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Characteristic features of conversational style. Colloquial style of speech. Conversational style of speech Russian language colloquial style of speech examples

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………….3

Features of conversational style……………………………….……… 5

Colloquial vocabulary………………….………………………….……… 7

Morphology of conversational style …………….……………………….. 9

Syntax of the conversational style ………………………………… ... ... 11

Intra-style features of colloquial speech……………………………14

The use of colloquial style in a literary work ... 16

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..18

List of used literature…………………………………………………………19

Introduction

Household vocabulary - vocabulary that serves non-productive relations of people, that is, relations in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Spoken language is a functional variety of the literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family situations, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss with a subordinate, etc.

An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness, spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately "clean". As the researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized, not fixed by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial statements for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech is the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of the speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - in dialogic or monologue.

The activity of the participants is confirmed by utterances, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of colloquial speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extralinguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), speech situation (the context of the statement). Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the right expression - and the interlocutor understands what the partner wanted to say. Thus, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be incomprehensible. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in colloquial speech.

Spoken speech is uncodified speech, the norms and rules of its functioning are not fixed in various dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It actively uses forms that qualify in dictionaries as colloquial. “Litter does not discredit them,” writes the well-known linguist MP Panov. he is lanky and at times grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words look, relish, go home, penny. Isn't it sound advice?" Zaretskaya E.N. Rhetoric: Theory and practice of verbal communication. - M.: Delo, 2001 In this regard, colloquial speech is opposed to codified book speech. Conversational speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. Active study of colloquial speech began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of natural natural speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary.

colloquial style speech Russian

Features of the conversational style.

Conversational style is a style that caters to the realm of oral communication or verbal communication.

Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e. informal, off-duty relationships. This style is often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all areas of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.

The function of conversational style is the function of communication in its "original" form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two or more interlocutors and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the interlocutor's response - speech, facial expressions, etc.

A huge role in sounding speech is played by intonation, logical stress, tempo, pauses. In conditions of easy communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relations, has the opportunity to show his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mostly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic constructions.

In colloquial speech, the function of communication can be supplemented by the function of the message or the function of influence. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.

The most common factors in the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech in the process of communication without prior preparation.

Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the actual linguistic features of the conversational style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and unpreparedness of communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor is the personal, informal nature of the relationship also applies to written communication, for example, in personal correspondence. On the contrary, in oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, service, "impersonal".

Language means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, more emotionality compared to neutral or bookish equivalents, i.e. these language means are colloquial.

Such linguistic means are also widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.

The norms of colloquial-everyday style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is defining (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial-everyday style are not established and are not officially regulated, i.e., they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to the illusion, which is very common among non-specialists, that colloquial speech does not have a norm at all: whatever you say, it's okay. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction in speech of ready-made structures. Phraseological turns, various kinds of stamps, i.e. standardized language means corresponding to certain standard speech situations, indicates an imaginary or, in any case, limited "freedom" of the speaker. Conversational speech is subject to strict laws, has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that the factors of book and written speech in general are perceived in colloquial speech as alien. Strict (albeit unconsciously following ready-made standards) is the norm of unprepared oral speech.

On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady, vague, the normativity itself sharply weakens. Casual everyday dialogic speech consisting of short remarks allows significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its impulsive nature.

Spoken vocabulary.

The vocabulary of the colloquial style is divided into two large groups:

1) commonly used colloquial words;

2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.

Common vocabulary, in turn, is divided into:

Colloquial and literary (related to the norms of literary use),

Colloquial and everyday (not bound by strict rules of use), colloquialism adjoins the latter.

Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous:

2) non-literary vernacular, rude, for example:drive up instead ofto strive, to push instead offall, fall instead oftalk absurdly, drag around, wander around instead ofwalk around idle; this includes the actual vulgarisms and swear words:thorns (eyes), sting, die; faggot, slut etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - it is common when depicting the negative phenomena of life.

Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includesin themselves such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of brown bear varieties:vulture, oatmeal, anteater etc.), dialectisms(talking - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), jargon(plaisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic(split - betray; lettuce, lettuce - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargonisms arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, some argotisms were preserved from the speech usage of the declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age commonality of generations (for example, in the language of youth:cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow scope; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style is made up of commonly used words, both actually colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and movable, and sometimes difficult to grasp; it is not for nothing that many words in different dictionaries are provided with different labels (for example, the wordsswear, really in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakov are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" - as colloquial; the wordsget rich, carminative, sour in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakov are rated as colloquial, but in the "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" they do not have marks, that is, they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In the Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S. I. Ozhegov expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words marked in other dictionaries as vernacular are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double tag - colloquial and regional, as many common dialectisms go into the category of colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive coloring, with the mark "affectionate", "joking", "abusive", "ironic", "diminutive", "contemptuous", etc.

In colloquial style, words with a specific meaning are usually used.(storage room, locker room) names of persons(chatterbox, couch potato) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning(superficiality, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specific colloquial words(krokhobor, stun), there are words that are colloquial in only one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verbunwind e meaning "to lose the ability to restrain"). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely with book words. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example:eyes - eyes - peepers).

3. Morphology of conversational style.

The distinctive features of the morphology of the colloquial-everyday style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in the colloquial-everyday style is different than in other functional styles. Such forms of the verb as participle and participle are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the "accompanying" feature:"And I'm sitting writing"; "They have
punished, but I regret not punishing”; "I see: it is staggering."
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not an identity) with turns of the type
"Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf" (or
"lying on a shelf" constructs:"Get it, please
pliers... over there on the shelf" (or:"over there on the shelf").

In colloquial speech, the forms in -a (-ya), (-v) shi (s),
reminiscent of adverbs:“I don’t get up all Monday
lay”, “go on without turning to the store.” Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type:
“Is he a knowledgeable specialist?” - of course, are adjectives.

Different than in other styles is the ratio of full and short adjectives in colloquial-everyday style. Short forms of most quality adjectives are not used, preference is given to short adjectives likegrateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms are not typical, as well as adjectives that have the meaning of inconsistency of the measure with the quality of the type"Dress is short for you."

In colloquial-everyday style, non-significant words (pronouns, particles) became more common; significant words are used less frequently. With situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives:“Be kind, get me that ... well ... that on the top shelf ... on the left” (book), “What is he like? - Yes, such ... you know ... "," Hello ... it's you ... and where is he? etc. In almost 25% of cases, non-significant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but to fill pauses forced in colloquial speech:"Well... since you've come... well... be, well... consider yourself a guest"; "Well... I don't know... do as you like"; "But Pavel is right ... but he still ... so ... found, so ... he solved the problem."

According to E.A. Stolyarova, there are an average of 142 nouns per 1000 words in colloquial speech, while in artistic speech - 290, in oral speech - 295, in written scientific speech - 386; adjectives, there are respectively 39-82-114-152 per 1000 words.

Among the case word forms of a noun, the nominative case is the most active, which is explained by the peculiarities of colloquial syntax, i.e. the prevalence of constructions with "nominative themes"("Buy there ... well, kefir, cheese ... yes ... here's another ... sausage ... don't forget it"; "And the Palace of Congresses ... did you get there?"), as well as the commonness of nouns in the nominative case with various kinds of additives, clarifications(“And you go straight, straight ... there is such a house ... so you pass by”; “Well, you won’t remember everyone ... Sveta ... I know her”).

In colloquial speech, a certain group of material nouns is used in a countable form in the meaning of "portion of this substance":two milk (two bags or bottles),two sour cream, two borscht etc.

The feminine form is also activated when designating a profession, position:cashier (instead of the official "cashier"),librarian (instead of "librarian"),doctor (instead of "doctor").

4. Syntax of colloquial style.

The most peculiar feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of colloquial speech is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.

The direct contact of the participants in the speech act, the instantaneous consideration of the interlocutor's extralinguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of a dialogue, attachment to the situation cause various kinds of incompleteness, reticence of the message.

In colloquial speech, in particular, are widespread
structures capable of performing the functions of the missing part
statements, - for example, the so-called main independent and subordinate independent. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflicting issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a considerable time after such a conversation, a person says:"Oh, I don't know, I don't know." Due to the special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause:"... what will happen next (... what will come of it)". There is even more reason to talk about the main independent when the pronoun is used in the sentencesuch or adverbSo, i.e. demonstrative words, after which, however, in this case there are no subordinate clauses:“Your hands are not so dirty ...”, “I can sew so well ...”

Sentences are used as "subordinate clauses" only in those cases when the content of the unsubstituted main included in them finds expression in intonation and union or union word or is suggested by the very structure of the sentence:what is she, what is not (instead of“It doesn’t matter what she is, what she isn’t” ) .

The colloquial-everyday style is distinguished by a variety of types of incomplete constructions or "unreplaced syntactic positions". They are studied in particular detail in the monograph "Russian Colloquial Speech".

For example, the unreplaced syntactic position of the verb-predicate in constructions likehe is home. The fact that such an utterance will be correctly understood outside the situation of the context proves its systemic linguistic nature. A wide variety of categories of verbs can be unsubstituted - verbs of motion: “Where are you going?" - "Only to the store"; verbs of speech:Not very interesting - you are shorter »; « Well, I'm in praise of you »;

Verbs“appeal”: “We are already with this in the district committee and in the newspaper”; with a value close to the value“do, study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value“read, study”: “Well, with my knowledge of German, I’ll probably do this book in a week”; with a value close to the value“beat”: “And they are great for him”, “It seems to me that this is his club” etc. A verb in an indefinite form can also be unsubstituted:“We should go to the theater tomorrow”, “I couldn’t talk about it.”

It is known that colloquial speech is characterized by increased emotionality, which is achieved in various ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus on that part of the message that is expressed by the adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of a sentence; it pulls the logical stress on itself and is separated from the unstressed noun by a bunchbe: there was a small river; mushrooms were great. How notes O.A. Laptev, of particular interest are constructions in which the only purpose of an adverbial word is to fill an empty stressed link in order to preserve the expression of speech:“I like her so much!”, “Here, try to take her, so she will start to bite!”. The use of stressed pronounssuch as, some, none allows you to maintain the appearance of a constant emotional intensity of speech:“it was such a heat, terrible”; "there was such a noise"; “And we bought such flowers.”

Expressive constructions are used in colloquial speech, in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative theme. True, the “nominative theme” is also used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device, the purpose of which is to attract
attention of the reader or listener to the most important, from the point of view
the speaker's point of view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecturer's speech "arises from the desire to single out a given idea and thereby facilitate the upcoming connection of this idea -
with another. The idea is presented in two steps:
first, an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that there will be something about this object
it is also said that for the time being this object must be observed; Next
moment the thought itself is expressed.

In colloquial speech, this process of dividing the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in lecture speech to facilitate the listener, in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example:The sky / it is all in clouds; Lecture / where will it be?; Nikolai Stepanovich / Nikolai Stepanovich will not be here today; Sausage / chop, please; I liked the picture very much. ABOUT. Sirotina singles out "nominative themes" in "qualitative situations", which are widespread not only in oral (literary and dialect), but also in written speech. These constructions are characterized by a pronounced value of the qualitative characteristics of the subject:Grandma - she will talk to everyone (i.e. chatty).

Characteristic for colloquial speech and appendix construction(And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructions with an additional phrase boundary(This is you on purpose, right? A raw log (dragged); non-union subordinating constructions(Do you want a pie - did your grandmother bake it?); overlay designs(This is a television center, and she - tower, she asked); bipredicative constructions with who(Come in - who's on the procedure!).

In colloquial speech, there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of the phrase, therefore the main means of actual articulation is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech word order does not play a role at all in the expression of actual articulation. There are certain trends here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a desire to preposition that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while bookish-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonational structure of bookish-literary speech - the postposition of the member that is more accentuated). For example:I like it very much this theater (in neutral written speech, this would probably sound like this:I like this theater very much) In Sochi... no... I will not go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Oddly enough, but a hundred meters he gets tired more than two hundred meters. Active means of actual articulation of colloquial speech are special highlighting words and repetitions:What about the teachers' council? Today will not?; For how many years he has been resting in Gelendzhik every year ... in Gelendzhik.

Intra-style features of colloquial speech

Speech, as a means of organizing the communication of a small number of people who are nearby and well known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:

1) the personality of addressing, i.e., the individual address of the interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and possibilities for understanding the topic of the message; closer attention to the organization of feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of speech communication, the partner's position is continuously reflected, rethought, reacted to, anticipated and evaluate;

2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning a conversation in advance, the interlocutors interfere in each other's speech, clarifying or changing the topic of conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

3) the situational nature of speech behavior - the direct contact of the speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to make up for the inaccuracy of expressions, inevitable in informal speech;

4) emotionality: situational, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, highlight the emotional-individual perception by the speakers of both the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, the structural organization of sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to privately express personal assessments, emotional preferences, opinions.

5) Uncertainty arouses INTEREST in a person. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively considers this innuendo, tries to choose its continuation himself, drawing for himself a huge number of options. In his head, there are many questions and many answers. In other words, the intrigue of a person makes the other person think and ask himself.

6) Incomplete. The vocabulary of the Russian language is a single, complex system. In this case, a lexical system is an internally organized set of linguistic elements that are naturally interconnected by relatively stable relationships and constantly interacting. This definition combines two interdependent aspects of the systemic nature of the vocabulary: the lexical system as a set of nominative means, and the lexical system as a form of organization and interaction of these elements. Therefore, the concept of incomplete statements must be considered from the point of view of both vocabulary and semantics, the syntax of the language structure. Lexical incompleteness of statements is manifested mainly in colloquial speech (in incomplete and elliptical sentences). And, by definition Fomina M.I. "the abbreviation of the syntactic construction, justified by the semantic background that arose due to the integral lexical system of the dialogue." In a dialogue, as a rule, already named words are not repeated, the preceding and subsequent remarks are closely interconnected, therefore, most often in colloquial speech, the lexical incompleteness of statements is justified. But the underdevelopment of the speech apparatus in a person cannot be taken for lexical incompleteness of statements. For this case, A.V. Prudnikova introduces a new concept - the lexical inferiority of the statement, which implies the distortion of the semantic, lexical, syntactic construction of the sentence.

These features define the most important functions of speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative.emotive function connected with the subjective world of the addresser (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the self-esteem of the speaker, his need to be heard, understood.conative function associated with the installation on the addressee (listener), with the desire to influence him, to form a certain nature of relationships, it reflects the needs of a person to achieve their goals, to influence other people; this function manifests itself in the structural organization of the conversation, the target orientation of speech.

6. Use of colloquial style in a literary work

In literary works, the use of colloquial style of speech is widely used. Writers and poets introduce colloquial vocabulary into the text of a work of art with a variety of tasks: a more capacious creation of an image, the ability to more accurately characterize a character using his speech characteristics, convey the national flavor of speech, everyday life, etc.

In the process of development of the Russian people, and then the nation, everything vital, typical, necessary for the language as a means of communication was selected from the dialect vocabulary.

So, the literary language includes the words beam, taiga, foliage, roadside, fishing, earflaps, very, annoying, vobla, part (type of fish), dokha, strawberry, strawberry, spider, plowman, plowing, upper reaches, smile, etc. In agricultural terminology, the use of dialect words as terms occurs in our time: stubble "stubble, harvested field", pull "collecting, pulling out flax with the root", etc.

The meanings of many words that exist in the Russian literary language can only be explained with the help of dialect words. For example, the word careless "stupid, disorderly" becomes understandable if it is compared with the dialectal Kalinin labor "order, arrangement" and the dialect word laborit "to turn things around, turn things over, redo them, put them in order in their own way."

Dialect words are introduced by writers into the language of works of art for various stylistic purposes. We find them in the works of N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Bunina, L.N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhov, V.M. Shukshina and others. The North Russian dialect vocabulary is used by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia". Dialectisms are introduced by the author not only into the speech of the characters, but also into the author's speech. They perform a nominative-stylistic function and are used to describe the customs and customs of the people, to reproduce the local color: at ease, pushing, ottudova, pokudova, voster, pichuga, ochep, vestimo, blizzard, peasant (in the meanings of "husband" and "peasant") and others. South Russian dialect vocabulary is widely represented, for example, in I.S. Turgenev. The writer knew the Kursk, Oryol and Tula dialects well, from there he drew material for his works of art. Using lexical dialectisms, I.S. Turgenev often gave them explanations, for example: He was built clumsily, "knocked down", as we say ("Singers"). They immediately brought us riding horses; we went to the forest or, as we say, to the "order" ("Burgeon"). Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M.: Enlightenment, 1977 In the author's speech, words that name things, objects, phenomena characteristic of the life of the depicted characters, i.e. ethnographic vocabulary: He wore a rather neat cloth chuyka, worn on one sleeve ("Singers") (chuyka - "long cloth caftan"); Women in plaid panevas threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs ("Burmistr"). In the language of the characters I.S. Turgenev, dialect elements serve as a means of socio-linguistic characteristics. - And let him sleep, - my faithful servant remarked indifferently ("Yermolai and the Miller's Woman"). Jargons have expression, therefore they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative (see the works of L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V. Shukshin, D. Granin, Yu. Nagibin, V. Aksenov and others .).

Conclusion

Household vocabulary - vocabulary that serves non-productive relations of people, that is, relations in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Spoken language is a functional variety of the literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence.

Colloquial speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family situations, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, in confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss with a subordinate, etc., that is, in non-production situations.

The topics of colloquial speech are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

Conversational style - a style of speech that has the following features: used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere; the statement is usually laid-back, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author's attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor; characteristic language means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotionally - evaluative means, appeals; opposed to book styles in general, the function of communication is inherent, it forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax

The colloquial style is widely used in literary works.

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Conversational style

Speaking- functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Peculiarities

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it.

In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.

The relaxed atmosphere of communication provides greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are more widely used ( to be stupid), colloquial ( neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Limited: abstract vocabulary, foreign words, book words.

An example is the statement of one of the characters in A.P. Chekhov's story "Revenge":

Open it, damn it! How much longer will I have to freeze in this through wind? If you had known that it was twenty degrees below zero in your hallway, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short passage reflects the following features of the conversational style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - colloquial interjection "damn it", - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

Shame on you, lady. You are angry with me, not understanding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter calmed me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, however funny, is not at all funny to me. What is the desire to wander into a nasty provincial town to see nasty actors performing nasty old, nasty opera?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you have such a nature.

In this passage, the following language features of the colloquial style appeared: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, drag, nasty, drive around, what a hunt, union yes in the meaning of 'but', the particles are not at all, the introductory word is visible, - the word with evaluative derivational suffix town, - inversion word order in some sentences, - lexical repetition of the word is bad, - appeal, - the presence of an interrogative sentence, - the use of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular, - the use of verbs in the present tense, - the use of an absent in the language plural forms of the word Kaluga (driving around Kaluga) to designate all small provincial towns.

Lexical means

Colloquial words and phraseological units: vymahal (grew up), electric train (electric train), vocabulary with emotionally expressive coloring (class), diminutive suffixes (gray). suffixes of subjective assessment: hard worker, hard worker, hostel, secretary, director, handy. Substantivation, the use of words of contraction - deletion, record-book; truncations - comp.

"Bookish" styles and colloquial style

The colloquial style of speech is quite different from the rest, the so-called "bookish" styles. First of all, by the fact that colloquial speech is relaxed and spontaneous, in contrast to "bookish" styles, which are characterized by thinking over phrases, choosing words, following a certain pattern, often using clichés (scientific and official business style).

Spoken speech is always spontaneous, it is a lively, often emotional response to the speech of another person or to life events, and an unprepared response. Being a free and direct manifestation, colloquial speech is replete with a variety of words that are born in it and often disappear in it, but can also enter the common language and become neutral words that are appropriate in any other style. This is one of the ways to enrich the Russian language, according to the philologist Academician L. V. Shcherba.

Form and genres of conversational style

Spoken language exists almost exclusively in oral form. Most often it is a dialogue. Therefore, in addition to purely linguistic, non-linguistic means of expression are also used in texts: facial expressions, gestures, intonation, loudness and speed of speech.

The genres of conversational style are mainly oral: conversation, conversation; but there are also written ones: a personal note, a diary entry, etc.

Sometimes two sub-styles are distinguished in the colloquial style: colloquial-everyday and colloquial-professional. The latter is characterized by the use of terms, but often they are subject to change. More on this below.

Purpose and addressee of conversational style texts

The addressee is the direct interlocutor, since colloquial style texts are usually addressed to a specific person.

Features of visual means

Conversational style is characterized by the lack of elaboration of the statement. It is not formalized in any way, but is pronounced as it was born, without “lithoprocessing”. Therefore, introductory words, repetitions, omissions of words often appear.

In the texts of the colloquial style, you can find many special colloquial words; in the dictionary they are given with the mark "colloquial."

The so-called “condensate words” are frequent (that is, words that replace two: evening - “Evening Moscow”, condensed milk - condensed milk, reading room - reading room, etc.), expressive words (interjections and independent parts of speech with expressive suffixes : old man, shopkeeper, etc.).

The syntax is also peculiar: many incomplete sentences, expressive constructions with dashes, inversion (changed word order), plug-in constructions, repetitions.

But the active use of phraseology is especially noticeable in the structure of colloquial speech. Phraseologisms are one of the main means of expression in a colloquial style. They not only decorate speech, but also give it a certain connection with the general and abstract, since in general the topics of colloquial speech are usually specific.

The colloquial style is the style of the literary language, therefore, neither mat, nor other rude, vulgar words are included in this concept: they lie outside the Russian literary language.

Where is the conversational style used?

Examples of colloquial speech style are found everywhere. These are friendly conversations, a discussion between two neighbors of a third, a conversation between two employees about an upcoming event at work, or a discussion of professional problems in a relaxed atmosphere. It can be generalized that this is any communication on any everyday or professional topics. From this point of view, the conversational style is the most important of all.

What have we learned?

The conversational style is used by all native speakers to discuss pressing issues. The texts of this style are characterized by spontaneity, emotionality, expressiveness. In colloquial speech, many expressive words, phraseological units, condensate words are used. The syntax is characterized by the form of a dialogue, simple sentences with repetitions and introductory constructions, omission of words, the use of incomplete sentences, exclamations and appeals.

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1. General characteristics of the conversational style, its style features
2. Language features of conversational style
3. Rules of conversation
List of sources used

1. General characteristics of the conversational style, its style features

The colloquial style refers to the peculiarities of the colloquial speech of native speakers of the literary language. The colloquial style is characteristic of the oral form of the literary language, however, it can be found in the written form of the language in some genres, for example, in private letters, announcements, explanatory notes, notes, etc.

The conversational style is manifested mainly in the sphere of domestic relations, but some of its features can also be observed in informal professional communication. This style is reflected in a peculiar way in different types of everyday and professional speech, for example, in family speech, in friendly conversation, in secular conversation, in the conversation of professional colleagues, etc. Even in family everyday speech, its varieties are distinguished on the basis of the division of the family by age, gender, in relation to the family (direct and indirect relatives, household members), as well as on the basis of the educational, religious characteristics of the family (peasant family; enlightened intelligent family; religious family - non-religious).

The conversational style in its various manifestations is characterized by some common style features: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech; automatism of speech; the predominance of the oral form; the predominance of dialogical speech, when speakers are directly involved in the conversation (although a monologue is also possible); accompanying speech with gestures, facial expressions; concretized nature of speech; emotional and evaluative informativeness, affectivity of speech; ellipticity of speech (omissions of words are explained by the influence of the situation); discontinuity, often logical inconsistency of speech; expression of a personal attitude to what is being said (usually); availability of speech standards; idiomatic speech (phraseological units). The concept of colloquial style is narrower than colloquial speech, since non-literary elements (vernacular, dialects, jargon, etc.) can also be used in colloquial speech. The stylistic features of colloquial style are expressed in linguistic means.

2. Language features of conversational style

The stylistic features of the conversational style are manifested at all levels of the language (phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic). At the phonetic level, the stylistic features of the conversational style are manifested in a variety of intonation, rhythm, tempo of speech, in the ellipticity of speech. Spoken speech is characterized by an acceleration of tempo, expressiveness (expressiveness), emotionality (expression of feelings) of speech, incomplete pronunciation of sounds and syllables, increased reduction (weakening) of vowel sounds, assimilation of consonant sounds (likening adjacent consonants) For example: 1. “One and a half thousand total gave!” - the mother said with some strange triumph ... (YuNagibin) [Thousands instead of a thousand] 2. “Hello, Van Vanych” [Instead of hello, Ivan Ivanovich]. At the lexical level, the originality of the conversational style is manifested in the following. Vocabulary (words) with a specific meaning, often everyday content, are widely used in speech, there are no book words with an abstract meaning, terms, new borrowed words that have not yet been mastered by native speakers.

In colloquial style, words expressing appreciation are frequent. For language in general, for spoken language, the predominance of negative evaluation is especially characteristic. G. Pavlov writes: “Colloquial speech is unusually generous with humor: the car “Zhiguli” is called “Zhiguli” and “Zhiguli”, “chatter” - bad wine, “cabal” - clubbing ... There are words-jokes, words-mocking, words- parodies…” [Does the word grow on asphalt? // Litergaz., 1981, No. 40]. The colloquial style is characterized by the use of phraseological units (stable combinations) that make speech expressive, for example: the sea is knee-deep, stick to the throat with a knife, heavy on the rise, the ears wither, in broad daylight, set a bath, fool around, the lip is not a fool, a thing in oneself, wash one's hands, get into a mess, rack one's brains, in all honesty, I can't imagine, grated kalach, pour from empty to empty, Sisyphean labor, Achilles' heel, from the Kolomna verst, etc.

Often there are author's neoplasms in colloquial (literary) speech, the meaning of which is determined by the conditions of communication, the speech situation. In the colloquial style, the polysemy of words (polysemy) is developed, while there is a rethinking of words known in the language, the so-called individually-occasional change in the meaning of words. The word-formation features of colloquial speech are primarily associated with the expression of evaluation. The colloquial style is characterized by the use of nouns and adjectives with evaluation suffixes (endearment, neglect, diminutiveness, magnification), for example, -usch- (-yusch) (big, healthy), -enk- (-onk-) (white, healthy) , -eshenek-, -eshenk-, -ehonk- (-ohonk-) (sedehonek, sedeshenek, healthy), -ik, -chik (soup, lemon), -ek, -ok (gull, onion), -ets ( soup), -k- (milk), -tse (tree), etc. In addition, a large number of suffixes, forming a word, also express an assessment of attitude and are purely colloquial in nature. Here are a few examples: -aga (-yaga) (hard worker, hard worker), -ukha, -ushka (simple, vostroha), -yga (hurried), -un (nonsun, flyer), etc. There are also colloquial suffixes among verbs, for example, -anu-: slapped, knocked. For example, the prefix raz- (ras-) has a colloquial coloring, indicating a high degree of what is named in the generating word: beautiful, cheerful, amiable. In colloquial literary speech, compound words are frequent, formed by the repetition of one word, words of the same root or words that are close in meaning: food-eating, walking-walking, walking-walking, quietly-quietly, quietly-peacefully, quietly-quietly. In the field of morphology also the specificity of the conversational style can be noted. For example, akL.Vshcherba also wrote: “Our colloquial speech tends to spread the plural forms to the stressed -a from the well-known category of masculine names” Compare: professors, teachers instead of obsolete professors, teachers, and also sweaters (colloquial) and sweaters, jumpers (colloquial) and jumpers, engineers and engineers (colloquial), winds and winds, years and years (colloquial), editors and editors (colloquial), and many others.

In the genitive case of the masculine singular, the endings -a and -u occur. Words ending in -a are neutral (that is, they are typical for any style), and words ending in -y are a sign of conversational style, cf .: analgin tablet - analgin tablet, soup bowl - soup bowl, kefir bottle - kefir bottle.

In colloquial speech, short adjectives are rarely found (such as beautiful, good, etc.); simple superlative forms of adjectives (such as the most beautiful, most interesting) are rarely used, they are replaced by a complex superlative form (the most beautiful, the most interesting); complex forms of the comparative degree (such as more beautiful, more intelligent) are often replaced by simple forms such as more beautiful, smarter; possessive adjectives with suffixes -in, -ov, indicating belonging to an individual: father's house, father's character, mother's shawl, grandfather's hat, belong to colloquial speech.

A striking feature of numerals in colloquial speech is the loss of inclination of simple and especially complex (such as five hundred, fifty) and compound numbers (such as one hundred and forty-five, five hundred and eighty-two). Pronouns in colloquial speech weaken their meaning and they are used to express expression (to create expressiveness of speech), for example: This one, yours, tall has come. There is a lot of originality in the use of verb forms in colloquial speech So, in colloquial speech, verbs with suffixes -yva-, -iva-, -va- are used, denoting a repeated action in the past like hazhival, talking, sitting.

These verbs were also widely used in the book language of the 18th-19th centuries, but in the modern language they were preserved only in colloquial speech (cf. A. Pushkin: Here the gentleman sat and modern: I have been to Moscow more than once). Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of interjectional verbs like grab, jump, jump, bang.

These verbs, found in fiction, reflect colloquial speech (they are a sign of stylization for folk speech), crap Krylova: Grab a friend with a stone in the forehead, Pushkin: Tatyana - jumped into another canopy Wed: He was riding a bicycle and suddenly - bang into a ditch . To express expression (enhance the expressiveness of speech), the figurative use of tense forms is used.

So, the forms of the present tense are used in the story of past events in order to make a visual, figurative narrative about a past event.

For example: I was walking down the street yesterday and I see: columns of cadets are walking along the street. The forms of the present tense are also used in the sense of the near future, to denote an action that will definitely take place in the future: Tomorrow I'm going on a business trip; I'm going to study at the university; I'm going to law school this year. The forms of the present tense can acquire a timeless meaning, denoting a generalized action, characteristic of many.

It is no coincidence that this present generalized tense is used in proverbs and sayings: You go quieter, you will continue; Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds; Bell ringing does not cure diseases; They don’t die with sadness, they just dry. Sv colloquial speech: You used to go through the spring forest and see how everything around wakes up. In figurative meanings, along with the forms of the present tense, the future tense of verbs is used: I see, they are leading him, and when they start to fall, they will pick them up. gossip, instead: I spit on gossip .; may have the meaning of the future tense: If there is no answer from him, I died (instead of dying). In figurative meanings, forms of inclinations are used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. So, forms of the imperative mood often in colloquial speech have a conditional meaning, for example: If such an opportunity happened to me, a rabid dog bites me, I would immediately shoot myself in the forehead [From a letter to A.P. Chekhov]. Forms of the imperative mood are also used to indicate the only way out of some situation (often in combination with a particle at least): I have such a handwriting, even go to the ministers [From a letter to A.P. Chekhov; She has no home, no family, like it or not, but sit and listen to the conversations. Forms of the subjunctive mood (conditional) are used in the imperative sense to express a softening of a request, advice, command, for example: Would you go to sleep - instead of: Go to sleep; Would you read - instead of: Read! Read! Since the opinion of the speaker is usually expressed in colloquial speech, the use of verb forms with personal pronouns is characteristic: I will go; I'll bring; I learned, etc. In this regard, the use of personal pronouns in colloquial style is much higher than in other styles. Conversational style is characterized by a peculiar quantitative ratio of parts of speech.

So, participles and participles are not characteristic of colloquial speech and are usually replaced by personal verbs (instead of: seeing, said, it is used: I saw and said; instead: the boy who read the book is the boy who read the book). Unlike other functional styles, in colloquial interjections, expressing a variety of emotions: Alas! Oh! O! etc. In colloquial speech, particles are widespread, for example, such as: well, here, after all. The syntactic features of the conversational style are the most specific and bright Prof. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “The stylistic possibilities in syntax are much more diverse and significant than in morphology. According to the conditions of the place, only a list of the most important categories of syntactic synonyms can be given here, leaving the reader to think about the internal differences when the need arises.

Our task is to put forward the fundamental importance of this work” [Principles and techniques of stylistic analysis and evaluation of fiction] It is in the syntax that the ellipticity, emotionality, and expressiveness of the colloquial style is most clearly manifested. Characterizing colloquial speech, A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “... We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you have coffee or tea?”; having met a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; having heard the annoying music, we say: “Again!”, offering water, we say: “Boiled, do not worry!” etc. Thus, the colloquial style is characterized by the widespread use of incomplete sentences, in which the main members of the sentence are most often omitted, incentive and interrogative, declarative and exclamatory sentences, for example: Where are you from ?; Water over here!; Was there?; Oh, good!; Ah, how good! At the same time, intonation is of great importance in oral speech.

The sentence “Well, you helped!”, pronounced with different intonation, can have a direct, positive meaning, or it can express an ironic assessment, like the sentence “Oh, good!”.

In colloquial speech, there is a freer word order than in A.M. Peshkovsky pointed out that the main treasury of the syntactic synonymy of the Russian language is the free word order: “Thanks to it, a combination consisting, for example, of 5 full-valued words (let’s say “I’ll go for a walk tomorrow morning”) allows 120 permutations. And since each permutation slightly changes the meaning of the whole phrase, we get 120 synonyms” [A.MPeshkovsky, Decree]. The fast pace and unpreparedness of colloquial speech determine the predominance of short sentences, in which usually the number of words does not exceed 5-7 units. Among complex sentences, compound and non-union sentences are typical. Complex sentences make up 10% in colloquial speech, while in other styles they are about 30%. Most often, complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses are used, which are attached to a few verbs: speak, say, think, hear, see, see, feel and under: He saw that...; I said that…; He realized that ... and under.

In colloquial speech, interjectional sentences are frequent, making speech emotional, expressive: Fathers!; Well well!; Here's to you!; Oy! and under; sentences expressing agreement (approval) or disagreement (negation): Yes .; Not.; Of course.; Undoubtedly. In colloquial speech, there are usually a lot of introductory words expressing assertion, doubt, assumption: maybe, it seems, certainly, really, and under. Thus, the colloquial style has bright linguistic features that distinguish it from other functional styles of the literary language.

3. Rules of conversation

A.P. Chekhov wrote: “For an intelligent person, speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write.” K. Paustovsky believed that “... in relation to each person to his language, one can accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value. True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language." Above, the need for good speech for business people, politicians, and writers was emphasized. However, it should also be said about the role of speech skills in everyday life. We find interesting material in the article by V.Iannushkin. [Russian speech - 1990 - No. 1 - p83-87] Let's give some thoughts from this article. Traditionally, there are general rules for conducting and constructing speech. They are created by the practice of people and passed down from generation to generation. It is interesting that they can be found in folklore materials, in particular, in proverbs and sayings.

Although these rules are simple at first glance, the behavior of an adult depends largely on how he uses them. Violation of the conditions of speech can lead to various troubles, it is not in vain that there are warnings: “My tongue is my enemy”, “All the troubles of a person are from his tongue”, as well as parting words: “A good word is half happiness”. Any dialogue is possible on the condition that you be polite to each other. Folklore rules remind: “The language will not dry out from pleasant words”, “One good word is better than a thousand words of abuse” Impoliteness can be different - from outright rudeness to an outwardly benevolent tone that hides complete disregard for the neighbor (remember the meeting between Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin, their dialogue) .

The basis of speech relations should be goodwill and the ability to listen: “Speech is red by listening.” It is very important to hear each other in communication: “The language is one, the ear is two. Say once, listen twice” Attention to the interlocutor, to the audience is also necessary in order to start speaking. Paradoxically speaking, speech begins with listening, understanding the situation, a correct assessment of the situation. The speaker must always remember that he is “caught” by the listener in mistakes. And this is evidenced by folk wisdom: "Answers when they do not ask."

Speech behavior is very important in the relationship between a man and a woman. A classic example of this is the book of the Roman orator and publicist 1 vnePublius Nason Ovid “The Art of Loving”, whose advice to men and women on how to win and how to keep love, relate mainly to speech behavior. Here are tips for a conversation when meeting: “Then try to start a conversation with her. First, talk about indifferent things ... ". The two most significant classics of world and domestic rhetoric, Aristotle and Lomonosov, began in their reasoning with the "philosophy of love", and then offered ways to awaken this feeling in the "audience" (interlocutor) M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “Love is the inclination of the spirit to someone else, in order to have pleasure from his well-being. This passion can rightly be called the mother of other passions... Love is as strong as lightning, but it penetrates without thunder, and its strongest blows are pleasant. When rhetoric arouses passion in the listeners, then he can already triumph over them. “[Lomonosov M.V. A short guide to eloquence // Complete collection of works. Vol. VIIM-L., 1952, p. 176] Classics offers us a history of dialogue styles, a kind of typology of the Russian family, if we consider the relationship of Chatsky and Sophia, Onegin and Tatiana, Lensky and Olga, Pechorin and Princess Mary, types of families in the novels of L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, etc. Finally, the union of Andrey Stolz and Olga Ilyinskaya is ideal “for all times and peoples” (it appears exactly like this if you carefully read the pages of I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”) : “Outside and they did everything like the others. They got up, although not at dawn, but early; they liked to sit for a long time over tea, sometimes they even seemed to be lazily silent, then they dispersed to their corners or worked together, dined, went to the fields, studied music ... the conversation did not end with them, it was often hot. Their sonorous voices resounded through the rooms, reached the garden, or they quietly transmitted, as if drawing in front of each other the pattern of their dreams, the first movement, elusive for the tongue, the growth of an emerging thought, a barely audible whisper of the soul ... And their silence was - sometimes thoughtful happiness ...

They did not greet the morning with indifference; could not stupidly plunge into the dusk of a warm, starry, southern night. They were awakened by the eternal movement of thought, the eternal irritation of the soul and the need to think together, feel, speak! But what was the subject of these heated debates, quiet conversations, readings, long walks? Yes, that's all ... Not a single letter was sent without being read to her, no thought, much less execution, swept past her; she knew everything and everything occupied her because it occupied him.” You can read about the rules of family and everyday dialogue in the books of psychologists. It is curious that the psychologist's advice turns out to be predominantly rhetorical, that is, related to the creation of the image of the speaker and the listener, the appropriate construction of a dialogue between people. Here is a description of the psychologist's conversations. In Smekhova in the Moscow consultation on family and marriage. He “teaches to talk to each other calmly and kindly.

Learn to listen without interrupting. And hear. Learn to ask and answer questions. Solving problems together…””Among the main causes of family quarrels and conflicts, he sees the wrong speech: he failed to establish a dialogue, to open up”[We and our family. A book for young spouses - M., 1989, p85]. It also provides a test for observation of speech, specific expressions, in which the ability to be cultural in communication and properly organize family dialogue is manifested. He and she are asked to rate how often they use forbidden and desirable expressions. Among the forbidden ones: “I told you a thousand times that…”, “How many times do you have to repeat…”, “What are you thinking…”, “Is it really difficult for you to remember that…”, etc. Among the desired: “You are my smartest…”, “You are my most beautiful…”, “It is so easy for me with you…”, “You always understand me correctly…”, etc. Letters from readers confirm the idea that family well-being, if not based, then, in any case, is expressed in speech well-being (Consent yes, there is a treasure in the family) . I told him not to call me, and I inspire myself: I don’t have a son and I don’t want to talk and I won’t. Because, according to the rules of conversation, you can not harm the interlocutor. This is harm not only to the offended, but also to the offender. Is there a cure for this? Certainly there is. A harsh word can be answered in different ways. First: “As it comes around, it will respond.” But will the position be fair when offended pride does not allow a sober look at the conflict and resolve it with a soothing word? Or another option: “Do not remember malice against the insolent”, that is, do not hold evil, do not remember evil.

The ability to maintain benevolence, the ability not to be irritated is an important quality that enables people to understand each other. The basic rules for conducting a dialogue are given in the book by Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky "Introduction to General Philology" (1979). They are systematized according to proverbs about speech. The study of proverbs about speech showed that the rules relate to the organization of the dialogue, as well as the rules for the speaker and the rules for the listener. The rules for organizing a dialogue are divided into three categories.

1. The rules determine the attitude of people in the dialogue and are as follows.

a) A person is evaluated by knowledge of the forms of speech behavior (etiquette): “A horse is recognized in riding, a person in communication”;

c) it is forbidden to insult with the word: "I hear from a fool."

2. The second category determines the order of the conversation and contains the following rules.

a) The word precedes other actions: “Clever with the tongue, stupid with the hands”;

b) listening precedes speaking: “Chew before you swallow, listen before you speak”;

c) silence is part of the dialogue: "Silence is also an answer."

3. The third category of rules defines typical errors in the dialogue.

a) An error in violating the subject of the dialogue: “Grandfather talks about a chicken, and grandmother talks about a duck” “I tell him about Foma, and he talks about Yerema”;

b) an error in choosing a participant in the dialogue: “A deaf person listens to a dumb person speak”;

c) an error in the order of the dialogue: "Answers when he is not asked."

Thus, in a conversation, you need to behave in accordance with the rules of politeness: give preference to a conversation over a non-verbal activity, preference to listen to the interlocutor before your speech and “be able to remain silent without violating the etiquette of the conversation” [Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky Theory of Rhetoric M., 1999, pp. 343-344]

There are also rules for the speaker.

a) Rules of caution: “If you follow your tongue - it will protect you, dismiss it - it will betray”, “The word is not a sparrow: you release it - you won’t catch it”;

b) the idea of the speech: “Do not say everything you know, but know everything you say”, “Before you speak, think about the meaning of the words”; “Better to be silent than to speak badly”;

c) typical mistakes: inappropriateness of speech: “It is better to cry by the way than to laugh at the wrong time”, “You need to correct the razor and give advice on time”; the triviality of the content of the speech for the listener (lack of novelty): “Teaches the fish to swim”, “Eggs taught the mind to the chicken”; verbosity: “The rope is good when it is long, and speech is good when it is short”, “Whoever talks a lot, makes a lot of mistakes”.

There are various rules for the listener, for example:

a) it is necessary to see the difference in the speech received from different persons: “One hundred people - one hundred opinions”; “how many heads - so many minds”;

b) it is necessary to highlight true and false information: “There is no firewood that does not burn, there are no people who do not make mistakes”;

c) it is necessary to determine the sincerity of the speaker: “The hare says “run”, the greyhound says “catch””;

d) it is necessary to see errors in the content of the speaker's speech: “I started for health, ended for peace (illogicality); “A few words, a lot of reservations” (uncertainty of judgment)”.

The rules for conducting a conversation are given in old Russian manuals and new works on speech etiquette. Here are some old, but still not outdated norms:

- reasoning should be, observing the quality of speech;

- to speak by the way;

- bring kindness to the conversation;

- talk about personal only at the request of the interlocutor;

- do not boast of acquaintance with people of high position;

- do not take someone aside during a general conversation;

- do not ask about the origin;

- do not eavesdrop;

- do not use vulgar expressions;

- do not ask intimate questions;

- do not gossip.

The worst thing in conversation is lies, slander, gossip. Of course, not all the rules for conducting a conversation are given here. We only emphasize that the rules require the observance of many, very specific qualities of colloquial literary speech, which ensure its success.

It is in colloquial literary speech that the colloquial style is reflected with its bright language features.

List of sources used

1. Electronic source - http://www.uprav.biz/articles.php
2. Solganik G.Ya. Text style: Proc. allowance. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1997. – 256 p.

Essay on the topic “Conversational style in Russian” updated: October 21, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

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