Ergonomics of the apartment: what should be the ideal living space? Table height: standard sizes for writing, computer and dining tables How to calculate the required size

Buying kitchen furniture always turns into a very complex and time-consuming process. Especially when a kitchen table is purchased. It is the household item for which the family usually spends a lot of time. This is the subject of design, kitchen interior, a thing that you can’t do without in an apartment.

Choice of dining table. This is a complex process in which The buyer should pay attention to the following key points :

1. The shape of the table depends entirely on the kitchen area. If you have a large kitchen, then a square table is best. Perfect for a small kitchen round table, but a small number of people can be seated behind it.
2. It is necessary to choose the right height of the dining table, and it is calculated for each specific case.
3. The color of the dining table is begging for the existing kitchen furniture. For a better harmony of colors and shades, it is advised to purchase a table along with a kitchen set.
4. It is good to buy a dining table whose color contrasts with the color kitchen set.
5. If you have a lot of household members living in your apartment, then you should purchase a transforming table. Such tables are easy and quick to fold out, and they are also easy to move from room to room.
6. Tables with drawers are beautiful, where you can place napkins, tablecloths, holiday cutlery for storage.
7. Give preference wooden tables They are eco-friendly and more durable.

Dining table height for kitchen

The kitchen table is the center of the dining area. It must meet the needs of those who live in the house and those who come to visit.

It is necessary to create conditions for a pleasant meal and communication. The height of the table determines the level of comfort of use. Here it is necessary to take into account the features of the physiological structure of the human body. For normal sitting at the table, we need at least 70 cm, so the average height of a standard table is around 75 cm. For a comfortable meal, the required distance from the tabletop to the chair is around 30 centimeters. True, in most old apartments no one took this into account, they built a kitchenette at 7 square meters where the mistress had to work and feed her family.

Be sure to consider the fact that kitchen tables are repaired by replacing damaged countertops, replacing damaged legs, and the height of dining tables is practically not adjustable. A table of the wrong height is uncomfortable, it can irritate a person while eating, which is very unacceptable. At a table that is too low, a person will have to stoop, and constantly bend over to a plate of food. If the table is higher, then there are problems using cutlery. Therefore, do not pay attention to the seller's assurances that a table with a standard surface of 60 x 60 cm must have a standard height that suits you.

Remember that the standard height of the dining table according to GOST is “fitted” for a person with a height of 165 cm! A significant role in the convenience for a person is the height of the chairs. To determine the optimal height of the dining table, as well as the optimal height of the chair, you can use special calculation formulas, which you should definitely familiarize yourself with.

How is the height of the dining table calculated?

The height of the manufactured tables is measured from the floor to the top edge of the tabletop and ranges from 72 to 78 centimeters, and the height of the chair is measured from the floor to the seat and ranges from 40 to 45 centimeters, the ideal height is 42 cm.

How is height calculated? kitchen table for a particular individual? Let's use a simple and simple mathematical formula:
table height = human height * 75 / 165.
The number 75 is the standard height of a dining table, and 165 is the average height of a person in centimeters.

To calculate the height of the chair, it is necessary to subtract from the result obtained:

• 45 cm for tall people.
• 42-43 cm for medium height (close to 165 cm).
• 40 cm for people with small stature.

If you are a person of average height, 170 cm, the formula for calculating the height of the dining table will be as follows:
170 * 75 / 165 = 77.3 cm

The height of a chair for such a person will be: 77.3 - 45 \u003d 32.3 cm.

But in real life everything is more complicated, these are calculations for a specific person for his specific height. And the whole family will sit at the kitchen table, each family member has his own height. Even for two people, you already need to calculate the average height, and then recalculate the height of the dining table. For example, with a wife's height of 170 cm and a husband's height of 180 cm, we get an average height for two - 175 cm. For him, we calculate the height of the kitchen table:
175 * 75 / 165 = 79.5 cm

If your family consists of 3 or more people, then you need to calculate the average height of the whole family (add all the heights of each family member and divide by the number of family members), and then recalculate the height of the table using the above formula.

It’s a little easier to “fight” with chairs - some of them are equipped with adjustable legs. You can also purchase special elastic cushions that fit on the seats of the chairs and add the necessary height in each case. Thus, their height can be artificially adjusted to the existing height of the countertop. Then dinner for all those present turns into a joyful and comfortable event.

When choosing a kitchen table, pay attention to the design, material and color, and the height of the kitchen table is also an important point.

A person spends part of his life at the kitchen table, cooking, having breakfast, lunch or dinner, so it is important to choose a size that makes cooking and eating comfortable. For example, if the level is not high enough, then the person will have to bend over to the plate.

In order not to experience discomfort or inconvenience when sitting at a table, you should carefully approach the selection of the height of this piece of furniture.

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What norms and standards exist

The standard height of the kitchen table is regulated by GOST 13025.3-85 “Household furniture. Functional dimensions of tables. According to this document, the distance from the floor to the cover of the dining furniture should be 710-780 mm, and to the bottom edge of the countertop at least 610 mm. This is necessary for comfortable sitting: so that the knees do not rest against the bottom surface of the table. The average height is considered to be 750 mm.

The distance from the surface of the chair to the countertop in the kitchen according to the standard is 300-340 mm.

The recommended height of the table surface for comfortable work in the kitchen is 860-910 mm from the floor level. This figure is taken based on the location of the arm bent at the elbow, so as not to cause fatigue when cooking while standing, since at the same time most time the hands are in this position.

Relationship between human height and countertop height

The higher the person, the higher the surface of the working or dining area should be. This rule also works in the opposite direction: for people of short stature or children, the level of dining and working areas is lower than indicated in the standard. The parameters of a person determine the dimensions and dimensions of the furniture that he will have to use.

The height of the table in the kitchen is calculated based on the average height of adult family members. The relationship between a person’s height and the height of furniture in the kitchen is due to ergonomic considerations: if the size is large, then it will be inconvenient to use cutlery, and insufficient height will make you hunch over.

Dependence on the functionality of countertops

Purposes and functions of using kitchen countertops:

• dining, intended for serving and eating;
• workers who cook food;
• countertops with a sink, for washing dishes;
• for the location of kitchen equipment or light and small household appliances;
• for decoration of the room, designer, decorative countertops.

The height of dining rooms depends on the sitting position of family members, as well as their convenience in using what is located on the table in a sitting position.

The location of the desktop surface should be calculated taking into account the growth of hostesses. The cutting surface for comfortable work in the kitchen should be located 10-20 cm below the elbow.

The height of the countertop for arranging equipment does not play a big role, it should be selected to match the level with the worker.

Decorative countertops give beauty and originality to the room, their height should not stand out from the style of the kitchen and kitchen set.

How to determine the size

You can decide on the right size in the store: sit down at the table and try to put your bent arm at the elbow on it, lean on it. Imagine sitting in this position for a long time. Rate how convenient it is. The elbows should not hang down, and the angle at the elbow joint should be 90° or slightly more.

You can choose the required size of the kitchen table by calculations. The calculation of the optimal height of the dining table is carried out according to the formula:

H \u003d R x hav / Rav,

where H is the desired value, showing how high the kitchen table should be;

R is the height of the person for whom the calculation is being made (you can take the average of all adult family members);

hav - average standard height, considered to be equal to 75 cm;

Rav is the average human height according to world standards, it is taken equal to 165 cm.

Calculation of parameters

Let's calculate the ideal table height for a man with a height of 178 cm. Substituting the values ​​into the calculation formula, we get: H \u003d 178 x 75 / 165 ≈ 81 cm.

To find out what is the height of the kitchen working area will be optimal, you need to divide the growth in half.

The convenience and comfort of a seated person directly depends on the size of the chair, so it is necessary to pay due attention to the choice of this piece of furniture. The main criteria will be the features of the customer's physique, the purpose of the chair, the room or room for which the item is purchased. Depending on this, chairs can be divided into several groups.

Models for the kitchen

Kitchen chairs can be various shapes and colors. They are made of wood, metal, plastic and even glass.

Keep in mind that kitchen items often get dirty, and if you have fabric upholstery, it will deteriorate over time, so it's best to consider more practical options.

The height of the kitchen chairs should match the height of the table. it important indicator comfort, and although many sellers may assure you that they are all the same, but in fact this is far from the case.

In accordance with the standard GOST indicators (for a table of 72-78 cm), the dimensions may vary:

• The required height of the object from the base of the floor to the top of the back is 800-900 mm;
• The size from the floor to the seat is in the range of 400-450 mm;
• The height of the part on which you are leaning must be at least 450 mm;
• The width of the back and seat is from 350 mm, and the depth is 500-550 mm.

For bar counters, the height of the chair will be different. Here you also need to consider the level of the surface on which you will sit.

Depending on this, the size from the tile to the seat will vary between 750 and 850 mm. The width of the seating surface should start at 460 mm and the depth at 320 mm. The tilt radius will be 450 mm for standard models and 220 mm for lumbar.

In bar models, a footrest for support will not be superfluous. If you have a kitchen worktop height of 90 cm, then the bar model for sitting will be 65 cm.

Nowadays, both tables and chairs can be made to order. The master will take into account everything individual characteristics physique of the customer: will measure height, weight, lower leg and hip part of the body.

Such chairs will allow not only to feel comfortable, but also save the spine from scoliosis.

Banquet products

Tables and chairs of this type are more comfortable than ordinary kitchen ones. Usually restaurants use semi-chairs or chairs with armrests. This creates more convenience and comfort, but takes up less space than when placed in chairs.

It also allows you to save space in the hall and seat more people. However, it must be remembered that the width of one seat must be at least 500 mm so that a person feels comfortable at the table.

Restaurant models can have an inclined back, which allows you to take a more relaxed posture and facilitate communication. Also, such chairs are wider, deeper, higher than standard options. At the same time, one should not forget about the convenience of the waiters. To do this, the height of the object should not exceed 1000 mm.

Office chairs

When choosing a work chair, you need to know that the desired height of the chair for eating and working is different. Most modern models have the ability to adjust the height and depth of the seat, the position of the back, but there are models on four legs with a back that is strongly reclined. For most people, this position is not comfortable.

It is not comfortable to constantly sit at your desk, “lounging”, and if you straighten up and sit without support, then by the end of the working day your back will hurt a lot.

• The width and depth of the seat should start from 400 mm;
• The seat should have a height adjustment in the region of 400-450 mm, the slope is measured in degrees: forward 15, and back 5;
• The front of the seat should be rounded;
• It is necessary that the back should have values ​​​​from 300 to 380 mm, its angle of inclination should be close to 30 degrees;
• The length of the armrests is recommended to choose a minimum of 250-260 mm, a width of about 60 mm;
• Armrests should also be adjustable in height and width.

Having shown concern for the wards, choose models made from natural fabrics so that your back does not sweat in hot weather, and with head restraints so that you can relax your neck muscles from time to time. All this will affect the quality of work of employees.

Options for the child

Choosing the right highchair for a child is especially important, since from childhood you need to take care of the formation correct posture. Also, from too small a piece of furniture in a child, blood circulation may worsen, and from a large one - vision.

As in adults, the size baby chair depends on the table and the height of the child.

• With growth up to 80 cm suitable for the child chair height 17 cm;
• 80-90 cm - 20 cm;
• 90-100 cm - 24 cm;
• 100-115 cm - 28 cm;
• 110-120 cm - 30-32 cm;
• 120-130 cm - 32-35 cm;
• 130-140 cm - 36-38 cm.

When choosing a child seat, be guided by the following rules.

• Try to seat the child in a chair. Place both feet flat on the floor, with the angle that forms the lower leg and thigh must be 90 degrees. If you have an obtuse angle in front of you, then you need to choose a smaller model, and if it is sharp, then a larger one.
• It is required that the height from the knees to the table top be 10-15 cm.
• The depth of the seat should be sufficient so that the seat does not press under the person's knees.
• It is necessary that the back of the chair forms an angle of 90 degrees, is securely fastened so that the child can lean on it without much tilt back.

If you purchased a chair that needs to be enlarged, you can make a wooden stand for it, which should be securely fixed. If you want to lower the model, then you need to cut the base with a jigsaw, if the selected product allows this.

Currently, there are so-called "growing" chairs that allow you to adjust the height of the seat relative to the floor. Such models are cost-effective, as they allow you to use them for a long time.

For information on how to choose the right ergonomic chair, see the following video.

How to calculate the required size?

If you decide to buy factory-made furniture, before going to the store it is better to calculate these dimensions “for yourself”. First of all, decide what size the table will be. If you are purchasing new table, then you need to decide on his choice, and then take on the rest of the furniture. There is some standard formula for calculating, which will be discussed below.

First, measure your height and the height of the rest of the family. You need to calculate the average height of your household. It is taken as the arithmetic mean of height. For example, your height is 178 cm, the average family height is 167 cm. Next, we take the ratio: 178 * 75 (standard height) / 167 \u003d 79.9 cm. This will be the ideal kitchen table height.

Now subtract from the resulting figure from 40 to 45 cm (depending on height: the higher the person, the closer to 45 cm). In the above example, it turns out 79.9-43 \u003d 36.9 cm. This optimal distance from table to seat. Choose the length of the back at your discretion, but remember that the standard size is 90 cm.

This formula also works when choosing bar items and office items, but for children's models it is better to start from standard sizes or buy by “trying on”.

Choosing the Right desk- the process, of course, is important, because not only the performance of the seated person, but also health will depend on the correctness of the decision. This is especially true when it comes to a child and his developing body.

What standards are accepted

The health of a person working at a computer requires special attention. When choosing, you should consider all factors, from the size of the monitor to the height of the desk. Incorrect calculations can lead to problems with the spine and visual impairment. In addition, if a person working at a computer feels discomfort, he will quickly get tired and, as a result, his performance will drop.

Exists "Modulor"- a system according to which standard proportions are revealed for all modern furniture, including the height of tables. This parameter is very important, because it determines the position of a seated person. The one sitting at a low table stoops and leans forward, while the one sitting at a high table is forced to raise his head up, which, of course, is erroneous.

Do not forget that the correct position of the human body implies a straight back, freely lying forearms and the absence of tension in shoulder girdle. In addition, the legs should be on the floor and bent at a 90-degree angle.

How many centimeters high?

Taking as a basis the average height of an ordinary person, which is 175 cm, the creator of the Modulor system, Le Corbusier, came to the conclusion that the height of the desk should be between 70 and 80 centimeters. Thus, the standard value is 75 cm in the case of a male height of 175 cm and a female height of 162 cm. This formula is correct for the bulk of people with typical height. Naturally, there are exceptions if a person is significantly below or above the standard.

If your height is beyond the standards, then, firstly, you can change the height of the seat (usually modern models are adjustable). Don't forget to add a kickstand to keep your knees bent at a 90 degree angle. Secondly, you can make a table according to custom order. Thirdly, it is possible to choose a table with an adjustable table top height.

Are other sizes important?

Comfortable work is impossible without the correct determination of the width of the tabletop, that is, the distance between its left and right edges. The minimum size is 60 cm, but it is recommended to choose models with larger values. The correct depth of the table for an adult is from 35 to 60 cm. The space where your legs are (the length between the legs or pedestals) should be at least 52 cm. It is also important to determine such parameters as the width and height of the chair. According to Le Corbusier's calculations, for comfortable work The width of the seat must exceed 40 cm, and the height must be between 42 and 48 cm.

Why is an adjustable table good?

Adjustable models are usually bought for children. Such tables can be used for a long time, despite the fact that the growth of the child will change. The essence of such furniture is as follows: it is possible to raise or lower the tabletop due to retractable legs, as well as change its slope. These tables can be wooden, plastic or with metal frame. Very often, the design is combined with a chair, the height of which can also be adjusted. In fact, the design is a school desk.

An adjustable desk for adults is a great solution for families where people of different heights have to share the same workspace.

How to choose the right desk?

Having decided to buy a desk, you must first decide which model you need - a regular desk or a computer one. In the second case, make sure that the item has special places for system block, speakers, keyboards and wires. Next, the cost issue needs to be addressed. The price of a future purchase depends on the following factors:

• Where the furniture is made and whether it is under the "cap" of the brand. Tables made in Russia are usually cheaper than foreign ones. Also keep in mind that sometimes little-known companies can surprise you with high quality coupled with low prices.
• Material. Products made of plastic, chipboard or MDF cost much less than solid wood models.
• Dimensions. The smaller the table, the lower its price.
• Decor. The presence of fittings significantly affects the final cost of furniture. The higher the quality, the more fittings and the more intricate the design, the more more money you will have to pay.

For a child

The main thing to remember when choosing a table for a child is the requirements of his health. Adhere to the following rules:

• The width of the countertop should be at least 100 cm, and the depth should be between 60 and 80 cm.
• For the legs, the child should have a space of approximately 50 * 45 cm.
• Take into account the difference between the height of the table and the chair: this parameter should be 20-24 cm.

When buying a table, take the baby with you to the store and ask him to sit down at the selected model. Look at the elbows and legs: the first should be loose, and the second should be bent at a right angle and stand firmly on the floor. Try to leave a gap of 10-15 cm between the tabletop and the knees.

Also, from the countertop to the eyes of your child, you must maintain a distance equal to the distance between his elbow and fingertips. In addition, there are several more recommendations for choosing a workplace for a student. Consider the interests of the child and make sure that the table is roomy: during execution homework the student must calmly place textbooks, notebooks, stationery and other necessary items.

Models of children's tables are different, you can choose a design with a design that meets the interests of your child:

• Standard rectangular design with multiple drawers. The price depends on the material, but as a rule, these are the cheapest designs.
• Computer desk with the necessary details for a computer: panels for the keyboard, space for the monitor, holes for wires and others. Such models are made of glass, wood and furniture panels.
• An L-shaped table that allows you to combine space for a computer and space for doing homework.
• Transformer (adjustable), which makes it possible to change the height of the table when the child grows. Sometimes such models are orthopedic or folding.

Do not buy an expensive table for a student, children are unlikely to be able to leave it in its original state and not stain it with paints or pens. Also watch out for security: certain types plastic can be toxic and have a strong odor, allergic besides, they quickly become unusable. Never skimp on quality.

For an adult

About how to correctly calculate the dimensions of the desk, it was said above, however the choice of a workplace for an adult largely depends on its purpose, which determines both the material, and the functionality, and the size of the structure:

• Large tables are the most expensive models. Usually made from valuable breeds wood of high quality, they are decorated with leather, carvings and designer fittings and are complemented by numerous drawers and coasters.
• Medium tables can be made from solid wood or furniture boards. Their price depends on this. Such tables perform the same functions as large ones, but due to the smaller size and different material, they win in cost.
• Small tables, as a rule, are bought for small rooms in which it is important to save space. They are cheap, quick to assemble, but don't have drawers or shelves.

When choosing a desk, also pay attention to the material of manufacture, capacity, your needs (for example, if you have poor eyesight, it is not recommended to purchase a table with a closed structure) and the place where the furniture will be placed. Main materials for tables: MDF, chipboard, wood, glass or plastic. Determine the number of shelves and drawers depending on your needs: the more there are, the higher the functionality of your design will be.

When choosing fittings, give preference to steel alloys.

Overview of popular models

Model "Mikke", Ikea

The writing desk is made of chipboard, MDF and fibreboard, available in white and dark brown. The model has a laconic neutral design, which allows it to fit into any interior. To increase the working space, you can add a table with cabinets and a variety of modules for things. There is a hole for wires at the back, that is, the table also acts as a computer one, and the drawer is equipped with a special design that prevents it from falling out. The surface is covered with acrylic paint.

Hemnes model, Ikea

The surface of the standard table is finished in white stain, but the furniture is also available in light brown and dark brown. The table is made of solid pine, which increases its ecological properties. Computer wires and extension cords can be hidden on a special shelf under the tabletop. There are two drawers and two closed shelves. Classic design.

The design of the seat, which provides a physiologically correct and comfortable body position, takes into account the characteristic features labor activity, anthropometric and physiological data obtained by analyzing the position of the body during the performance of a specific production task. When choosing the shape of the seat, it is necessary to take into account not only the anatomy of a person, but also the dynamics of his working movements. The seat should optimally contribute to the fulfillment of the production task. The most comfortable position of the upper body in a sitting position is achieved with a difference in the heights of the table and seat surfaces of 27-29 cm.

The back of the chair should support the natural tilt of the pelvis and spine of the seated person. The back of the chair should not limit the reach of the hands, its upper part should be under the shoulder blades at a level of 33-36 cm above the seat. If there is no back on the chair and a person has to constantly lean over the table during work, the back muscles tense up.

Rice. 1. Optimal area for manipulation while sitting (dimensions in cm)

The industry employs many people of small stature. Are workplaces intended for men who are 175 cm tall also provided adequate conditions for people of small stature so that their work is efficient and performed without physical undue strain?

Rice. 2. Dependence of the sizes (in cm) of a desktop and a chair

The desktop and chair can be in mutually proportional ratios and have exact dimensions, depending on the expected physiological comfort during prolonged sitting. Sitting, for example, on a low chair at a high table, is uncomfortable only for a small part of people. The recommended table height is 69-73 cm for women and 73-75 cm for men.

When choosing or evaluating the feasibility of a given work seat design, i.e., when evaluating its functional purpose, it is necessary to keep in mind:
a) the specific purpose of the seat and workplace (stationary seat - in the office, movable - in the excavator cab, etc.), the relationship between the seat and the manipulation surface, reach, controls and essential elements workplace;
b) physical or active mechanical load, amount and type of load (for example, the force required to mount pieces of equipment, manipulate controls, switch pedals, etc.);
c) the necessary working positions and movements of the arms, legs, body of the body; the ability to lean on your elbows or legs, lean back in a chair, etc. (Fig. 2);
d) the impact of external forces on the seated person (changes in speed, vibration, etc. affect the stability of the seat);
e) anthropometric data of a working person;
e) the need to manipulate the seat.

Comfort and physiological acceptability of the seat depend on the fulfillment of the basic requirements of ergonomics, i.e. ensuring: - the possibility of changing the position of the body when working while sitting throughout the shift; Proper seat design provides the ability to take a variety of comfortable; - working positions sitting and a certain freedom of movement of the limbs; - seat height adjustment within 37-52 cm and chair back 65-75 cm depending on the height of the working surface and the height of the operator; - sufficient rounding of the front edge of the seat (with a radius of curvature of ~ 3 cm), lack of pressure on the lower part of the thighs and obstruction of blood circulation; in the horizontal plane, the front edge of the seat should be rounded with a radius of ~30 cm; it is recommended that the supporting surface of the seat be tilted back at an angle of 3-5°, depending on the nature of the work; a concave shape of the supporting surface of the seat with a radius of 85 cm is recommended; this form of the seat is more convenient than a flat or strongly “depressed” one (the latter form of the supporting surface of the seat is recommended only for an unstable body position or a short rest) (Fig. 3).

The height of a regular seat (supporting surface) should not exceed the height of the knee; for women, values ​​​​of 39-40 cm are usually recommended, for men - values ​​\u200b\u200bof 41-45 cm; the depth of the seat should be less than the distance of the seated person's knee to the buttocks, i.e. less than 35.

Rice. 3. Recommended seats and footrests (dimensions in cm). a - the shape of a regular seat; b - forms of a high seat; c - correct (left) and irregular (right) forms, seat trim; d - correct (left) and irregular (right) forms of the front edge of the seat; e - correct (above) and incorrect (below) forms of foot support. The shape of the seat should ensure a rational distribution of the mass of the human body and a change in body positions. The front edge of the seat should not press on the back of the thigh, Comfortable leg support reduces their static and dynamic stress

Rice. 4. Recommended types of work seats (dimensions in cm). a - a chair for equipping the workshop (the height is set depending on the height of the person and the height of the working surface within 38-52 cm): seat width 38-40 cm; back width 30-32 cm; b - office chair: seat height 41-45 cm (for men), 39-40 cm (for women); seat width 40 cm; back width 35-40 cm; in - a chair for the operator; seat height adjustable between 38-55 cm; seat width 40-50 cm; back width 38-43 cm; minimum armrest height 45 cm

The comfortable shape and appropriate dimensions of the seat, selected taking into account the anatomy of the human body and the dynamics of working movements, have great importance when creating optimal working conditions, maintaining health and increasing labor productivity. For the majority of workers engaged in ordinary work, seats 42-44 cm high are recommended.

The minimum length of the armrests is 45 cm (optimal 48 cm), it is necessary to provide for the slope of the supporting surface back. The armrests should provide a comfortable posture in the sitting position, support on the elbows when standing up, the supporting surface of the armrests should not be round. The width of the armrests for conventional work seats is 40-70 mm. “The length of the armrests is determined taking into account the provision of support for the forearm and hand.

The structure of the seat must be strong and stable enough to prevent falls backwards and, if possible, forwards and to the sides. The work seat must not rest on three legs. The design of the seat should allow for the necessary working movements, including free movement of the leg, to ensure comfortable placement of the legs in the space under the supporting surface of the seat or on the leg support (Fig. 5). The supporting surface of the seat and back of the chair should be slightly concave and sufficiently springy, the depth of indentation at the points of support should not exceed 15-20 mm.

Rice. 5. Leg reach

When designing machine tools and other equipment, control panels, desktops at which a person will work while sitting, it is necessary to provide the necessary leg area. This space, characterized by width, height and depth, should provide comfortable positions for the legs in the process of work. 7 positions of the legs were revealed (legs extended, legs in the right corner, legs bent under the seat, one leg is in front, the other is behind, the legs are crossed, the feet are crossed, the feet are on the footboard). The recommended legroom dimensions are convenient for people whose height is not more than 181 cm. The height of the zone in the “leg to foot” position for people whose height is 200 cm is 75-77 cm.

Rice. 6. Seats in vehicles(side view)

Comfort during prolonged sitting depends to a certain extent on muscle relaxation. The choice of the correct form of the seat for vehicles making many hours, many days trips is carried out on the basis of the subjective results of research conducted under experimental conditions on special seats. 1 - seat in English aircraft overhead lines; 2 - a seat in fast trains of the Swiss railways; 3 - a seat in passenger trains of English railways.

Rice. 7. Cabin of the driver of a passenger car (dimensions in cm)

The dimensions of the driver's cab affect the comfort of control, attention, quality of work, as well as fatigue, driving safety. The given dimensions are established by studying and comparing numerous prospectuses relating to domestic and foreign cars various brands. When calculating, a human figure 169-1 £ 0 cm high was taken as the basis. A person of greater or lesser stature can adjust the seat position within ~ ± 10 cm in the horizontal and ± 4 cm in the vertical planes.

The seat must meet the following requirements: adaptable to heat, not irritate human skin, easy to clean or wash, easy to move, be aesthetically pleasing designed (taking into account the shape, color and material).

Rice. 8. Truck driver's cab (dimensions in cm)

When choosing a driver's cab, it is necessary to take into account the entrance to the cab, the comfortable position of the body during work, the safe exit from the cab and control in all positions. The given dimensions are optimal for a driver with a height of 175 ± 5 cm. The minimum seat width should be 48 cm, the seat position can be adjusted within ± 10 cm in horizontal and ± 5 cm in vertical planes. The back should have an appropriate slope, its distance from the pedals should be 90-93 cm.

Rice. 9. Locomotive driver's cab (dimensions in cm)

The management of modern locomotives places increased demands on drivers and the choice of their workplace. From the point of view of ergonomics, it is necessary to provide convenient, rational and safe control, reduction of physical and mental stress and an exemplary work culture. Dimensions are given, obtained on the basis of ergonomics research and verified in practice.
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On vehicles, especially those intended for movement in the field, the seat and backrest should be well sprung as a unit to absorb shocks.

The working posture of half-sitting on an elevated seat is more advantageous than the working posture of standing. It is recommended in the case when in the process of work it is impossible to sit all the time, but you can stand and working conditions allow you to work in a half-sitting position.

labor movements

The working movements of a person with a working tool or with a control element (when operating a machine) are the most important factor in the labor process. Human movements occur in space and time and are determined by interrelated complex mechanical, physiological and psychological factors, which, however, are still not fully understood. Despite this, there are a number of rules and regulations for the rationalization of movements, from which the designer must proceed when designing the workplace of a machine or production line.

- Work seat