the calculation in this case include the fact that the metal step takes up very little space. Usually its size is 5-10mm, and with the entire height of the structure, their total volume rarely exceeds 90-100mm.
The calculations are no different from ordinary stairs, but with the difference that it is necessary to take into account the resistance of materials. For construction, we recommend using metal pipes with a wall thickness of at least 8 mm, and for steps - reinforcement not thinner than 7 mm. At the same time, with wide steps, thickened options should be used that will not bend under the weight of a person.
One-march iron ladder to the second floor by hand Advice: If the design is created from square profiles, it is worth choosing them with a cross section of at least 5 mm - square profiles are much more stable than round ones due to hard edges. You can work with metal both by welding and fasteners.
The video below shows an example of creating a metal staircase structure, which is subsequently sheathed with drywall. It shows the main points of the work.
What should be the width of the stairs to the second floor in a private house - the correct dimensions?
This question is purely personal. Despite the optimal span width of 800-1000mm, this value can seriously vary depending on the personal preferences of the person. It should be borne in mind that the wider the opening, the more resources will be required.
Width examples different types stairs It is worth separately setting a minimum border of 500mm - a narrower design will be completely inconvenient to use, and it will be quite problematic to move some things or furniture along it. The maximum limit depends solely on the room, but still, you should not make the width more than 2000-2500mm, especially in cases where the staircase is not the main one in the hall.
Do-it-yourself stairs to the second floor in a private house - diagram and drawing of 10 projects
Scheme of stairs with straight marches 
Angled 90 degrees 
Drawing of a U-shaped staircase with a turntable 
Plan of the wooden model 
Detail drawing
Calculation 
simple staircase 
Rotated 180 degrees 
Project of a straight marching staircase 
Direct two-march