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In connection with the presence of builders' requests regarding the formation of white deposits - "efflorescence" on the surface of brick walls, we inform you about the main reasons for their formation and methods to avoid their occurrence.

The main causes of efflorescence on the surfaces of brick walls

1. The use of a solution for facing works with a high content of impurities and chemical additives that does not comply with the norms of SNiP 3.03.01-87 p.7.32, 7.51 (it is allowed to use cement-sand mortars on portladcement and pozzolanic cements, with a low alkali content of up to 0.6% and a mortar mobility of 4-6 cm), leads to the formation of efflorescence on the surface of the brickwork, and subsequently can cause defects in the front surface (peeling). Visual confirmation - White color mortar joint of brickwork, salt spreads (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 - Formation of a white coating on the mortar joints and the surface of the brick

2. Poor quality of construction work - the presence of spreads of masonry mortar on the front surface of the walls (Fig. 2), non-compliance with measures for the production of masonry work in winter conditions (SNiP 3.03.01-87 p.7.57-7.61).

Rice. 2 - Masonry mortar spreads

Quality control of work on the construction of stone buildings should be carried out at all stages of construction in accordance with regulations Russian Federation - a contracting organization with the maintenance of as-built documentation, the Technical Customer of the construction and the bodies of the State Construction Supervision. In the work production logs, in addition to the usual records of the scope of work, the outside air temperature, the amount of additive in the solution, and the temperature of the solution are recorded. Documents on the quality of the materials used are also attached to the executive documentation (passports for bricks, mortar, test reports mortar mixture accredited specialized laboratory).

3. The thickness of the horizontal seams does not comply with SNiP 3.03.01-87 p.7.6 (norm 12 mm +/- 2 mm) (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3 - Violation of the thickness of the mortar joint

Many builders “blame” brick for the appearance of efflorescence, but this is refuted by tests of bricks for capillary suction (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4 - View of a brick sample before and after tests for capillary suction

The following image (Fig. 5) clearly demonstrates that the reason for the formation of efflorescence lies in the solution. On the front surface of the floor slab, traces of salt migration from the mortar used during construction are clearly visible, which is also not allowed. normative documents on the quality of concrete products.

Rice. 5 - The presence of efflorescence on the floor slabs

The main cause of efflorescence is the content of various salts in the masonry mortar. This is confirmed by the fact that when storing bricks on outdoors precipitation does not change its appearance. The mineralogical composition of efflorescences almost completely corresponds to the alkaline compounds contained in cement.

Ceramic brick is a porous material. In the process of drying the masonry, it passes through itself an aqueous solution of salt from the cement binder. The water evaporates from the surface of the brick, leaving the salt carried out on the façade (Fig. 6 and 7).

Rice. 6 - Whitish coating on the walls of a brown brick building

Rice. 7 - Whitish coating on the walls of a brown brick building

Efflorescence also appears as a result of atmospheric (chemical) corrosion, various contaminants of biological origin. In large cities or near industrial plants, the polluted atmosphere contains gases that form during high humidity harmful substances in the air, such as sulfuric acid, which, in reaction with the calcium oxide hydrate of the masonry mortar, forms crystalline gypsum, which also appears as a white coating on the surface of the brickwork. The process of efflorescence is influenced by atmospheric precipitation, mainly by washing out salts from the masonry mortar.

1. Apply a hard mortar (the mobility of the mortar mixture when laying the front brick should be 4-6 cm) with a low content of sodium and potassium oxides, or hydrophobic and plasticized cements.
2. When storing bricks, contact with the ground should be avoided, protected from dirt and precipitation.
3. Avoid getting mortar on the front side of the brick. In case of contact with the solution, it must be removed from the walls before it hardens.
4. Do not carry out masonry work during rain. During breaks in work, it is necessary to cover the masonry with foil and other waterproof materials from rain and other precipitation.
5. Seal masonry joints as much as possible. It is better to do this with the use of stitching. Seams should be performed in accordance with regulatory documents (SNiP 3.03.01-87 p.7.6 (norm 12 mm +/- 2 mm)).
6. You can cover the facade with a protective compound.

If efflorescence still appears, special washing solutions are used, which is also reflected in Fig. 8 and 9.

Rice. 8 - Applying a flushing solution to the wall

Rice. 9 - The effect of using a flushing solution

Conclusion: With proper masonry, in compliance with normative documentation efflorescence can be avoided. But if they nevertheless appeared, then it is possible to deal with them with proven methods. If necessary, deposits on bricks can be removed with slightly acidic facade cleaners such as Penta, Sofeks, Tiprom, etc., with strict adherence to the recommendations for their use.

Video instruction on applying facade cleaners to a ceramic brick wall

Brick houses are built seriously and for a long time by zealous owners. Brick is an environmentally friendly and fairly expensive material, so you want it to look decent for many years. They try to keep the surface of beautiful brickwork open. Quite often, growing irregularly shaped whitish spots appear on it. These are the so-called efflorescences. They spoil appearance facade and are a kind of catalyst for the destruction of bricks.

How to deal with this phenomenon, we will analyze in the article.

What it is?

On the brickwork already in the first years after the construction of houses, one can observe white areas, as if sprinkled with chalk. So, under the influence of excess moisture and a number of other reasons, alkaline elements appear on the surface of the brick. They look very ugly, giving the facade a sloppy look. But it is necessary to deal with them not only to improve the exterior of the building. The fact is that having appeared once, efflorescence is constantly growing, occupying an increasing area. In addition, they enter deep into the brick, contributing to its early destruction. That's why if efflorescence is found on the brickwork, the fight against them must begin immediately until the consequences have turned into irreversible processes.

Most often, a violation of the main SNiP by builders leads to the occurrence of alkaline plaque. Incorrectly calculated design features of the house, which are already revealed while living in it, have a detrimental effect on ceramic bricks. However, technological disruptions are not the only problem for brick house owners. The formation of efflorescence is promoted by the very structure of the brick, the features of the terrain and climate, as well as a number of other factors, which will be discussed in more detail.

Causes

Before you start fighting an annoying phenomenon, you should find out its causes. It is from them that further steps to eliminate white plaque will depend. The reasons for the appearance of efflorescence are divided into those independent of a person, as well as those caused by his activities (in particular, a violation of the brick manufacturing technology and the masonry process).

The following factors are considered the main cause of alkaline deposits on facades.

• The use of low-quality masonry mortar with a high content of alkalis, chemical additives and excess impurities leads to damage to the brick. Over time, he not only turns white. In deeper layers, flakes begin to form, which leads to the gradual destruction of the material under the influence of additional mechanical stress.
• Execution of construction works in winter time or rainy weather, especially with the use of various water-repellent and anti-frost additives, which also adversely affects the quality of the structure.

It also happens that efflorescence occurs due to non-compliance with the manufacturing technology of the material itself at the factory. For example, if instead of drying in a special oven, it was simply air-dried. Salts in one quantity or another are contained in alumina itself, which is one of the main components in the manufacture of bricks. Its excess with a low quality of raw materials, moreover, in case of a violation of the production process, at the first serious moistening, will lead to the removal of salt to the outside.

A greyish-white coating on the outer surface of the walls is a frequent and common occurrence. It occurs due to natural chemical and physical processes. Basically, the evaporation of water-soluble salts with their removal to the surface. Moisture moves along the capillary structure of the brick, washing away the salts. Thus, in places where it comes to the surface, water evaporates, and impurities in the form of tiny crystals accumulate in spots.

Precipitation with a high content of various impurities and harmful substances in water. This happens especially often in large industrial cities with poor ecology.

If there is a factory near the future house, you should take care in advance to keep the brick on the facade in good shape.

The least rare cause is not right conditions brick storage in the cold rainy season without protection directly on the ground. Also, moisture can get from the soil, but this is possible only with poorly executed waterproofing of the foundation layer.

Removal methods

If efflorescence appears on the wall, you can remove them with your own hands. To do this, you can use ready-made acid solutions sold in stores, or try to remove white plaque. folk remedies. High-quality cleaning is carried out in several stages. The technology of proper disposal of plaque should be observed, then it will not return to the walls again.

First elimination of the largest particles is carried out using mechanical action. To do this, you need a hard brush with metal bristles and ordinary water, preferably clean, without impurities. This process is quite laborious and takes a lot of time. But with due diligence, the effect becomes noticeable immediately.

Then choose a special tool for cleaning from efflorescence. Alkalis are affected by acids, which are contained in ready-made solutions. It is advisable to find out the composition and chemical nature of the spots themselves in order to select the maximum effective remedy. Since it is not possible to do this in most cases, it is necessary to select a remedy by trial method in order to get rid of an ugly plaque as efficiently as possible.

For testing, a wash is often used first on a test site, after which they wait for the result. Sometimes you have to experiment to select a product, so you should not immediately buy a large container if you are not sure of its effectiveness. You have to work with resources personal protection, since most products contain fairly strong acids and surfactants.

In some cases, it is acceptable to prepare your solution at home. To do this, 20 grams of hydrochloric acid, a couple of tablespoons of vinegar and 50 grams of detergent(suitable liquid soap or dish soap). The composition is usually applied with a brush with artificial bristles or a roller. If the area to be treated is large, a spray gun or conventional garden sprayers can be used. The brick should be well saturated with the cleanser..

If a ready-made product is chosen, then the instructions attached to it should be followed exactly. The time it takes to clean the masonry is usually listed on the packaging. The work is carried out using gloves, goggles and sometimes a respirator, since the composition of this kind of products contains acids in various concentrations.

After the brick has been cleaned of traces of efflorescence, it should be washed. A small surface can be worked out manually.

Large areas are washed with water from a regular garden hose or a mini car wash is used.

Washed this way the surface must dry well. This may take up to a day and a half.. After that, in order to remove such a problem forever from the walls of the room, they are covered special composition, often based on acrylic components. Such a tool simply repels water, preventing it from penetrating into the pores of the brick. In addition, impregnation additionally protects the masonry from dirt and dust, which simply cannot settle on it. The surface always looks clean and shiny, which looks very attractive.

Of the simple tools that are always at hand, we can recommend inexpensive way, to remove white plaque from a small area. Purifies it with ordinary ammonia. A standard bottle of this liquid is diluted in 10-12 liters clean water. If desired, the concentration can be slightly increased by taking a smaller volume of water. Apply with a fine mist sprayer.

Sometimes even with the correct implementation of all cleaning measures, plaque appears again. The point here is not in poor-quality processing, but in the structure of the material itself. All bricks and mortar contain alkaline compounds that cannot and should not be completely removed. Feature of construction organic materials just consists in including such elements in their composition. Outdoor treatment washes away efflorescence only temporarily. If a large amount of moisture gets on the masonry, after a while, the treatment will have to be carried out again.

In order to avoid repetition of the cleaning measures carried out, the surface exposed to significant weathering or water ingress must be protected from moisture. At the same time, requirements for vapor permeability are imposed on it.

It is much easier to prevent the appearance of efflorescence than to deal with them later. After all, they arise quickly enough and increase their localization. Removing them can take a lot of time, effort and money. In addition, there is no guarantee that white spots will not reappear after cleaning. Therefore, we determine in advance the possible factors that can spoil the brickwork.

• Brick is better to buy from a manufacturer proven over the years and by many customers. It's definitely not worth saving on materials. At the same time, to distinguish quality material for construction from the one obtained with technological violations, simply in appearance, it can be very difficult. Reviews and recommendations will help you find a good supplier.
• For construction, you need to dilute as thick a solution as possible. and produce construction works only in dry weather. It is advisable to build only in the warm half of the year.

• If possible, special additives should not be added to the masonry mortar.. It is better to try to dilute the mixture itself clean water and high-quality coarse sand.
• If it is necessary to suspend work, unfinished parts of the building should be covered with a film. It is desirable to bring them under the roof as soon as possible so that atmospheric moisture and precipitation do not get inside the material and nourish it.

Laying should be carried out as carefully as possible, without leaving traces of mortar on the facade. If the brick is still contaminated, it should be cleaned as soon as possible. After that, a special hydrophobic substance is applied to the masonry surface, well impregnating the brick, which is able to repel moisture from mineral surfaces.

The use of many building materials accompanied by problems with their aesthetic appearance. It seems that the brick is of high quality, the solution is prepared according to all the rules, and after a while white smudges appear on the wall! What could be the problem and how to remove efflorescence on brickwork? Let's try to deal with this issue in more detail.

What are "effusions"?

Elevations are different kinds salts that appear on the surface of brick, concrete or natural stone. They carry over aqueous solutions and crystallize when moisture evaporates.

The danger of this phenomenon is not only that the appearance of the masonry deteriorates. If you do not remove the salt from the surface of the elements, then after a while they will begin to collapse.

Thus, the elimination of efflorescence allows you to maintain the aesthetic appearance of the building, increase its service life, and ensure the standard parameters of strength and thermal insulation of bricks.

Causes of salt deposits

What are the reasons for the appearance of efflorescence on a brick:

• The movement of water with salts from inside the material to its front surface.
• The release of moisture when the masonry mortar dries.
• Capillary suction of water from the ground through the foundation and wall structures.
• Precipitation.
• Roof leaks and drainage systems.
• The presence of a number of hazardous industries.
• Maritime climate.

Drying on the surface of the material, salts can enter into chemical reactions with other substances. Therefore, they often become insoluble in water, making them difficult to remove.

The higher the density ceramic product, the smaller the number of pores in it. Therefore, such bricks are less likely to form salt stains.

How to avoid efflorescence on brickwork?

To do this, you must follow some rules:

• Ceramic products are required to choose good quality. If even before purchasing the material you noticed white spots on its front side, then the manufacturing technology could be violated.
• Prior to sale, bricks must be provided with the correct storage conditions. Open pallets outdoors are not the best option to preserve ceramics. The porosity of the brick will lead to the fact that they will high level humidity. Efflorescence will be the consequences.
• The site also needs to protect building materials from moisture.
• Masonry work should be done in dry weather. So brick walls won't get wet.
• Mortar is often made with large amounts of water added for ease of use. But this factor can significantly affect the appearance of salt smudges on the wall after the mixture dries.
• Do not delay with the construction of masonry under the roof. The longer construction takes, the more unprotected masonry can absorb moisture from the outside.

• For the solution, it is required to take washed river sand - the amount of salts in it will be less.
• Water for the mixture should not be hard. If possible, you should avoid adding various plasticizing additives to the solution. This will also reduce the risk of efflorescence.
• Mandatory waterproofing of the base of the house is required. It will reduce the capillary suction of moisture by wall structures.
• The roof must be equipped with a reliable drainage system.

Prevention possible causes the appearance of salt deposits will be much cheaper than the fight against them.

"General cleaning" of the masonry surface

If, despite all the preventive measures taken, white smudges still appear, then you need to get rid of them as soon as possible. The longer the salt is on the surface of the material, the sooner it will begin the process of its destruction.

How to remove efflorescence from brickwork? Best to apply special means based on acids or alcohol. Ordinary water will not cope with water-insoluble salts of calcium, iron, aluminum, magnesium or barium.

• Need to purchase not a large number of solvent to test it on a brick. Salts can be different composition, so not all tools are suitable for their removal.
• After the detergent is selected, you can begin to remove plaque on wall structures. This should be done using personal protective equipment, as the solutions are unsafe for humans.
• Salt deposits are mechanically cleaned.
• cold or hot water the wall is washed.
• To remove residual efflorescence, the cleaning agent is applied to the masonry surface with a roller or brush and left on it for a certain period. The manufacturer's instructions will more accurately tell you how long it takes for complete dissolution of salt deposits.
• Next, thoroughly rinse the walls with plenty of clean water.

How to get rid of efflorescence on brickwork using improvised means? A suitable solution can be prepared by hand. This requires water and hydrochloric acid 2 - 4% - the solution is applied to the wall and washed off with water after 10-15 minutes.

Sometimes washing off salt deposits leads to the protrusion of new white spots from the inside of the masonry.

• In this case, it is necessary to pre-treat the masonry with a hydrophobic composition. Penetrating inside, it will prevent the release of salt on the surface of the masonry.
• The wall structure takes a day to dry.
• Then the efflorescence is again washed off with solutions.
• Next, the entire surface is washed with clean water.

The selection of special solutions depends on the type of salt deposits and the degree of their formation.

Protection against further efflorescence

Getting rid of pre-existing salt deposits is only half the battle. The masonry must be reliably protected from their further appearance. On the construction market in large quantities there are a variety of means for processing bricks.

Water-repellent impregnations are available for a certain type of material, but there are also universal solutions. The price for them varies significantly depending on the composition.

Hydrophobic impregnation prevents moisture from penetrating inside the brick - photo

They form a thin film on the surface of the elements that prevents the penetration of water into the product. In addition, it is impossible to firmly fix salt deposits on such a film.

An elementary option can be a regular primer. But this will not help protect the masonry for a long time. It is better to use compounds specifically designed to reduce the permeability of bricks. They will operate for several years. These funds also make it possible to increase the frost resistance of the masonry, improve its thermal insulation properties.

Professional solutions are made on the basis of acrylic or silicone, which penetrate inside ceramic element and effectively protect brickwork from water. Protective varnishes are also produced. They not only create a durable film on the wall surface, but also give it a more aesthetic appearance.

Masonry processing technology

Hydrophobic agents do not eliminate efflorescence on the masonry. Their task is to reduce the degree of water absorption of the material of wall structures. That is, before using them, it is necessary to get rid of salt stains on the brick.

• The surface of the wall structures must be well dried.
• The solution is applied with a roller or brush.
• The walls are dried for 1 - 2 days.
• Then the procedure is repeated again.

Double-layer protection will be more reliable and durable.

Spending significant funds on the construction of a brick building, it is worth worrying from the very beginning about eliminating all the reasons that can lead to the appearance of efflorescence on the masonry. If they did appear, then it is impossible to postpone work to eliminate them.

Wall structures can not only quickly lose their attractive appearance, but they will also be seriously damaged. specifications. More information on this topic can be found in the video in this article: "How to remove efflorescence on brickwork."

Efflorescence on bricks is a common occurrence. White coating outside the walls of brick houses can now be found everywhere. These defects not only spoil the appearance of houses, but also contribute to the rapid destruction of the brick surface. This is due to the fact that salt crystals are stress concentrators, leading to the formation of chips.

Efflorescence on brick buildings is formed in the form of a white limescale deposit, which is formed due to a violation technological processes or environment changes.

Why do efflorescences appear on bricks?

In nature, there are a large number of salts, which can have a variety of origins. Brick efflorescence can occur for objective reasons beyond the control of the people who make artificial stones. Natural sources of these deposits can be:

1. The alumina used to form bricks contains salts. They pass through the porous structure of products, settling on their surface.
2. Water needed to form artificial stone.
3. Sand is also added to the bricks, which without proper processing can be the main source of sand.
4. The land on which the building will be erected.
5. Rain or snow, which can carry harmful impurities over a long distance.

Efflorescence on brickwork can also appear due to a violation of technology in the manufacture of products. The reason for this may be non-compliance with the proportions of the components, temperature regime firing and many other factors.

When buying a brick, you cannot get a guarantee that such defects will not appear on it. To reduce the likelihood of their appearance on the brick, the causes of this phenomenon must be eliminated. At a minimum, it is necessary to organize the protection of the masonry from precipitation.

How to make sure that efflorescence does not appear during construction?

To increase the plasticity of the brick and prevent efflorescence, micro foaming agents are used.

When these products are formed, it is necessary to make sure that the salts in the solution do not dissolve in the masonry. For this task, impurities are introduced into the solution that increase its plasticity. It used to be normal chicken eggs, but microfoamers made from petroleum products and other components are now used. These additives prevent moisture from getting into the brick from building mix. In addition, a uniformly applied mortar ensures the correct distribution of the load between the bricks.

To prevent excess moisture from entering the products, it is recommended to carry out plastering work only using dried masonry. In winter, builders often dry the house built in the summer while plastering the walls. This cannot be done, because in the spring all the moisture from the room will be forced out onto the outer surface of the wall, which will cause efflorescence to appear on it.

When a future construction project is drawn up, it must take into account the climate of the region and take measures to protect the walls from moisture.

A ventilated gap must be provided between the brick, insulation and cladding. For the foundation, horizontal waterproofing should be done.

Elimination of existing defects

In order to eliminate existing efflorescence, special solutions are used.

Contrary to popular belief, efflorescence on a brick cannot be removed with water. On the contrary, this liquid contributes to the dissolution of salts inside the product, after which they go outside. To prevent this phenomenon, completely different measures are needed. Cleaning already laid bricks is performed as follows:

1. The surface is cleaned using specialized compounds. Sometimes it may be necessary to sort out several funds, but Neomid products have proven themselves quite well. The solvent must be applied to a small section of the wall, and if it really removes the salt, walk through the rest of the masonry. When working, you need to protect yourself with gloves, goggles and a hat, since aggressive substances are part of the solvents. It is very important to follow the instructions, especially regarding the duration of the product.
2. After the time specified in the instructions, you need to wash off the remnants of the substance with plain water from a hose.
3. The surface is dried and treated with a special solution - a water repellent. This tool has unique properties, allowing you to maintain vapor permeability, while preventing the passage of salts.

A wall treated in this way no longer absorbs moisture. During precipitation, water flows off the surface without contact with it. Brick after processing becomes more durable. In addition, it resists dust much better.

Conclusion on the topic

If you buy ready-made building materials, efflorescence can appear on them at any time. No one is immune from this problem, but observing certain nuances during construction will help minimize the likelihood of its occurrence.

If defects appear on the masonry during its operation, do not panic. Modern tools will help get rid of this problem once and for all.

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