Timber houses / 02.04.2020

Window openings in residential buildings. How to make window and door openings. Types of window openings

SECTION 7. WINDOWS AND DOORS

Windows are designed for lighting, insolation and ventilation of premises. For normal lighting of living rooms, the area of windows is taken within 1: 8 - 1: 5.5 of the floor area.

The shape and arrangement of windows depends on the architectural design of the building. In addition to these, windows are subject to thermal, acoustic, and environmental requirements, as well as ease of use.

Elements that fill the opening left in the wall, and sometimes in the roof, are called filling the light opening. It consists of a window frame, glazed window frames, window sills, external spillway and glazing (Fig. 7.1). The set of elements for filling the light opening in assembled form is called a window block. The vertical side edges of the window opening are beveled inward for better illumination.

Rice. 7.1. Window fill elements:

1 - window box; 2 - sash cover; 3 - transom; 4 - window sill; 5 - impost; 6 - mullion; 7 - external weir; 8 - glass

Elements for filling the window opening can be made of various materials: wood, metal (made of steel and aluminum profiles), wood-aluminum, plastic (with and without reinforcement, from various synthetic materials). Each material has its own characteristics of application, has positive properties and disadvantages. For example: metal - strong, durable, easy to use, but have a lot of weight, require a lot of metal. Filling openings from synthetic materials have: low weight, do not rot, beautiful appearance, but expensive, to ensure the required durability, their material must be suitable for climatic conditions. Minimum guarantee period on the plastic windows according to GOST - 3 years. Wooden - light, beautiful, resistant to temperature changes and direct sunlight, environmentally friendly, but do not provide a tight fit of the porches, require periodic painting to prevent decay, etc.

Wooden window blocks for civil buildings are produced in accordance with GOST, which provides for two options for blocks: with separate outer and inner sashes (P series), and with paired sashes (C series), where both sashes are interconnected by bolts and they are only separated to remove dust (Fig.). Paired bindings have found wide application in modern mass construction. */1 Windows with separate sashes are typical for buildings old building and for buildings built on individual projects. */2

Plastic windows are mainly made with paired bindings. In addition to the traditional opening, plastic windows have tilt-and-turn sashes, controlled by one handle.

Rice. Split-paired wood frame with triple glazing.

a - vertical section; b - horizontal section along the impost.

______________

*/1. Note: Modern windows with twin wooden frames and double glazing have a heat transfer resistance of 0.38 m 2 ° C / W, which is insufficient, since the required heat transfer resistance (according to SNIP II-3-79 and SP No. 232/13 ) should be about 0.60 m 2o C / W for the central part of Russia.

*/2. For new construction and major repairs with the replacement of window blocks, window blocks must be used that provide the required resistance to heat transfer (0.60 m 2 ° C / W). Such a design is: twin bindings with triple glazing (Fig. 4). For thermotechnical reasons, wood is preferable as the material of the box (metal and plastic conduct heat strongly and condensate can fall on them), but the use of technological, extrusion profiles (plastics with a steel core or aluminum alloys) is also allowed. Stronger and more durable than PVC and aluminum profiles are polyurethane and polyolefin profiles.

Rice. Wooden window blocks with separate and bindings

a - ordinary; b - with a surfacing;

1 - glazing bead; 2- drip gutter; 3- low tide; 4 - overlay;

Rice. Wooden window blocks with paired bindings.

a- normal; b- wood-aluminum; 1 - window box; 2-glazing beads for fixing glass; 3- slot for condensate drainage; 4- warming pad; 5 - overlay; 6 - inner binding; 7- outer binding; 8- coupling screw; 9- screws; 10 - aluminum facing profiles.

Window sashes consist of opening, blind or combined sashes. The number of sashes determines the type of window. According to the number of wings, the bindings are: single-leaf, two-, three-leaf. In some cases, windows are combined with a balcony door. Window covers consist of vertical elements - sashes and horizontal - transoms. Doors and transoms open into the room; this creates the convenience and safety of hanging them, as well as changing and wiping glasses; open doors are not spoiled by rain and wind; broken glass does not fall into the street. Opening the wings in different directions is permissible only in one-story buildings.

In the absence of opening transoms to ventilate the premises in cold weather, vents are arranged in the sashes, at least one in each room. Air vents with separate bindings represent an independent element and are hung directly on the window frame. (Rice.)

By the number of glasses, windows can be single, double and triple glazing. Triple glazing improves thermal and soundproofing properties windows (for example: they can be used in residential buildings overlooking a railway or a busy highway with an increased noise level and also to provide the required resistance to heat transfer).

Rice. Window blocks for residential and public buildings.

a - single-leaf; b - bivalve (with a window); c- double-leaf (with unequal sashes); g- double-leaf (with a transom); d - tricuspid; e - deaf with non-opening doors and a ventilation valve; 1- sash; 2- window; 3- narrow sash; 4- transom; 5- louvered lattice; 6- box; 7- door for ventilation.

For glazing windows, ordinary glass with a thickness of 2-6 mm is used. or glass with special properties, such as patterned, tinted, UV-transmissive, armored, etc., in accordance with the requirements of the premises in which they are installed.

*/Note: Twin sash windows provide more light, save 30% wood, are 10% cheaper and 1.5 lighter than split sash windows, but have up to 25% more heat loss.

Infill designs window openings.

Wooden window boxes installed in the window opening are nailed to the antiseptic embedded parts in the window openings of the stone walls. The gap between the box and the masonry of the opening is carefully caulked with tow soaked in gypsum mortar.

Plastic windows are attached to the opening, and the gap is sealed with construction foam. The design of the transom doors consists, as a rule, of four contour bars that form the strapping. The bars are connected in the corners with through spikes on glue and fastened with wooden dowels. Sometimes slabs are introduced into the structure - narrow intermediate bars that reduce the size of individual glasses. From the side of the room, rounded bevels are attached to the strapping and slabs, and from the outside, quarters for inserting glasses (folds) are selected in them. Glasses will be inserted into the putty, and on top of the second layer of putty they are reinforced with wooden glazing beads (trapezoidal cross-section planks). In the lower bars of the outer sashes and transoms, ebbs are provided to drain rainwater flowing from the windows.

According to the cross-sectional shape of the strappings, the bindings are with overlap (Fig.) and simple (Fig.). A surfacing is a protruding edge of the strapping that closes the gap between the binding and the box. In order to seal around the perimeter of the inner sashes and transoms, gaskets made of porous rubber or a half-woolen cord are strengthened. The same gaskets should be used in the porches of internal bindings without overlap. Overlaid bindings are more expensive than simple ones, but they have low airflow and are easier to use (they do not require putty for the winter).

In paired bindings (Fig.), the inner sashes are hung on the window frame, and the outer sashes are hung on the inner ones. The sashes are fastened with special screws.

Rice. .Window blocks for residential (a) and public (b) buildings.

1- window box; 2- vertical impost; 3- horizontal impost; 4- sash bindings; 5- window; 6- slabs; 7 - transom.

Rice. .Sections of separate bindings

a, b - with a surfacing; c, d - simple; 1- external transom; 2- internal transom; 3- outer binding; 5- bars of horizontal impost; 6 - glass; 7- low tide; 8 - glazing bead; 9 - overlay; 10- sealing gasket; 11- transom loop; 12- flashing; 13 - slabs; 14- bar; 15 - piping of the window.

Rice. . Sections of paired bindings.

a, b - vertical section; c - horizontal section; 1- inner binding; 2- outer binding; 3- slot for water drainage; 4- sealing gasket; 5- loop; 6 - window sill.

Standard GOST window blocks for individual and brick buildings are not suitable for chopped walls. The design of window frames should fasten the crowns of log cabins in the places of openings. Such boxes are called wells, they are much more massive than GOST ones. On the back sides of the side and bottom bars of the box, grooves are selected, which are put on the ridges at the ends of the logs forming the side faces of the opening, and in the lower beam of the opening. The window block must be greater than the thickness of the walls by the thickness of the inner and outer lining (if any, see the wall section).

Bindings are provided with window fittings. These include hinges (hinges), window latches (upper and lower), brackets (handles), window wrappers, devices for opening and closing transoms, etc.

Window boards in windows with wooden filling are made of wood or reinforced concrete with a textured front surface. The overhang of the window sill from below should have a drip groove to remove condensation moisture from the walls. Window boards are installed in the opening on a layer of gypsum mortar with a slight slope towards the room.

The constructions of steel bindings are similar to those used in industrial buildings.

Instead of wood, it is possible to use window frames made of prefabricated reinforced concrete (Fig.), which allows you to partially or completely abandon the installation of lintels and window sills. For fastening to such boxes of window covers, embedded wooden plugs are provided in them.

Rice. Reinforced concrete window frame.

Skylights

To illuminate attic spaces, windows located in the plane of the roof can be used. They provide 30-40% more light than dormers of the same size. An example of such a window is the skylights developed by VELUX (Fig.).

Rice. .VELUX window in the attic roof.

The construction of the window block consists of a window frame and a window frame made of high-quality wood with painted aluminum cladding on the outside. The frame is a two-layer double-glazed window with the ability to rotate 180 ° when opening (Fig.). Installing a window block in mansard roof shown in fig.

Rice. .The window can be opened up to 180°.

*/Note: A double-glazed window consists of two panes with a hermetically filled space between them with dry air.

Rice. Schematic of installing a VELUX window in a mansard roof.

1-window block; 2, 3-apron waterproofing.

These windows are designed for use in roofs with a slope of 15° to 90°. The frame windows are fastened to the supporting structures of the roof (rafters) using mounting brackets with screws.

Rice. . PVC windows

1- sash; 2- four chamber frame; 3- seals; 4-multi-chamber double-glazed window without additional profile; 5- reinforcement with corrosion-resistant steel profiles; 6-figured glazing bead.

*/Note: A window to floor ratio of 1:10 is recommended to ensure adequate lighting.

Glazing of large surfaces of public buildings (shops, sports facilities) is carried out using glass showcases. They can be the entire height of the floor or form tape glazing. (Rice. .)

Rice. . Showcase. General form.

For showcases, special display glass is used. They are thicker than ordinary windows (6-8m) and may have special properties, such as being mirrored, bulletproof, etc. They are installed in wooden, metal and plastic bindings. The most common metal bindings for the device showcases, as they are strong, durable, easy to use. The design of showcases should provide in winter time lack of condensate, fogging and freezing of glasses (Fig.).

Rice. . Shop window.

a - vertical section; b- glass fastening details; 1,2 - vertical

imposts; 3- mounting corners; 4- display windows; 5- rubber gaskets; 6- welded rivets; 7- screws.

A special type of filling window openings is the masonry of glass hollow blocks. These blocks have good light transmission, but are not transparent, as they have a corrugated surface. They are used in sports medical institutions and industrial construction. They are laid on cement mortar and form a translucent filling of the window opening with the thickness of the glass block. (Rice. .)

Rice. . Filling windows with glass blocks.

According to the location in the building, external and internal are distinguished. External doors are divided into entrance and balcony. Filling the doorway consists of a door frame and opening door panels. Doors are single-leaf, double-leaf and one-and-a-half - with two canvases of unequal width. According to the material, door leafs are divided into wooden, glass and metal. Wooden ones are divided into panel and panel ones and can be made deaf or glazed to illuminate auxiliary rooms with a second light; for the same purpose, they are sometimes made with a transom installed in a common door frame. Balcony doors are always made glazed (Fig. .).

Panel sheets are solid or hollow panels with a thickness of 30-40 mm. with lining around the perimeter or without them (Fig. a). Solid shields are glued from wooden slats or made from particle boards. Hollow shields usually have a frame-sheathing structure. Outside, the door panels are lined on all sides with veneer, plywood or hardboard.

a) d)

b) c)

Rice. Door panels.

a - general form single-panel shield door; b - also a two-panel shield door; in - also a double-panel shield door; g - also a paneled door.

Paneled door leaves (Fig. b) consist of a strapping, one or more mullions and panels, i.e. shields filling the frame formed by the strapping and mullions. Panels are glued from boards or plywood.

Doorways are filled with door blocks, consisting of a box with hanging canvases, equipped with appliances. Door sizes are selected taking into account the required throughput and dimensions of furniture and equipment. Blocks of internal doors are standard and are manufactured in accordance with GOST. (Fig. .)

Rice. . Installation of door blocks.

a- in the openings of stone walls; b- in the openings of the partitions; 1-balcony slab; 2- door frame; 3- roofing lining; 4- antiseptic wooden insert; 5- partition; 6- bar framing the opening; 7 - platbands.

The door frame consists of a strapping with quarters for hanging the door leaf. In the presence of transoms, a horizontal impost is introduced into the box. in boxes interior doors the lower strapping bar (threshold), as a rule, is absent. Boxes of balcony doors, the canvases of which are made double for thermal reasons, are made according to the type of window doors.

Installation of door frames in the openings of stone walls with quarters (in the outer walls) and without quarters is shown in (Fig.). When installing door frame into the partition, the width of its strapping is made equal to the thickness of the partition. Boxes are fastened with nails to the vertical bars framing the opening or (with stone partitions) to wooden plugs embedded in the masonry. The seams between the box and the partition for sound insulation are caulked and covered with platbands (profiled boards).

Rice. . Elements of the door frame.

a - sections of the bars and sections of the door frame; b- detail of the installation of the box in the openings with quarters; in the same in openings without quarters; 1- top beam; 2- impost (with transom); 3- lower beam (threshold); 4- board (in the absence of a threshold); 5- door frame; 6- wooden cork; 7- caulk.

*/Note: Standard dimensions are set for inner door leafs: 2000 and 2300 mm in height, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1100 mm in width for single-leaf doors, and 1200, 1400 and 1800 mm for double-leaf doors..

Glass doors are used in public buildings (shops, cinemas). They are made of 10~15mm thick tempered glass. without tying. Such doors are installed on metal bearings, which, like doorknobs bolted to the glass. Metal doors are fireproof and are made of 1 or 2 layers of sheet steel. Boxes and strapping of such doors are made of rolled profiles or tubular section. One, two, three-layer fabrics with asbestos gaskets and lining on all sides with roofing steel are classified as slow-burning. The boxes of such doors are also sheathed with roofing steel. Fireproof and slow-burning doors are installed in firewalls, from stairwells to the attic, and metal entrance doors are also now widespread.

Door devices are: hinges (hinges), mortise and overhead locks, latch locks that combine mortise locks and handles in one device, brackets (handles) of various shapes and sizes, mortise latches to hold one half of a double-leaf door in the closed position, etc.

Doorways are indispensable elements of any room, and how convenient it is to enter the room and move large objects depends on their size. With a few exceptions, the premises also have window openings, the dimensions of which should ensure required level natural light and access fresh air. Door sizes and doorways, as well as windows are regulated by standards (GOST), as well as building codes and rules (SNiP).

This avoids confusion in the design and construction to create normal conditions for the operation of residential, industrial and public buildings and structures. The size of the doorway is selected based on the convenience of the passage of people, as well as in accordance with the intensity of movement inside and outside the premises. There are criteria by which typical sizes of windows are determined.

Dimensions of openings for interior doors and standard doorway of the front door

Speaking of standard doorway the size of the door leaf must also be taken into account. These are interrelated parameters that affect the convenience of entering and exiting the premises. In accordance with GOST 6629-80, the width of the opening is taken from 670 to 1872 mm, and the width of the door leaf from 600 to 1802 mm. At the same time, blind doors have a slightly smaller width than glazed ones. The height of the openings can be 2071 and 2371 mm, and for the canvas this value is 2000 and 2300 mm, respectively.

There is a dependence that is taken into account when choosing conventional swing doors. First, the final dimensions of the opening under the door are determined, the dimensions of which are 70-80 mm larger than the canvas. Based on this ratio, the door is selected. The height and width of interior doors, in accordance with existing standards and requirements, is less than the entrance doors. This is due to the need to provide more free passage and carrying large items.

The dimensions of the opening for sliding doors are regulated by the same standard, while door leaf has slightly different dimensions. Unlike ordinary doors, sliding doors are 50-60 mm larger than the corresponding opening parameter. This is due to the fact that in this case the canvas moves parallel to the wall and must completely block the entrance to the room.

Standard dimensions of window openings: how is the width and height of the window opening determined?

For window openings, dimensions are regulated by GOST 11214-86. This standard also determines the dimensions of balcony doors. In accordance with it, the width of the windows can be from 870 to 2670 mm, and the height from 1160 to 2060 mm. The size of these parameters is influenced by the area of the room, the required level of illumination, as well as the architectural features of the building as a whole and the room in particular. As a rule, the area of the window is chosen in proportion to the area of the room, as well as the size of the whole house.

The size of the opening affects the window glazing scheme, the number of sashes and transoms. GOST 11214-86 also defines the dimensions of doors for access to a balcony or loggia. Balcony doors are standard height 2755 mm, but depending on the number of leaves and the characteristics of the canvas, they can be 870, 1170 and 1778 mm wide.

Windows are one of the important components that affect the architectural appearance of the building, and therefore they are chosen in such a way that they look organically and proportionately on its facades. Standard window dimensions are used for all standard solutions, although in individual projects it is allowed to use other sizes, allowing to highlight the original architectural solution.

And a little more about GOSTs

What standard window sizes are used in residential buildings?

To date, standard window sizes are established by GOST 11214-86 and GOST 23166-99 "Wooden windows and balcony doors with double glazing for residential and public buildings." It clearly indicates technical requirements to structures, types, types, markings and standard sizes of windows and window openings in residential buildings. According to GOST, the standard size of windows is affected by the dimensions of the opening, the material from which the window is made, and its type. Therefore, standardization was carried out in all directions and norms for the size of the opening and windows were determined for a height of 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180 cm, and a width of 60, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180. For example, GOSTs offer such dimensions: 560x870 (opening 610x910); 560x1170 (opening 610x1210); 860x870; 860x1170; 860x1320; 860x1470; 1160x870(1170, 1320,1470); 1460x(1170, 1320,1470).

What door sizes can be used in residential areas?

GOST 6629-88 states that the minimum width of an internal blind door is 670 mm, while the leaf is 600 mm, and for a glass door it is 740 mm. As practice shows, this is not always enough for comfortable living. It is worth remembering that furniture may have to be brought in through the opening, and therefore it is advisable to increase the dimensions of the opening. Thus, for a bedroom and other living rooms, door sizes must be at least 90 cm, and the clearance must be at least 80 cm, and for a bathroom, door sizes according to GOST can be used.

Balcony Door Standards

Standard Width balcony door depends on the type of building. For example, the standard width of a balcony door for Khrushchev-era structures was 680 mm. At the moment, there are no strict SNIPs (building codes and regulations) that establish certain minimum standards for a balcony door. Therefore, it is necessary to proceed from the technical possibilities. For example, the minimum leaf width of a plastic balcony door is 450 mm, but if you install such a structure, it will be problematic to pass through it. And therefore the best option an opening with a width of 610 mm is considered. The figure shows various options installation of a balcony door in residential premises.

The width of the window opening during design. What needs to be considered?

When designing a future house, it is necessary to pay attention to the width of the window opening, its height, the geographical position of the house and the direction in which the window will go. First of all, the area of the opening must ensure the normal light transmission of the window block, sunlight must enter the room for 2.5 hours with continuous lighting, and the ratio of the area of the room to the area of the window must be at least 1:8. After the calculation of the area, it is necessary to choose the size of the opening. It is best to refer to GOST 11214-86 and use standard sizes for country houses, since non-standard values will lead to additional costs and problems.

Standard sizes of windows in a panel house. How to take measurements?

Standard window sizes panel house have long been known. For example, if the house is of the P-49 series, then the typical dimensions of the window are 1310 by 1520 mm, if P-46, then 1470 by 1420 mm. But very often the builders made mistakes, and even in the same house the windows can differ in size from each other. That is why it is important to take accurate measurements. To do this, you will need a tape measure and a metal ruler. With a tape measure we measure the width and height of the window, and we stick the ruler down the slope and measure its depth. Thus, the sum of the width of the window and the depth of the slope on both sides is the width of the opening. After you need to check the diagonals, and if they are the same, you can start calculating the size of the window. As a rule, 2-4 cm are subtracted from the width of the opening. As for the height, we subtract 2 cm from the height of the window from above, and from the bottom, the height of the profile strip under the window sill.

How to choose the size of the front door?

In order to choose the right size of the front door, you need to know the size of the opening, after that you can use the tabular values \u200b\u200bof the standard sizes of the door and the doorway and choose the right option for yourself. If the size of the front door differs from standard values, then you will have to use a double-leaf, or half-leaf front door. It is also necessary to remember that a door that opens outward not only saves space in the hallway, but is also safer.

Dimensions of doorways. What needs to be remembered?

When choosing door and window openings, it is necessary to remember certain subtleties. First of all, I would like to note that it is best to design door and window sizes that meet the standards. There is a misconception that more is better. The larger the connector, the heavier the structure will be, and this becomes a problem, especially in a draft. Also very often the fittings fail. As for the window, the main thing here is not to overdo it, as huge windows in small rooms create a feeling of discomfort and insecurity. When calculating dimensions, do not forget to take into account the mounting gap and the material of the box, since the thickness depends on it.

If there are almost no problems during the replacement of old windows with new PVC plastic windows, then only an experienced builder can insert windows into the openings of new buildings. In this case, the list is much longer construction works, and it is beyond the capacity of a non-professional to perform them.

We will consider two options for performing work:

First - window openings have standard sizes.
The second - for some reason you have to change the linear dimensions of the openings, give the original geometry, expand or narrow the window sills and drains.

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How to finish window openings in brick buildings

Standard finishing of a window opening in a brick wall includes the following operations:

Plastering of slopes and plugs
First, the entire light opening is plastered around the perimeter, then a rule is attached at the top of the opening (with nails or plaster test) and the mortar is leveled along it. It must be remembered that the "angle of dawn" should be made: in the depths of the boxes, the distance between the sides of the slopes should be greater than at the surface of the walls outside. The plugs must first be made lower, check the dimensions on them, and only then install the side and upper ones.
Drain device
Outflows can be plastic, galvanized sheet steel, stone or concrete. The angle of inclination of the ebb is not less than 8 °.
Window sills
The installation technology does not depend on the material of the window sill itself. First, the window sill is installed on wedges and adjusted in height and vertical position, then the gap is foamed with mounting foam or the window sill is placed on the mortar and inserted into place in the groove of the box.

it Finishing work after installing boxes openings. But how to properly mount the boxes?

Installation of window frames in brick houses

There are no big differences between the installation of plastic or wooden boxes; all work must be performed in the same sequence. Can only be used various materials insulation.

Action algorithm:

Measure the openings, check the parallelism and perpendicularity of the planes, increase or decrease them if necessary.
Prepare the window frame - remove the sashes, bead, remove the double-glazed windows.
Snap the connecting profile and insert the frame into the opening, check the gap between the window and the opening. It should be within 2-3.5 cm around the entire perimeter of the window and door openings. Use a spirit level to check that the installation is correct. An example of the set gaps, see the photo.
Mark a quarter on the outside of the frame (the boundary of its location), make marks at the points where the dowels are attached.
If necessary, strengthen the fastening - increase the number of dowels.
Drill holes in the wall and frame, insert and fix the dowels. Carefully tighten the dowels, making sure that the shape of the window is not disturbed.
Foam the gaps with mounting foam, you can use any other heaters. But recently, in most cases, foam is used - it is much faster and easier to work with it. Wherein brickwork must be kept moist. Unfortunately, not everyone pays attention to this factor, but in vain - the adhesion of the foam to dry masonry is significantly reduced.
On the sides and top, GOST 30971-2002 recommends filling the gaps with a butling cord, which will compensate for linear expansions, but many builders skip this operation.
Insert the window sill and ebb in place, fix them with foam and self-tapping screws, check the angles of inclination and the horizontal position.
Finishing wall cladding can be done only after the foam has completely cured.

Doorways are indispensable elements of any room, and how convenient it is to enter the room and move large objects depends on their size. With a few exceptions, the premises also have window openings, the dimensions of which should provide the necessary level of natural light and fresh air. The dimensions of doors and doorways, as well as windows, are regulated by standards (GOST), as well as building codes and regulations (SNiP).

Dimensions of openings for interior doors and standard doorway of the front door

Speaking of a standard doorway, it is necessary to take into account the size of the door leaf. These are interrelated parameters that affect the convenience of entering and exiting the premises. In accordance with GOST 6629-80, the width of the opening is taken from 670 to 1872 mm, and the width of the door leaf from 600 to 1802 mm. At the same time, blind doors have a slightly smaller width than glazed ones. The height of the openings can be 2071 and 2371 mm, and for the canvas this value is 2000 and 2300 mm, respectively.

The dimensions of the opening for sliding doors are regulated by the same standard, while the door leaf has slightly different dimensions. Unlike ordinary doors, sliding doors are 50-60 mm larger than the corresponding opening parameter. This is due to the fact that in this case the canvas moves parallel to the wall and must completely block the entrance to the room.

Standard dimensions of window openings: how is the width and height of the window opening determined?

The size of the opening affects the window glazing scheme, the number of sashes and transoms. GOST 11214-86 also defines the dimensions of doors for access to a balcony or loggia. Balcony doors have a standard height of 2755 mm, but depending on the number of leaves and leaf features, they can be 870, 1170 and 1778 mm wide.

Windows are one of the important components that affect the architectural appearance of the building, and therefore they are chosen in such a way that they look organically and proportionately on its facades. Standard window dimensions are used for all standard solutions, although in individual projects it is allowed to use other sizes that allow highlighting the original architectural solution.

And a little more about GOSTs

What standard window sizes are used in residential buildings?

To date, the standard dimensions of windows are established by GOST 11214-86 and GOST 23166-99 "Wooden windows and balcony doors with double glazing for residential and public buildings." It clearly indicates the technical requirements for structures, types, types, markings and standard sizes of windows and window openings in residential buildings. According to GOST, the standard size of windows is affected by the dimensions of the opening, the material from which the window is made, and its type. Therefore, standardization was carried out in all directions and norms for the size of the opening and windows were determined for a height of 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180 cm, and a width of 60, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180. For example, GOSTs offer such dimensions: 560x870 (opening 610x910); 560x1170 (opening 610x1210); 860x870; 860x1170; 860x1320; 860x1470; 1160x870(1170, 1320,1470); 1460x(1170, 1320,1470).

What door sizes can be used in residential areas?

GOST 6629-88 states that the minimum width of an internal blind door is 670 mm, while the leaf is 600 mm, and for a glass door it is 740 mm. As practice shows, this is not always enough for a comfortable stay. It is worth remembering that furniture may have to be brought in through the opening, and therefore it is advisable to increase the dimensions of the opening. Thus, for a bedroom and other living rooms, door sizes must be at least 90 cm, and the clearance must be at least 80 cm, and for a bathroom, door sizes according to GOST can be used.

Balcony Door Standards

The width of a standard balcony door depends on the type of building. For example, the standard width of a balcony door for Khrushchev-era structures was 680 mm. At the moment, there are no strict SNIPs (building codes and regulations) that establish certain minimum standards for a balcony door. Therefore, it is necessary to proceed from the technical possibilities. For example, the minimum leaf width of a plastic balcony door is 450 mm, but if you install such a structure, it will be problematic to pass through it. Therefore, an opening with a width of 610 mm is considered the best option. The figure shows various options for installing a balcony door in residential premises.

The width of the window opening during design. What needs to be considered?

Standard sizes of windows in a panel house. How to take measurements?

The standard sizes of windows in a panel house have long been known. For example, if the house is of the P-49 series, then the typical dimensions of the window are 1310 by 1520 mm, if P-46, then 1470 by 1420 mm. But very often the builders made mistakes, and even in the same house the windows can differ in size from each other. That is why it is important to take accurate measurements. To do this, you will need a tape measure and a metal ruler. With a tape measure we measure the width and height of the window, and we stick the ruler down the slope and measure its depth. Thus, the sum of the width of the window and the depth of the slope on both sides is the width of the opening. After you need to check the diagonals, and if they are the same, you can start calculating the size of the window. As a rule, 2-4 cm are subtracted from the width of the opening. As for the height, we subtract 2 cm from the height of the window from above, and from the bottom, the height of the profile strip under the window sill.

How to choose the size of the front door?

In order to choose the right size of the front door, you need to know the size of the opening, after that you can use the tabular values \u200b\u200bof the standard sizes of the door and the doorway and choose the right option for yourself. If the size of the front door differs from the standard values, then you will have to use a double-leaf or half-leaf front door. It is also necessary to remember that a door that opens outward not only saves space in the hallway, but is also safer.

Dimensions of doorways. What needs to be remembered?

Why is it better to plan everything in advance?

A number of important functions are assigned to the windows and doors of a country bathhouse, by analogy with their other associates. They are “according to the state” supposed to let lovers of bathing pleasures, natural light and fresh air flow through. It is not supposed to contribute to the loss of the required temperature, the creation of drafts and the violation of the technical condition of the building.

architectural background

Country baths are built to receive procedures adored by the people, which attract not only the standard hygienic effect. The indisputable priority of bathing ceremonies is justifiably considered to be the healing power and tonic effect. They are achieved due to the influence of steam, heat or heat and a special atmosphere. Therefore, the main task of the building is the preservation of a favorable regime, and not the architectural "sharpness".

Although no one claims that these two concepts should enter into irreconcilable contradictions with each other. In order to preserve the not at all cheap sauna atmosphere, it is customary to make openings as small as possible, which is why saunas sometimes look “deaf” and “blind-sighted”. If you do not know how to correctly design doors and windows for a bath, the aesthetic component can be seriously affected.

Accounting for inevitable shrinkage

Steam and heat are far from the best allies of wood, which is very sensitive to unstable humidity and temperature fluctuations. Natural organic matter either increases in volume or shrinks following the changes taking place around the bath walls. Moreover, like everyone else wooden buildings the bath will definitely settle. In the first year, it is quite fast by 3-5 cm, depending on the quality of drying of the lumber and the type of wood. Then, not so briskly by 1 cm or less. However, the movements inherent in wood will occur constantly, which must be taken into account when designing openings. Otherwise, the sagging crowns will simply squeeze out the window structures, and at the same time warp the roof and jam the door.

The formation of openings in bath walls made of timber or logs is not at all an easy task. To ensure a reserve for the tireless movement of wood, it is necessary to leave gaps filled with insulation. Too wide a gap will allow the structures to move freely without breakage and damage, but will undoubtedly become an attractive area for heat leaks. Insufficient stock does not guarantee safety window frames and door frames, which again strongly suggests the need for preliminary design.

Ensuring the strength of the structure

Among the good reasons for planning in advance where to install window and door structures is the need for a competent distribution of dowels or multi-faceted wooden coke connectors. They are used to hold the log crowns from transverse deformations and from displacements of long wooden elements relative to each other. In the wall between adjacent openings, fastening should be done by installing at least two connectors on the crown.

If the openings are formed directly during construction and the piers are made up of short pieces, it is impossible to forget about the installation of rallying pins or cokes. However, masters of carpentry, brought up on the experience of previous generations, strongly recommend initially erecting blank walls for uniform shrinkage of the entire log house. This method avoids sometimes noticeable differences in the height of individual components after shrinkage. True, the consumption of lumber increases, which does not bother those who want to build a beautiful, durable bathhouse. According to the recommended scheme, all openings, except for the entrance colleague, are cut down or cut out with an electric saw after a one-year shrinkage of the log house, but an inexperienced builder may not lay the dowels in the required place.

In order to clearly indicate the location of openings and piers in a “blindly” laid log house, a hole is left only in the crown on which the window sill or threshold of the interior door frame will rest. Further, logs or timber are laid according to the principle of blank walls, and the cutting formed in the crown tells the builders where to install the connecting studs.

Impact of casing option

Casing or casing, it is also a pigtail - an indispensable element for installing a window or door structure in a log house. It performs several important work functions at the same time:

serves as a base to which windows and doors are attached in the bath, because. window frames and door frames are strictly forbidden to be fixed to unstable wooden walls;
its vertical elements play the role of a kind of guides, along which there is a gradual movement of door and window structures in the process of shrinkage;
strengthens the frame in the opening area, providing a static position, in other words, it holds the stacked logs or beams in a given position.

In the arsenal of experienced carpenters, there are many options for the production of pigtails, which differ in the method of execution. All species ultimately solve common problems. Structurally, in any design, they are a wooden box, which, in fact, is a buffer between the frame and what is mounted in the opening. Any casing is attached to the opening according to the “thorn-in-groove” principle.

Please note that fixing the casing to the log house with self-tapping screws or nails is unacceptable. The density of joining the spikes and grooves is achieved by laying insulation. Forbidden use polyurethane foam along the junction lines of the pigtail and the log house.

Common ways to build casing boxes:

Installation "in a deck". At the vertical ends of the opening, spikes are formed by sawing or carefully cutting out for the subsequent attachment of gun carriages or thick boards with a groove hewn or sawn along the central axis. If an independent designer prefers this method of arranging a pigtail, then he needs to take into account the thickness of the board or the equivalent size of the gun carriage. After all, they will partially narrow the opening;
Installation "on a mortgage beam". In the vertical ends of the opening, a groove is selected for installing the embedded beam. Because “floating” bar is laid flush with the end plane of the opening, then only the thickness of the casing nailed or screwed to the bar will affect the dimensions of this hole. But the window frame or will already be attached to it. So, the size of the casing must be taken into account;
Budget analogue of the previous option, consisting only in the installation of a mortgage beam in the grooves selected at the ends of the log house. According to this economical method, the frame is immediately attached to the movable rail on the mounting plates. Those. the stage of construction and fixation of the casing to the embedded beam is completely absent along with the consumption of material.

The last budget method is not reliable. It can only be used to install small window frames in size and weight. Cloths of bath doors are usually quite massive. They are made of wood, which under the constant influence of moisture becomes even heavier. The beam simply will not withstand a couple of mental slams made by the frustrated bathhouse attendants.

We found out that windows and doors to the bath can be installed different ways by following one or all of the above methods. Numerous variations on the theme of braids exist and are actively used. Often, openings are not selected during the construction of crowns on full size. Bring them "to mind" before the actual implementation of the finish. However, it is recommended to form the entrance door frame during the construction of the log house with the reinforcement of the end of the decks with embedded bars. The top of the entrance opening is connected by a temporary jumper, which excludes distortions.

In general, if you plan to build a bathhouse with your own hands, at least approximate projects of openings are needed to mark the installation site for frames and attachment points with studs.

General rules for opening openings

The installation of a pigtail by any of the listed methods is a strict condition for installing windows and doors in wooden frame. Even if several years were allowed for its shrinkage. A condition that is equivalent in terms of obligation is the formation of gaps between the structure mounted in the opening and directly the end face of the assembled crowns.

Between the mounted door or window structure and the pigtail, you must leave:

along the side faces of the log house, 1.5 - 2 cm each on the left and right;
from above 6% of the height of the installed frame;
bottom 0.5 cm for laying insulation for window installation or birch bark as a natural waterproofing under the door frame.

For those who are going to show personal carpentry and carpentry skills in the manufacture of boxes and frames with their own hands, it is easier. He only needs to accurately set aside the distances in each of the equipped openings. To do this, you should arm yourself with a trait - a tool similar to a compass for carpenters. The “Sword of Damocles” does not hang over the head in specific dimensions. A little more or a little less will come out the opening - not very important. The main thing is to equally cut off the excess. After all home master you have to make frames for openings, and not vice versa.

With cutting openings for factory window and door structures, you will have to scrupulously tinker so that the hole in the log house clearly matches the size. To avoid too large gaps that reduce the insulating qualities and aesthetic aspects. It is better to first cut the opening according to the exact dimensions of the frame, and then cut off the excess along the contour for the casing and mounting clearances. Please note that the use of mounting foam along the interface lines of the casing and the window frame, as well as the casing and the door frame, is allowed.

Choosing the right size

It cannot be said that the recommended sizes are regarded as a technological dictate, but it is advisable to adhere to the advice given by the masters. After all, they rely on the rules that have been formed for centuries among craftsmen. At the forefront of the design of openings is thermal insulation, according to which:

bath doors are built with a threshold from 10 cm to 30 cm high. The threshold will be a barrier against drafts. You need to arrange it according to personal feelings of comfort and safety when stepping over. The presence of a threshold is mandatory in the entrance door frame;
between the steam room and the washing door threshold is not needed. On the contrary, a gap of 5 cm should be left for the free circulation of warm air flow;
the optimal door height is from 1.6 to 1.8 m. Too high a doorway will become a zone of significant heat loss. For the same reason, you should not get carried away with the width. The recommended size is 0.6 m, 0.8 m is possible. In extreme cases, for dense owners, a width of 1.0 m is allowed with minor deviations;
the preferred configuration of windows is a rectangle, the long side of which is parallel to the floor plane. The priority is the small size of window frames with an aspect ratio of two to three or three to four. Minimum height 30 cm, maximum length 90 cm;
windows in steam rooms are rarely installed, but those who wish can indulge in the presence of a small rectangular or square window with patterned glass. It is better to place it at the level of the upper upper bath shelf;
maximum glazing area in the steam room and washing room 5% of the total floor surface area;
there are discrepancies with the height of the bath windows. Who advises to retreat from the line of the door threshold of 60 or 70 cm, who recommends 90 cm or choose eye level as a guideline.

Drawing instruction and video guide

And here is the video:

There is a council of architects on the rational and most aesthetic arrangement of openings in the bath - a single level for the upper elements of casing boxes for windows and doors. Subject to this rule a building with small openings will look pretty decent. And thermal insulation priorities will be preserved to the maximum. And terraces and verandas will help get rid of the "blindness" of a building with small windows. Their vertical elements, which serve as supports for the roof or canopy, will imitate window openings.

Masters who have started an independent construction of a bath should do preliminary design so that the result of construction does not disappoint and does not require alterations.

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Window openings in residential buildings. How to make window and door openings. Types of window openings