GUIDELINES FOR VENTILATION SYSTEM LAYOUT IN MULTIFAMILY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Introduction date 2012-04-04

1 DEVELOPED by a creative team of specialists of the non-profit partnership "Engineers for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat supply and building thermal physics" (NP "AVOK"):

Yu.A.Tabunshchikov, Doctor of Engineering Sciences (NP "AVOK") - Head;

M.M. Brodach, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (MARCHI);

A.N. Kolubkov (PPF "Alexander Kolubkov");

L.V. Ivanikhina, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (JSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy");

V.A. Ionin (Moscow Architecture Committee);

V.I.Livchak, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (NP "ABOK");

E.G.Malyavina, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (MGSU);

A.L. Naumov, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (NPO "Termek");

E.O. Shilkrot, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (JSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy").

2 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by order of the head of the Department of urban planning policy, development and reconstruction of the city of Moscow dated February 24, 2004 N 14.

3 AGREED with Gosstroy of Russia, Moskomarchitectura and Moscomexpertiza.

4 REVISION. April 2012

Introduction

Introduction

Organized air exchange (ventilation) is the main way to ensure the purity of the air in the apartments of residential buildings. The comfort of living, people's health, safety and durability of building structures depend on the quality and reliability of ventilation.

In housing construction in the USSR and Russia, as a rule, natural supply and exhaust ventilation systems were used. Outdoor air entered the apartments through leaks in window frames, vents, transoms or openable windows and was removed through the ventilation ducts of sanitary facilities and kitchens. The use of natural ventilation in buildings of mass construction was due to its simplicity and low cost, as well as the practical absence of the need for its maintenance with the then existing sealing of the external fences of apartments. The disadvantages of natural ventilation were the unstable air regime of the apartments, caused by the significant influence of the outdoor temperature and the influence of the wind, discomfort from the use of vents at low outdoor temperatures. Opening the windows usually leads to excessive ventilation and cooling of the premises, which is especially evident in the cold season.

High tightness modern windows made natural ventilation systems practically inoperable. The comfort of living has deteriorated in the apartments. High humidity and low air quality are observed, which is often the cause of fungal infections of structures. Attempts to organize ventilation by opening vents in sealed windows do not allow providing the required microclimate of the premises and significantly reduce the efficiency of using heat, the cost of which is spent on heating the supply air in modern apartment often exceed the heat loss through external enclosures. The opening of the vents contributes to the penetration of noise through the windows of apartments facing the street.

High requirements for the quality of ventilation have led to the need to use other design ventilation schemes, such as a controlled ventilation device with natural air inflow through special supply valves that provide standard air exchange and prevent street noise from penetrating into apartments; a device for mechanical exhaust or mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation, including with the utilization of the heat of the exhaust air. These schemes make it possible to normalize the air-thermal regime of apartments, provide the required air exchange, and also, in the case of air exchange regulation according to demand and the use of exhaust air heat recovery, reduce heat costs for ventilation.

The requirements of federal laws and regulations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation also pay attention to improving indoor air quality.

Thus, the requirements include the following provisions:

"Article 10. Requirements for living and staying in buildings and structures that are safe for human health

<…>

2. A building or structure must be designed and built in such a way that during the operation of the building or structure, safe conditions are provided for living and staying of a person in buildings and structures according to the following indicators:

1) air quality in industrial, residential and other premises of buildings and structures and in working areas of industrial buildings and structures;

<…>

5) protection against noise in the premises of residential and public buildings and in the working areas of industrial buildings and structures;

6) indoor microclimate;

7) regulation of humidity on the surface and inside building structures;

8) the level of vibration in the premises of residential and public buildings and the level of technological vibration in the working areas of industrial buildings and structures ...

<…>

Article 20. Requirements for ensuring air quality

1. The design documentation of buildings and structures must provide for the equipment of buildings and structures with a ventilation system. The design documentation of buildings and structures may provide for the equipment of premises with an air conditioning system. Ventilation and air conditioning systems must ensure the supply of air containing harmful substances, not exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations for such premises or for the working area of ​​industrial premises.

2. In the design documentation of buildings and structures with premises for the stay of people, measures must be provided for:

1) limiting the penetration of dust, moisture, harmful and unpleasantly smelling substances from the atmospheric air into the premises;

2) ensuring air exchange sufficient for the timely removal of harmful substances from the air and maintaining the chemical composition of the air in proportions favorable for human life;

3) preventing the penetration of harmful and unpleasantly smelling substances into premises with permanent residence of people from pipelines of sewerage systems and devices, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, from air ducts and technological pipelines, as well as exhaust gases from built-in car parks;

4) preventing the penetration of soil gases (radon, methane) into the premises, if in the course of engineering surveys their presence is found in the territory where the construction and operation of the building or structure will be carried out.

Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation as minimum requirements the energy efficiency of buildings, structures, structures prescribes that the building put into operation during construction, reconstruction, overhaul must be equipped with devices that optimize the operation of ventilation systems (air vents in windows or walls that automatically supply outdoor air as needed, heat exchangers of exhaust air for supply air heating, the use of recirculation).

The Decree of the Government of Moscow sets the following as the main tasks:

- implementation in the design and construction of buildings and structures of energy-efficient technological and technical solutions and equipment of "active" energy saving, including mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems with heat recovery from ventilation emissions, heat pump heat supply systems, thermal energy storage systems, efficient heating devices with adjustable heat transfer, systems for automated accounting of energy consumption and microclimate control, etc.;

- development and implementation of standards and regulations for the refrigeration supply of residential and public buildings, including requirements for reducing summer peaks in electrical load and regulations for equipping both residential buildings under construction and in operation with air conditioning systems.

For the products of house-building factories, this regulation allows the use of controlled exhaust ventilation with mechanical stimulation and with natural inflow through ventilation * valves in windows or external enclosing structures.
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* In this technical note, the term "supply valves" is used instead of the term "vent valves".


The requirements of the Decree of the Government of Moscow in the list of measures to save energy and improve the energy efficiency of the common property of owners of premises in designed, new, overhauled and reconstructed apartment buildings prescribe the following measures for ventilation systems:

"5. The use of auto-regulated exhaust ventilation with mechanical stimulation and natural inflow through ventilation valves in external enclosing structures.

6. Recovery and utilization of heat from ventilation emissions, including with the help of heat pump heat supply systems.

7. Use of non-traditional renewable energy sources and secondary energy resources".

1 area of ​​use

1.2 Technical recommendations were developed in the development of SP 60.13330.2010 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", SP 54.13330.2011 "Multi-apartment buildings" and taking into account the requirements of SP 7.13130.2009 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fire safety requirements".
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* As SP 60.13330.2010 Rosstandart registered SNiP 41-01-2003. It should be taken into account that the project documentation and (or) the results of engineering surveys accepted by the developer or technical customer, the development of which began before 07/01/2015 and which are submitted for primary or repeated state or non-state examination of project documentation and (or) the results of engineering surveys are checked for compliance according to SP 60.13330.2010. Otherwise, it is necessary to apply SP 60.13330 2012

When designing, constructing and operating ventilation systems for residential buildings, one should be guided by the regulatory documents in force in the Russian Federation, as well as the provisions of these technical recommendations.

1.3 Technical recommendations apply to the design of ventilation systems for apartment premises, in which the resistance to air penetration of windows, balcony doors, entrance doors to the apartment, doors and hatches of communication shafts meets the requirements of SP 50.13330.2010 "Thermal protection of buildings".
_______________
* As SP 50.13330.2010 Rosstandart registered SNiP 23-02-2003. It should be taken into account that the project documentation and (or) the results of engineering surveys accepted by the developer or technical customer, the development of which began before 07/01/2015 and which are submitted for primary or repeated state or non-state examination of project documentation and (or) the results of engineering surveys are checked for compliance according to SP 60.13330.2010. Otherwise, it is necessary to apply SP 50.13330.2012, hereinafter in the text. - Database manufacturer's note.

2 Normative references

In these technical recommendations, references are made to the following regulatory documents:

GOST 12.1.003-83 * SSBT. Noise. General safety requirements

GOST 30494-96 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters

SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-2010 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises

SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562-96 Noise at workplaces, in residential, public buildings and in residential areas

SNiP 23-01-99 * Building climatology

SP 7.13130.2009 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fire requirements

SP 23-103-2003 Design of soundproofing of enclosing structures of residential and public buildings

SP 50.13330.2010 Thermal protection of buildings

SP 51.13330.2011 Noise protection

SP 54.13330.2011 Residential multi-apartment buildings

SP 60.13330.2010 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

GN 2.1.6.1338-2003 Maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas

GN 2.1.6.2309-2007 Approximate safe exposure levels (SLI) of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas

3 Terms and definitions

3.1 ventilation: Artificially organized exchange of air in the premises to ensure the parameters of the microclimate and air quality in the serviced area of ​​the premises within acceptable limits.

3.2 natural ventilation: Organized exchange of air in rooms under the influence of thermal (gravitational) and / or wind pressure.

3.3 mechanical ventilation (artificial): Organized exchange of air in the premises under the influence of pressure created by fans.

3.4 outside air: Atmospheric air taken in by the ventilation system for supply to the serviced premises.

3.5 supply air: The air supplied to the room by the ventilation system.

3.6 air removed: Air taken from a room and no longer used in it.

3.7 deflector: An element of the exhaust ventilation system located above the exhaust shaft.

3.8 permissible indoor air quality (air purity): The air composition in which, as defined by the authorities, the concentration of known pollutants does not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations and for which more than 80% of people who are exposed to it have no claims.

3.9 umbrella: An element of the exhaust ventilation system located above the exhaust shaft.

3.10 room microclimate: The state of the internal environment of the room, characterized by the following indicators: air temperature, radiation temperature, speed of movement and relative humidity in the room.

3.11 adjustable ventilation: Controlled air exchange in the room with the help of devices that create it.

3.12 collection channel (air duct): A duct section to which ducts from 2 or more floors.

3.13 satellite: A vertical section of an air duct that changes the direction of air movement and prevents it from flowing from one apartment to another.

3.14 warm attic Attic, into the space of which air enters, removed from the premises of the building with its further removal to the outside.

4 Types and types of ventilation systems

4.1 The following types of ventilation systems are used in apartments of residential buildings:

- systems of natural ventilation with natural inflow and removal of air;

- ventilation systems with mechanical removal and natural air supply;

- ventilation systems with mechanical inflow and with natural air removal;

- mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems.

There are the following types of ventilation systems: centralized and decentralized.

4.3 Natural ventilation systems are performed with air removal through a warm attic with a single shaft on the roof (Figure 1) or through separate channels leading to the roof (Figure 2).

Figure 1 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with separate and common prefabricated exhaust ducts in a building with a warm attic

Figure 1 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with separate and common prefabricated exhaust ducts in a building with a warm attic: 1 - supply unit; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust shaft; 7 - exhaust fan (individual); 8 - pallet

Figure 2 - Diagram of a natural ventilation system with separate and prefabricated exhaust ducts

Figure 2 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with separate and prefabricated exhaust ducts: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust shaft with a deflector; 7 - exhaust fan (individual)

Natural ventilation systems with air removal through a warm attic should not be used in buildings below 7 floors.

When designing ventilation systems in buildings with a warm attic, one exhaust shaft per section should be arranged, provided that the sections are hermetically separated from each other. The exhaust shaft is made with an aspect ratio of not more than 1:2 with an open head and a height of at least 4.5 m from the top of the ceiling above the last floor. The air speed in the mine should not exceed 1 m/s, which ensures that the resistance of the general sections of the ventilation system is limited to 1 Pa and thereby increases the stability of its operation. To collect atmospheric precipitation on the floor of the attic under the shaft, a pallet with a depth of 0.25 m should be placed. Under the design conditions, the air temperature in the attic should not be lower than 14 °C.

When designing natural ventilation systems, measures should be taken to intensify air exchange during the warm season by installing a mechanical exhaust on the bypass duct of the exhaust shaft in buildings with a warm attic (Figure 3).

Figure 3 - Scheme of the natural ventilation system with the intensification of air exchange during the warm period of the year

Figure 3 - Scheme of the natural ventilation system with the intensification of air exchange in the warm season: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust shaft; 7 - exhaust fan (individual); 8 - exhaust fan; 9 - air valve with a drive; 10 - pallet

In buildings without a warm attic, exhaust shafts on the roof should be equipped with deflectors. It is allowed to combine shafts from different ventilation systems under one umbrella or deflector (Figure 4). In aerodynamic terms, the deflector is preferable to an umbrella installed above the block of ventilation ducts, brought out above the roof in the form of a pipe.

Figure 4 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with a common prefabricated exhaust duct

Figure 4 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with a common prefabricated exhaust duct: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust shaft with a deflector; 7 - exhaust fan (individual)

The air supply to the apartments is carried out through supply valves installed in the window frame or in the outer wall. As an exception, it is allowed to use air vents, transoms or opening window sashes equipped with position locks for air supply, if the level of street noise does not exceed the permissible level.

Removal of air from the premises of the apartment is carried out through exhaust devices - exhaust grilles or valves. Exhaust devices in buildings above 6 floors are connected to a vertical collection channel through a satellite with a height of at least 2 m. The resistance of the satellite at the estimated air flow in it should be at least 6-9 Pa. It is allowed to provide vertical collection channels both common and separate for kitchens and sanitary facilities located one under the other on the floors of the building. In the case of using a common vertical collection duct, exhaust devices from kitchens and sanitary facilities should be connected via separate satellites. For air inflow under the doors of kitchens and sanitary facilities, a gap of 0.03 m high should be left or a grate with a living area of ​​at least 0.03 m should be installed near the floor.

The removal of air from the premises of apartments on the upper floors of the building, as a rule, is carried out with the help of individual exhaust fans through separate channels. The number of floors, the apartments of which must be equipped with individual fans, is determined by the calculation. For buildings with more than 6 floors, the upper third of the building, but not more than 4 upper floors, is equipped with fans.

In natural ventilation systems, it is allowed to install household individual exhaust fans on the exhaust devices of each apartment in systems with separate vertical ducts.

4.4 Mechanical exhaust ventilation systems with natural air supply are designed with central (Figure 5) or individual (Figure 6) exhaust fans.

Figure 5 - Scheme of a mechanical exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with a natural air supply

Figure 5 - Scheme of a mechanical exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with a natural air supply: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust fan; 7 - exhaust shaft with an umbrella; 8 - fire damper

Figure 6 - Scheme of a mechanical exhaust ventilation system with individual fans with natural air supply

Figure 6 - Scheme of a mechanical exhaust ventilation system with individual fans with natural air inflow: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust fan; 3 - heater; 4 - exhaust channel; 5 - exhaust shaft with an umbrella

The air supply to the apartments is carried out in the same way as in natural ventilation systems.

4.5 Mechanical supply ventilation systems with natural air removal are designed with a central supply fan (Figure 7) or individual supply fans (Figure 8).

Figure 7 - Scheme of a mechanical supply ventilation system (centralized) with natural air removal

Figure 7 - Scheme of a mechanical supply ventilation system (centralized) with natural air removal: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - exhaust channel; 5 - supply channel; 6- Supply unit; 7 - over-slab umbrella with an individual fan; 8 - exhaust shaft; 9 - fire damper

Figure 8 - Diagram of a mechanical supply ventilation system (decentralized) with natural air removal

Figure 8 - Scheme of a mechanical supply ventilation system (decentralized) with natural air removal: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - exhaust channel; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - supply individual settings; 7 - over-slab umbrella with an individual fan; 8 - exhaust shaft; 9 - check valve

The air flow into the apartments is carried out into the living quarters or through the piping of the indoor units of ducted air conditioners, if any.

Systems are designed with both common and separate collection channels for kitchens and sanitary facilities located one below the other on the floors of the building.

4.6 Mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems must have devices for utilizing the heat of the exhaust air for heating the supply air (Figures 9, 10 and 11), as well as devices for cooling and humidifying (conditioning) the air based on the climatic conditions of the construction area.

Figure 9 - Scheme of the mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with the recovery of the heat of the exhaust air (utilization with an intermediate coolant

Figure 9 - Scheme of the mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with the recovery of the heat of the exhaust air (utilization with an intermediate coolant): 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - supply channel (outside the apartment); 6 - supply unit with a heat recovery unit with an intermediate coolant; 7 - exhaust unit with a heat recovery unit with an intermediate coolant; 8 - intermediate coolant pipeline; 9 - circulation pump; 10 - over-slab umbrella with an individual fan; 11 - exhaust shaft; 12 - fire damper

Figure 10 - Scheme of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (decentralized) with heat recovery from the exhaust air

Figure 10 - Scheme of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (decentralized) with heat recovery from the exhaust air: 1 - supply unit; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - exhaust channel; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - air handling unit (individual) with a heat exchanger; 7 - over-plate umbrella; 8 - exhaust shaft with an umbrella; 9 - check valve

Figure 11 - Scheme of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with heat recovery of the exhaust air

Figure 11 - Scheme of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with heat recovery of the exhaust air: 1 - supply unit; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - air handling unit with heat exchanger; 7 - supply air duct; 8 - fire damper; 9 - exhaust shaft

As heat recovery devices for mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems, it is recommended to use plate heat exchangers, heat exchangers on heat pipes, systems with an intermediate coolant (Figure 12). In residential decentralized systems, the use of regenerative heat exchangers is allowed.

Figure 12 - Schematic diagram of the piping of ventilation units when using the heat recovery of the exhaust air with an intermediate coolant

Figure 12 - circuit diagram piping of ventilation units when using the heat recovery of the exhaust air with an intermediate coolant: 1 - supply unit; 2 - exhaust installation; 3 - circulation pump; 4 - boost circuit pump; 5 - three-way control valve; 6 - a tank for preparing an antifreeze solution; 7 - expansion tank

Air diffusers for supplying fresh air are installed in residential premises, exhaust devices - in utility rooms (kitchens, sanitary facilities, laundry rooms, pantries, etc.).

To supply fresh air to rooms, a network of air ducts is used or fresh air is supplied to the piping of indoor units of ducted air conditioners located in space false ceiling apartments.

The kitchen-niche room is subject to mandatory equipment with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems.

Note - A kitchen niche is a room or part of it without a dining area, intended for cooking.

5 General technical requirements

5.1 Ventilation systems for living quarters of apartments should be designed to ensure that the air exchange rates for outside air (outside air flow rates) are not lower than the minimum ones that maintain the required air quality in the serviced premises.

The air quality in the premises must be ensured regardless of the adopted ventilation system and the scheme for organizing air exchange, with maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air not lower than those given in Appendix A.

5.2 Materials and design of the ventilation system, intake devices for outdoor air intake and devices for air removal in mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems must comply with the requirements of SP 60.13330.2010.

5.3 Ventilation systems for living quarters of apartments are recommended to be designed with the possibility of individual regulation of the amount of air exchange. Adjustable supply and exhaust devices should be used, which also work to control the humidity of the air in the room. It is allowed to provide for the possibility of intensifying air exchange during periods of use of sanitary facilities and kitchens by installing household exhaust fans in these premises. Fans of centralized mechanical ventilation systems must have an adjustable drive and provide the ability to change the air exchange according to demand, creating a calculated pressure drop at the most remote adjustable device. The minimum air exchange in the apartment must be at least 25% of the calculated one and not less than the sanitary standard for exhaust from sanitary facilities and kitchens.

5.4 The energy efficiency of ventilation systems is ensured by reducing the amount of air exchange, depending on the intensity of operation of individual premises and the apartment as a whole, using the heat of the exhaust air to heat the supply air (in mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems).

5.5 To ventilate apartments during the warm season, opening windows (casement windows), vents or transoms should be provided.

5.6 Supply air must be supplied to the living quarters of the apartment; air should be removed from the utility rooms.

5.7 Inlet devices should be placed in the living quarters of apartments and kitchen-dining rooms in the upper part of the window or outer wall or above a heater installed under a window. When placing the supply unit above the heater, it must be ensured that it does not freeze.

In systems with natural air supply, adjustable supply valves should be used as supply devices; in systems with a mechanical air supply - adjustable air distributors.

The dimensions, number and placement of supply devices must provide the required air parameters in the serviced area of ​​the premises at the estimated outdoor air flow rates.

In systems with natural air inflow, the temperature and speed of the supply air at the entry of supply jets into the serviced area of ​​the premises should not exceed the permissible values ​​​​according to SP 60.13330.2010 at the outdoor air temperature values ​​calculated for heating design.

In apartments of residential buildings located in places with an increased level of noise and dustiness of the outside air, valves with silencers and air filters accessible for cleaning should be used.

5.8 Exhaust devices should be placed in the upper area of ​​utility rooms. Adjustable grates and valves should be used as exhaust devices.

5.9 In ventilation systems with heat recovery of the removed air within one apartment, regenerative or recuperative heat exchangers can be used; for centralized systems with heat recovery - only recuperative ones, including those with an intermediate coolant.

In ventilation systems with mechanical air removal, in the absence of a supply unit, measures should be taken to recover the heat of the removed air, using its potential for other engineering systems of the building (DHW, heating, underfloor heating, etc.).

5.10 Local exhaust ventilation systems (over-stove hood or similar devices with the removal of air into the atmosphere) must have a separate collection channel for their connection.

In kitchens equipped with an over-the-stove hood or a similar device, as well as in the case of using an increased exhaust mode during cooking, a counterbalance damper should be installed in the outer wall to provide additional air flow to the kitchen room.

5.11 Mechanical ventilation systems must be maintained by the building maintenance service or a specialized organization.

5.12 When designing ventilation chambers, it is recommended:

- use low-speed motors and do not overestimate the circumferential speed of the fan rotors;

- connect the suction and discharge openings of the fans with air ducts using flexible connectors;

- install the motor and the fan on the same shaft;

- use radial fans with backward curved blades;

- install ventilation units on a vibration-isolating base with a "floating floor" device;

- arrange ventilation chambers with fans above or below utility rooms.

6 Sanitary and hygienic and fire safety requirements

6.1 The materials and design of ventilation ducts and chambers should minimize conditions that allow the growth and spread of microorganisms through the ventilation system.

6.2 Buildings should be located in areas where the concentration of harmful substances in the outdoor (atmospheric) air used for ventilation (conditioning) does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations in the air of populated areas.

The values ​​of maximum permissible concentrations should be taken in accordance with GN 2.1.6.1338-2003 and GN 2.1.6.2309-2007.

The values ​​of the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants most often present in the atmospheric air are presented in Appendix A.

If the level of outdoor air pollution exceeds the indicators given in Appendix A, it is necessary to clean it.

In cases where existing cleaning technologies do not provide the required air purity, a short-term (for example, during rush hours on roads) decrease in the amount of outside air is allowed, but not more than 75% of the calculated one.

6.3 The calculated air exchange in apartments is determined according to Appendix B, it can also be determined in accordance with the standards of STO NP "ABOK" 2.1-2008 (table 2) regardless of the adopted ventilation scheme.

6.4 The noise level in the apartments must comply with the requirements of SP 51.13330.2011, SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562-96.

6.5 Ventilation systems should be provided separately for each fire compartment.

6.6 Air ducts made of non-combustible materials should be designed for laying within rooms for ventilation equipment, as well as on technical floors, attics and basements. The fire resistance limit of air ducts, including transit ones, must be selected in accordance with SP 7.13130.2009.

6.7 The places where air ducts pass through walls, partitions and ceilings of buildings (including in casings and shafts) should be sealed with non-combustible materials, ensuring the rated fire resistance limit of the crossed fence.

7 Materials and equipment

7.1 Ducts and ducts

7.1.1 Channels of natural ventilation systems are made of thin-sheet galvanized steel or floor unified concrete, aerated concrete and the like blocks. At the junction of the floor blocks, tightness must be ensured.

7.1.2 Channels and air ducts of mechanical exhaust ventilation systems with natural air supply and mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems are usually made of thin-sheet galvanized steel.

7.2 Supply and extract air

7.2.1 Inlet valves should be used as supply devices in natural ventilation systems and mechanical exhaust ventilation systems with natural air supply.

7.2.2 Inlet dampers must provide for changing the inlet air flow in manual or automatic modes. The change in air flow can be smooth or stepped. In the fully closed position, the inlet valves must provide a minimum required air flow equal to 25% of the calculated one.

7.2.3 Sensors for pressure drop, indoor air humidity, illumination, presence of people, etc. can be used as sensors for controlling inlet valves with automatic air flow control.

7.2.4 Supply valves should be installed in each residential area; in each apartment - at least 2 supply valves.

7.2.5 Inlet valves of the same type should be used in the building. The size or number of valves in different apartments on different floors may be different. The number of valves is determined by calculation.

7.2.6 It is recommended to use adjustable grilles as exhaust devices in natural ventilation systems; in mechanical exhaust ventilation systems with natural air supply, adjustable grilles or exhaust valves should be used.

7.2.7 Adjustable grilles must provide for changing the flow rate of exhaust air in manual mode, exhaust valves - in manual or automatic modes. The change in air flow can be smooth or stepped.

As sensors for controlling exhaust valves with automatic air flow control, sensors of differential pressure, indoor air humidity, illumination, presence of people, etc. can be used.

7.2.8 Exhaust devices of the same type and standard size should be used in the building.

7.2.9 In the outer walls of basements, technical undergrounds and cold attics that do not have exhaust ventilation, ventilation should be provided with a total area of ​​at least 1/400 of the floor area of ​​the technical underground or basement and cold attic, evenly spaced along the perimeter of the outer walls. The area of ​​one vent must be at least 0.05 m.

7.3 Fans

7.3.1 It is recommended that individual exhaust fans be equipped with a check valve to prevent air from flowing between apartments through the collection duct. Turning on fans installed in sanitary facilities can be combined with turning on lighting or carried out by a presence sensor. In this case, the fans will be turned off automatically, with a specified delay after the lighting is turned off or the tenant leaves the room.

7.3.2 Central exhaust fans in systems with natural air supply should provide a variable air flow in the system. Fans should be selected for the calculated flow rate of the removed air; the depth of regulation should be 100-30%. The calculated air flow in the exhaust ventilation system is maintained by a signal from a static pressure sensor installed in the lower part of the collection duct in front of the fan.

7.3.3 Fans should be redundant, which should be done either by installing an additional fan (in centralized systems) or by having a standby motor in the fan compartment.

8 Calculation of ventilation systems

8.1 Calculation of the natural ventilation system

8.1.1 The estimated air flow in the apartment, m / h, is taken according to Appendix B.

8.1.2 The design temperature of the outside air, °С, and the design wind speed, m/s, are taken in accordance with SP 60.13330.2010: 5 °C; 0 m/s.

8.1.3 Estimated available pressure Pa, for apartments of each floor is determined by the formula

Where is the free fall acceleration, m/s;

and - respectively, the density of outdoor and indoor air at design temperatures, kg/m;

- vertical distance from the center of the air intake device to the top of the exhaust shaft, m.

8.1.4 The resistance of the air path (pressure loss) of the ventilation system, Pa, is determined by the formula

Where - pressure loss in supply devices, Pa;

- pressure loss in exhaust devices, Pa;

- pressure loss in satellites, Pa;

- pressure loss in the collection channel, including pressure loss in the tee, Pa;

- pressure loss in a warm attic, Pa;

- pressure loss in the exhaust shaft, Pa.

It is recommended to take the following air velocity values ​​in the network elements:

- air velocity in satellites 1.0 ... 1.5 m/s;

- air speed in the collection channel 2.0 ... 3.0 m/s;

- air speed in the exhaust shaft 1 m/s; 1 Pa.

The resistance of the air path (pressure loss) of the ventilation system, Pa, should not exceed the value of the available (calculated) pressure with a margin of 10%.

8.1.5 If the cross sections of the satellites and the prefabricated exhaust duct are specified, then the calculated pressure losses in the remaining elements of the system are determined from formula (2).

8.1.6 The type and size of the inlet valve is selected according to its characteristics (manufacturer's data) depending on the value.

If the amount of available pressure is insufficient to install supply valves, for example, on upper floors, air vents should be used or individual exhaust fans with check valves should be installed.

The number of floors on which individual exhaust fans should be installed is determined by calculation.

If the installation of a valve is mandatory for sanitary and hygienic requirements, the cross-section of the exhaust duct should be increased or mechanical exhaust ventilation should be used.

8.1.7 Estimated heat consumption for ventilation, W, is determined by the formula

Where is the heat capacity of air; 1.005 kJ/(kg °C);

- the same as in formula (1);

- estimated air flow in the apartment, m/h; accept according to Appendix B;

and - respectively, the temperature of the external and internal air in the apartment under the conditions calculated for the design of ventilation, ° С.

When calculating the heat consumption for ventilation, the air flow rate removed by the over-slab umbrella is not taken into account.

8.2 Calculation of mechanical exhaust ventilation system with natural air supply

8.2.1 The calculation is carried out at an estimated wind speed of 0 m/s.

8.2.2 Air velocity in ducts and exhaust devices should be taken according to acoustic requirements. Before and after the fan, if necessary, the installation of silencers should be provided.

The standard size of supply channels, supply valves and adjustable grilles and valves is selected according to acoustic requirements.

8.2.3 The exhaust fan, central or individual, is selected in accordance with the manufacturer's data. In systems with centralized exhaust ventilation, a backup fan should be installed.

8.2.4 Estimated heat consumption for ventilation is determined by formula (3).

8.3 Calculation of the mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system

8.3.1 The calculation is carried out similarly to that presented in 8.2.

8.3.2 In ventilation systems with exhaust air heat recovery, the heat exchanger must be equipped with a supply air heating system when its temperature is below 15 °C.

Annex A (informative). Maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the air of settlements

Annex A
(reference)

Table A.1

Substance	Maximum allowable concentration in outdoor air, mg/m
	maximum single	average daily
nitrogen dioxide
Dust non-toxic
Lead
Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide)
Hydrocarbons (benzene)
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide*:
Populated area (village)
Small towns
Big cities
* MPC for carbon dioxide is not standardized, this value is for reference only.

Appendix B (informative). The rate of air exchange in the premises of residential buildings

Annex B
(reference)

B.1 The air exchange rate in the premises of residential buildings and single-family houses of a dwelling of category I should be taken in accordance with Table B.1.


Table B.1

Premises	Air exchange rate or air flow
	inlet	removed
Common room (living room), bedroom, dorm living room	Not less than 0.35 fold with an area of ​​more than 20 m per person; Not less than 1.0 times with an area of ​​less than 20 m per person; Not less than 30 m/(h person)
Kitchen of the apartment and hostel with stoves: An error has occurred The payment was not completed due to a technical error, funds from your account were not written off. Try to wait a few minutes and repeat the payment again.

Ventilation for Multistory Residential Buildings

N. A. Shonina, engineer, Senior Lecturer at Moscow Architecture Institute

keywords: exhaust ventilation system with natural activation, hybrid ventilation system, air exchange, deflector, ejection system

Sustainable operation of the ventilation system has a significant impact on achievement and maintenance of comfortable indoor air parameters. The article discusses methods for stabilization of exhaust ventilation systems’ operation in residential buildings that do not lead to significant increase in capital costs during their construction and require minimum operating costs.

Description:

A stable operation of the ventilation system has a significant impact on the creation and maintenance of comfortable parameters of the indoor air in the room. The article discusses ways to stabilize the work exhaust system ventilation of residential buildings that do not lead to a significant increase in capital costs during their construction and require minimal operating costs.

Ventilation for multi-storey residential buildings

N. A. Shonina, Art. lecturer at the Moscow Institute of Architecture, [email protected] website

A stable operation of the ventilation system has a significant impact on the creation and maintenance of comfortable parameters of the indoor air in the room. The article discusses ways to stabilize the operation of the exhaust ventilation system of residential buildings, which do not lead to a significant increase in capital costs during their installation and require minimal operating costs.

In multi-storey residential buildings in our country, a natural-induced exhaust ventilation system is traditionally used, using the gravitational pressure created by the difference in volumetric weights of heavier outdoor air and lighter indoor air. At the same time, through leaks window openings or through special air vents for ventilation of the apartment, fresh outside air enters in a volume not less than the standard, the heating of which is provided by the heating system. The air from the apartment is removed from the "dirty" premises, which include kitchens, toilets, bathrooms, laundry rooms, vertical channels located in internal partitions, with its independent release into the atmosphere in buildings of 5–6 floors or less.

In higher buildings, there was not enough space for placing individual ducts from each room, and exhaust ducts from individual rooms located one above the other began to be combined into a prefabricated vertical duct. To prevent air from flowing through the collection channel between floors, the connection of the hood from each room to the collection channel was carried out through a satellite channel one floor long. In the attic, the prefabricated channels and satellite channels from the two upper floors were connected by horizontal boxes, which were attached to the exhaust shafts through which the exhaust air was thrown onto the roof. The exhaust shafts were equipped with umbrellas to prevent atmospheric precipitation from entering the channels.

This was the optimal solution, the advantage of which was minimal investment costs, no need for maintenance of the system and the possibility for residents to receive fresh outdoor air, not processed either in heat exchangers or in electrostatic filters, which has recently become so appreciated by the population. But there were also disadvantages, which consisted in the unstable operation of the hood in certain rooms, including the lower floors, and in the frequent overturning of the hood in the rooms of the upper floors, the available pressure for removing air from which is the smallest.

The reasons for these shortcomings were as follows:

• an increase in comparison with the available pressures of the actual aerodynamic resistance of the common sections of the network (exhaust shaft, horizontal ducts);
• leakage of ventilation ducts and connections to them (the presence of large unorganized air leaks that overload the collection ducts);
• insufficient aerodynamic resistance of satellite channels (only 1.0–1.5 Pa at the estimated air flow).

All of the above, coupled with random household factors, such as ventilation by opening a window or, conversely, increasing the sealing of windows, with insufficient insulation of the apartment from neighboring premises, can cause disturbances in the operation of the exhaust ventilation system.

To eliminate these reasons, in order to increase the available pressure, on the initiative of MNIITEP, the “warm attic” technical solution was applied: the prefabricated horizontal channels in the attic were abandoned and the latter was turned into a static pressure chamber, air from the prefabricated vertical channels is released directly into the attic. The channels themselves are usually made of floor blocks of industrial production, including at the same time floor branches (satellite channels) with an inlet on which a ventilation grill or an inlet valve is fixed. Moreover, the release of air from the channel of the last floor is carried out into the collection channel, which creates an additional rarefaction as a result of the ejecting effect.

The available pressure was also increased by increasing the height of the exhaust shaft, through which air is removed from the warm attic. The installation of a single shaft per section made it possible to attach it to the elevator engine room protruding above the roof and, without violating the architectural appearance, raise the design height to 6 m (1.5–2.0 m above the roof). Umbrellas were removed from the exhaust shafts, which also reduced the pressure loss of the common sections of the network (a 250 mm high pallet is installed on the floor under the shaft to collect atmospheric precipitation). To increase the deflecting properties of the shaft under the action of the wind, its section should approach a square, and the head should be open. The air speed in the exhaust shaft should not exceed 1 m/s, in the collection ducts, depending on the number of storeys, reach 2.5–3.5 m/s.

When arranging common sectional exhaust shafts, the warm attic room must also have sectional partitions, which also meets fire safety requirements. Installation of two exhaust shafts in one compartment of a warm attic is not allowed. These restrictions are due to the fact that Atmosphere pressure at the heads of different exhaust shafts, under the action of wind, it can differ significantly, and due to the low aerodynamic resistance of the exhaust shafts (1–2 Pa), one of them can start working for inflow. This phenomenon was noted in buildings where the specified requirement was not met.

An increase in the available pressure made it possible to increase the aerodynamic resistance of the satellite channel at the estimated air flow rate up to 6–9 Pa, which increased the hydraulic stability of the exhaust system as a whole, ensuring stable air exchange in the apartments, regardless of their vertical location. True, the implementation of this is rather difficult in the apartments of the two upper floors, where the available pressure is the smallest, therefore, it is planned to install duct exhaust fans in the exhaust ducts from these apartments.

Windows have a great influence on the operation of exhaust ventilation systems. Previously, the windows were leaky, and during the cold season there was a problem of excess outside air entering apartments through leaky window openings, which led to hypothermia of the premises and excessive heat consumption for heating. Currently, in residential buildings equipped with a natural exhaust ventilation system, windows with increased air permeability are installed. This leads to the fact that even during the cold period of the year, the normative air exchange is not provided in the apartments. Insufficient air exchange leads to a significant deterioration of the microclimate in a residential building: the content of carbon dioxide increases in the internal air, and humidity increases. Modern Construction Materials and furniture are also a source of air pollution in the apartment with various chemical compounds.

The use of air vents with a filter and an air flow stabilization device, regardless of changes in the available pressure drop across the valve (for example, under the action of wind), requires an increase in its resistance, which is insufficient to overcome the exhaust system with natural impulse at outdoor temperatures above zero degrees. But the desire not to lose the gravitational pressure available in abundance during the frosty period prompted the designers from Mosproekt-2 to propose a hybrid exhaust ventilation system with the preservation of a warm attic, in which an additional axial fan is installed, which, when turned on, increases the available pressure of the gravitational system (Fig. 1).

Picture 1.

A number of specialists involved in the design of ventilation systems for residential buildings believe that the solution to the problem is the use of forced mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation with heat recovery from the exhaust air to heat the supply air. At the same time, German and French experts have a negative attitude towards the use of such systems in multi-storey residential buildings, since the use of two mechanical ventilation systems leads to an increase in the cost of the project. Also, in practice, it was found that the efficiency of the exhaust air heat recovery system for supply air heating decreases if residents begin to open windows and vents. In these countries, the following organization of the ventilation system has found application: the natural flow of air through high-resistance air valves and the installation of exhaust centrifugal fans, one for each section of the house.

In Germany, as a rule, a centralized exhaust ventilation system is used with the possibility of a short-term increase in the volume of exhaust from a given room and with automatic control of the fan speed. Inlet dampers for exhaust ventilation from the kitchen and bathroom (in Germany even 4-room apartments are designed with one toilet per apartment combined with a bathroom) are made with noise suppression, high resistance and with small holes around the perimeter, calculated to pass the required minimum air flow from this room with the central flap of the valve closed.

The flap of the exhaust valve is opened simultaneously with the lighting in the bathroom, and air is removed from this room in an increased volume. When the room is not in use, a minimum amount of air continues to be removed through the exhaust valve. In the kitchen, if necessary, the valve flap is opened by a special switch. When the flaps in dampers installed in several rooms are simultaneously opened, in order to avoid a drop in fan pressure and the occurrence of a hydraulic misalignment of the exhaust system due to this, according to a signal from a vacuum sensor located at the lowest point of this system, the fan motor speed is automatically increased, and the fan pressure is restored with increased air supply.

Consider proposals to improve the reliability of the ventilation system in residential apartment buildings.

Stabilization of the exhaust ventilation system

There are several ways to stabilize the operation of the exhaust system of residential buildings that do not lead to a significant increase in capital costs during their installation and require minimal operating costs:

• use of wind induction of natural ventilation (deflectors);
• using a combination of natural and mechanical stimulation (hybrid ventilation systems);
• the use of ventilation "on demand" (installation in kitchens and bathrooms of hygro-controlled exhaust devices);
• use of thermal stimulation during the warm period of the year (heating of the outgoing exhaust air by direct exposure to solar radiation).

Use of wind inducement of natural ventilation

Wind propulsion is the use of wind energy to eject exhaust air from ventilation ducts. To use this energy, deflectors are used. The deflector is an aerodynamic device installed above the ventilation duct, the wind flow creates a low pressure zone in the cylinder, which acts as an exhaust system. The only drawback of deflectors is the dependence of their work on the presence of wind.

Using a combination of natural and mechanical motivation

A hybrid ventilation system is an exhaust system that operates under favorable weather conditions due to natural gravitational pressure (cold and transitional periods, as well as periods of cold snap and windy weather in the warm period). Under unfavorable weather conditions for the operation of the natural exhaust ventilation system, when the vacuum in the ventilation duct drops below the allowable level for its operation, the fan automatically turns on.

There are three types of hybrid systems that have a similar principle of operation, but differ from each other in design features:

• static-dynamic deflectors;
• ejection systems;
• combination of a static deflector with an axial ejector fan.

When designing a hybrid ventilation system, to ensure its performance, it is necessary to choose constructive device and the cross section of the channels is the same as when designing a natural ventilation system.

It is also necessary to ensure the tightness of the exhaust system. The presence of leaks can contribute to the occurrence of excessive air exchange in the apartments of the lower floors of multi-storey buildings and lead to emissions of polluted air from the collecting duct into the apartments of the upper floors.

Hybrid ventilation systems provide standard air exchange throughout the year in all weather conditions, are less energy intensive, more reliable and simple solution compared with mechanical system ventilation.

Statodynamic deflector is a static deflector equipped with a built-in two-speed fan. When the motor is switched off, it has technical specifications static deflector of the same nominal diameter and creates a rarefaction equal to the sum of gravitational and wind pressures.

The amount of electricity consumed by the static-dynamic deflector is insignificant. The fan motor is switched on only when necessary, no more than 20% of the time in a year.

Ejection system(Fig. 2) consists of a conventional traditional natural ventilation system, static deflectors, one high-pressure fan, an air duct system and ejector nozzles that are installed inside the ventilation shafts at the deflector attachment points. The jet of air emerging from the nozzle rushes upwards along the vertical axis of the ventilation duct. high speed and draws air up from the bottom ventilation duct, and the total air flow in the ventilation duct increases several times.

The combination of a static deflector with an axial ejector fan (Fig. 3) was tested in Russia at two objects at once: a residential building consisting of six different-storey sections in Moscow and a station waiting room in Naro-Fominsk. Static deflectors (1) are installed on the heads of the ventilation ducts on the roof, axial low-pressure deflectors are mounted under them inside the ventilation duct. axial fans(2), included in the work on the pressure sensor (3). Round air ducts (5) and drainage (6) placed above the false ceiling (7) are connected to the heat-insulated glass (4) made of galvanized steel.

Use of ventilation "on demand"

Humidity-controlled ventilation system changes the flow area in the supply and exhaust devices due to a moisture-sensitive sensor or material that is connected to a damper that regulates air exchange. Exhaust devices are installed instead of grilles of the ventilation system in kitchens and bathrooms, air inlets are installed in window frames or in the walls.

The higher the humidity level inside the room, the more the dampers open. The sensor is isolated from the direction of the air flow and measures the humidity level only inside the room.

Such a system avoids excessive ventilation and significantly reduces the consumption of heat in the building, which is used to heat the supply air.

The use of thermal stimulation in the warm period of the year

In Europe, for areas with a temperate climate, in order to be able to operate the ventilation system in the warm season, the design of the exhaust ventilation system using solar radiation was developed. The end part of the exhaust shaft of the ventilation system is made of transparent material, on sunny days, the exhaust air in the mine is heated by the heat of solar radiation, and this allows you to increase the total operating pressure drop, which ensures more stable operation of the building ventilation system.

Supply of fresh air

If there is a guaranteed operation of the exhaust ventilation system of residential buildings in the apartment, fresh air is supplied through the leaks in the window opening, provided that the window has the necessary degree of air permeability.

The air permeability of old wooden and aluminum window frames varied greatly, and in the same apartment during the cold season, one can observe an excess of fresh air in one room, and a lack in another. Excess amount air led to a violation temperature regime in rooms and the occurrence of drafts, the disadvantage is stuffiness and increased humidity. Thus, it was not possible to provide comfortable conditions for the internal microclimate.

When installing modern plastic windows excessive sealing of apartments in a residential building is possible.

The simplest solution is to install through holes in the walls under the ceiling of the living rooms, covered with a grill and allowing the fresh air to enter the apartment. At the same time, it should be remembered that the holes coming from each room to the wall surface spoil the facade.

A more advanced device is a window sill device (Fig. 4). The air intake is carried out through a slot under the 2.5 cm high metal shield of the window opening. The air passes over the heater through a 600 × 25 mm thin stainless steel box and enters the room from top to bottom. When entering the room, the supply air mixes with the ascending warm air from the heater, as a result of which the air flow through the leaks in the window openings is significantly reduced. It is possible to regulate the amount of supply air by changing the width of the gap through which air enters the room.

The next solution is a device for a decentralized inflow of outside air into a room heated by a heater. Air intake is also carried out under the metal canopy of the window. Then the air goes down, where it mixes with the internal air of the room, rises up, in contact with the radiator, heats up and enters the room. The degree of heating of the incoming air, if necessary, can be adjusted using a valve.

The supply window sill device is much simpler than the air supply device heated by its heating device. The disadvantage of the latter is the narrow channel through which the air descends. Dampness may form in the channel; in addition, over time it will become clogged, and its cleaning is impossible.

All considered variants of decentralized inflow have common disadvantages. Firstly, in them the supply air enters the premises without the necessary purification. Secondly, there is an uneven operation of the decentralized inflow due to excessive pressure or rarefaction that occurs under the action of wind near the outer surface of the building.

Design solutions are known that are relatively simple to implement devices for constant air flow (Fig. 5). The first is a plate freely rotating around a horizontal axis. Under the action of the pressure drop, the plate deviates, changing the free area for the passage of air. The greater the pressure drop, the greater the deflection of the plate and the smaller the cross section of the channel for the passage of air. The pressure on the plate is balanced by gravity. The second device uses the elasticity property of the plate. The pressure drop deflects the plate, causing it to bend elastically and change the channel cross section. The third device uses an elastic reservoir that changes volume with a change in pressure drop.

Natural ventilation with motivation // AVOK.– 2006.– No. 3.

Livchak I.F., Naumov A.L. Ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings. M. : AVOK-PRESS, 2005.

Without the influx of fresh air from the street and the removal of air masses contaminated with human waste products, it is impossible to operate any building. At the same time, the ventilation system in the apartment high-rise building has significant differences from the same engineering network of a private cottage, which affects the service and the ability to connect special household devices. The instructions below will help you understand all its subtleties and nuances.

Purpose and functions

The ventilation device in multi-storey buildings is provided for by the current construction, fire and sanitary standards. Its main purpose is to remove harmful impurities from the air in residential (bedroom, living room) and auxiliary (sanitary block, kitchen) premises.

The main sources of pollution in the apartment are:

• kitchen stove;
• washing machine;
• sanitary equipment (toilet, bathroom).

As a result of the operation of the equipment listed above, water vapor and gases accumulate in the air, which have a negative effect on the human body.

Ventilation that does not work properly or does not perform the tasks assigned to it is easy to recognize by the following signs:

• fogging of glass in window frames;
• the appearance of condensation on the walls;
• dampness in the corners of rooms;
• mold and fungus covering various surfaces in the apartment.

Note! Poor air exchange in a residential area can lead to serious consequences, especially if a child lives in the apartment. Mold and dampness are often the causes of respiratory diseases.

You can check whether the ventilation shaft in a multi-storey building is working with your own hands. It is enough to take a piece of newspaper measuring 20 by 4 cm and bring it to the grill that closes the air duct.

The sheet should "stick" to the hole. Otherwise, you need to take care of repairing or cleaning the ventilation duct.

Varieties

Recently, an increasing number of people complain about the lack of efficiency of ventilation systems in urban apartment complexes. This is due to the fact that the ventilation scheme in a multi-storey building built in the last century did not provide for the installation of sealed window structures that prevent the flow of fresh air from the street.

In addition, the reason for the poor performance of the exhaust shaft may be its insufficient length (especially for apartments located on the upper floors). The fact is that for the appearance of traction, air must pass through the pipe at least two meters, which is problematic to achieve on the top floor of the house.

Before you get acquainted with the ways to solve this problem, it is necessary to study the existing schemes of ventilation systems.

So, natural ventilation in a multi-storey building according to SNiP can be of several main types:

1. Each apartment has an individual exhaust duct that goes directly to the roof. This type of air duct is the most efficient, but due to the increased number of storeys of buildings and the increase in the number of apartments, it has not been used recently.
2. The exhaust ducts coming from the apartments are connected at the upper engineering level by a horizontal duct, which goes to the roof.
3. All end in the attic, which plays the role of a kind of ventilation room. Then the exhaust air is thrown out through specially equipped shafts. This method is used in the construction of modern apartment buildings.

Common horizontal channel

If the ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings is designed according to this type, then the air leaving the apartments in vertical pipes is combined into one stream in a horizontal channel. At the same time, upon reaching the attic, the air masses hit the horizontal wall (the edge of the box) and turn towards the outlet.

The method has several disadvantages:

1. With a small internal section of the horizontal ventilation duct, a section appears in it where the air pressure rises, as a result of which excess air masses fall back into the ventilation duct, and sometimes into the apartment on the top floor.
2. If the outlet of the box is mounted too low, a so-called backdraft may occur. As a result, the air rising from the lower floors does not go out into the street, but enters the living quarters of the upper floor.

There are two ways to fix the problems listed above:

1. Alteration of the box on the technical floor. It is necessary to increase the dimensions of the horizontal ventilation duct by about 2-3 times, and also to equip elements inside it that cut the air flow. The disadvantages of this method are the high price and the need to involve specialists. However, you can be 100% sure that after the modernization, the ventilation in a multi-storey residential building will work flawlessly.
2. Arrangement of an individual ventilation duct that brings polluted air out, bypassing the common duct.

Note! In the case of such an alteration, be sure to take care of the normal thermal insulation of the air ducts, otherwise you can violate the temperature and humidity conditions of the technical room, which is prohibited by SNiP.

Air chamber in the attic

This airflow organization scheme is used in all modern homes. If errors and inaccuracies were made during the design, the residents of the upper floors suffer from the fact that the necessary draft is not created in the ventilation duct.

This is due to the fact that air, instead of the prescribed 2 meters, passes about 30 cm. Ventilation is present, however, it is not able to pump the required amount of air. In addition, when opening the doors in the attic, a draft appears there, which further reduces the draft.

Fixing the problem is easy. It is only necessary to equip or increase the individual ventilation ducts of the apartment located on the top floor, delivering a pipe about 140 cm long. It must be tilted towards the common shaft so that the air rising from below creates additional traction.

Ways to organize air movement

Air flows in the ventilation system of an apartment building can move in the direction conceived by engineers both independently (based on the laws of physics) and forcibly (with the help of fans and other equipment).

Considering this, the described engineering network subdivided into the following types:

• natural - fresh air is supplied through windows and vents, and removed through the ventilation duct (draft is formed due to the difference in pressure and temperature);
• mechanical - both the intake and removal of air masses is carried out with the help of fans installed on the intake and outlet openings, as well as inside the ventilation duct;
• combined - in this case, the exhaust is forced, and the inflow is natural.

Ventilation repair

A properly designed and constructed exhaust ventilation system does not require maintenance by the occupants of the building. This should be done by specialists of the organization that is responsible for the operation of the building. The only permissible action is to remove dust from the grate covering the inlet.

Another thing is if the air is removed from the apartment regularly, and unpleasant smells from neighbors and condensation on the windows continue to pester you. Then the problem lies in the insufficient flow of air masses. Often this is faced by residents who have installed plastic or aluminum window blocks that do not allow air to pass through.

Regular ventilation will help to cope with the situation, but a more acceptable option is to install supply valves that are mounted between the window sill and the radiator central heating. In this case, the cold air blowing from outside is heated.

There are several types of intake valves:

• mechanical - equipped with dampers that allow you to manually adjust the intensity of the incoming flow;
• electronic - have special devices that open and close the valve, based on information received from external sensors (humidity and temperature).

Note! Many owners of apartments in old houses try to deal with humidity and unpleasant odors with the help of an air conditioner. This is the wrong decision, since such climatic equipment cannot replace a full-fledged ventilation engineering network.

Installing a forced ventilation system

This method of solving the problem is used when all the methods listed above did not bring the desired result. It should be noted that it is impossible to independently perform all the necessary installation operations, since the cross section of the air channels and the power of the equipment are calculated individually.

Consider only the main varieties of the most commonly used systems:

1. If you need to provide fresh air to a small area one-room apartment, a special monoblock device will help, which is inexpensive, but does an excellent job with the tasks assigned to it.
2. In the case when the draft in the exhaust duct is sufficient, it can be limited to the installation of supply devices. The power of the equipment depends on the number of residents in the apartment, the area of ​​​​the rooms and some other factors.

As a rule, all necessary elements are supplied with the fan:

• gratings;
• valves;
• filter elements.

1. The most efficient supply exhaust ventilation(possibly with a heat exchanger). But its installation is advisable only in private houses or large city apartments.

Advice! In order for ventilation to work as efficiently as possible, it is advisable to equip the supply and exhaust openings in each room (including the bedroom, office, dining room, etc.), connecting them with air ducts to the central unit.

sewer ventilation

A feature of apartment buildings is the need to install ventilation not only for residential and non-residential premises but also for the sewer network. Otherwise, there is a risk of unpleasant odors and penetration into the apartment of fumes that are dangerous to the health of the inhabitants.

In houses with a height of more than 9 floors, several methods are used to ventilate the wastewater disposal system:

1. direct ventilation. In this case, the central riser, where all drains merge, is displayed on the technical floor of the building and is not sealed. Fresh air is supplied through the top of the pipe. Disadvantage - in the event of an increase in pressure in the lower part of the system, there is a danger of extrusion of the water seal.
2. Parallel ventilation. The features of this design prevent the suction and expulsion of hydraulic seals. The essence of the method is that an additional, ventilation one is arranged in parallel. They are connected to each other on each floor with the help of special fittings.

Conclusion

Ventilation system apartment building- a complex engineering network, the design and repair of which requires special knowledge, skills and equipment. inept Maintenance can lead to breakdowns that will affect not only your home, but also cause inconvenience to neighbors.

You will learn more about the operation of ventilation in an urban multi-storey building from the video in this article.

Pollution in the apartment includes sources of dust in living rooms, increased humidity in kitchens, bathrooms, toilet and kitchen odors. A healthy, comfortable environment requires highly efficient air exchange in every room in a building. The most common ventilation system in an apartment building.

Its scheme is built according to the natural passive principle and includes:

• air supply to the rooms through ajar windows, vents in summer;
• air inflow through the cracks of old wooden windows or microcirculation devices of modern plastic windows in winter;
• the use of increasingly popular inflow valves;
• creating traction in vertical channels that extend beyond the roof;
• , bathrooms, bathrooms connected via satellite channels to vertical shafts;
• movement of air from living quarters to kitchens, toilets through gaps under door leaf and overflow grilles in the doors.

Passive air exchange is the simplest, cheapest, cost-effective solution.

Causes of ventilation problems

The degree of draft depends on the temperature difference between the parameters of the air in the room and outside it and clearly decreases in summer. If ventilation does not work in an apartment building, then the main reasons may be:

• clogging of air exchange channels;
• overlapping of channels during illegal redevelopment and restructuring of apartments;
• insufficiency of draft of short air ducts of an extract of the last floors.

It can be controlled by pulling a piece of paper to the exhaust grate. When the draft is reduced, it is necessary to check and clean the air ducts.

The main schemes for the air exchange device of apartment buildings

Let us consider in more detail how effective ventilation is arranged in an apartment building, depending on its number of storeys. For buildings up to four floors high, vertical shafts are usually brought out to the roof from each apartment. Despite the reliability of this system, it takes up too much of the interior space of the building.

How does effective ventilation work in an apartment building with nine storeys and above? Individual apartments are connected to the vertical shaft through channels called satellites. The ventilation ducts of various entrances in the attic are combined with a horizontal box, from which a vertical air duct is then removed outside the roof.

Tilting ventilation problems

With such a scheme, it becomes possible for the ventilation in an apartment building to overturn, to a certain extent, caused by the reflection of air during the transition to a horizontal duct, as well as the increased resistance of clogged air ducts. But the key cause of rollover is insufficient airflow. This phenomenon can be observed even on vertical channels directly led to the roof.

For most old buildings, effective ventilation of an apartment building involves air entering through leaky wooden windows. Mass conversion to plastic causes a significant decrease in air flow in cold weather with closed windows. In this case, cold air creates a reverse flow in the vertical shafts, starting to flow from the roof into the apartments.

The main principle of the air exchange of an apartment building necessarily involves the balance of supply and output and the creation of traction in high vertical shafts. Therefore, the main way to deal with flow overturning is to equip a sufficient number of supply valves. Effective measure is the use of adjustable gratings at the entrance to the exhaust shafts, allowing to balance the air flow.

In addition, the repair of ventilation in an old apartment building usually includes expanding the cross section of the horizontal air duct in the attic, arranging special dividers in it that organize the flow, and periodically removing blockages in the air ducts.

Features of modern ventilation

Modern ventilation of an apartment building is based on the following solutions:

• the use of plastic windows with micro-ventilation systems;
• the device of a sufficient number of inflow valves, for the placement of which a gap is usually chosen from the window sill to the battery for heating the incoming air;
• installation modern models inflow valves with heating and filters, which are located in the lower zone of the walls;
• use of hood grilles with check valves or variable flow models.

New apartment building ventilation schemes often include:

• connection of apartments to exhaust shafts through vertical accelerating air ducts a couple of floors high;
• exit of exhaust shafts into the insulated common attic space with the complete exclusion of reverse flows.

Ventilation of the last 2 floors of an apartment building is solved by arranging separate vertical exhaust ducts with a height of more than two meters and using exhaust fans at the entrances to the mines.

Often, ejectors or duct fans are used to enhance draft, which are turned on in adverse conditions.

Active type of ventilation

Increasingly, an effective ventilation system is being used in an active-type apartment building. Usually it is a combination of a supply unit with an exhaust fan installed in the attic.

The supply part, in addition to the fan, can be equipped with filters, air humidifiers, heating or cooling units. Air intake is usually carried out at the level of the second or third floors. The prepared air is distributed to the apartments through a network of channels.

The exhaust network is activated by an exhaust unit in the attic.

Such a ventilation project for an apartment building provides increased comfort, does not depend on the weather, and allows you to adjust the climatic parameters. But active ventilation is much more expensive and more complicated than passive air exchange, both at the stage of arrangement and during operation.

To ensure the normal living of residents in an apartment building, it is important to correctly calculate and equip its air exchange. That is why the ventilation system in an apartment building is one of the important engineering decisions made at the stage of drawing up project documentation. People's health, comfort and coziness, durability of building structures depend on the quality of its work.

The value of ventilation for a multi-storey residential building

Ventilation in a high-rise building is vertical design originating in the basement

Ventilation in high-rise buildings means engineering system. It begins in the basement of a residential building, ends above the surface of the roof. Any attempts to change the design of the shafts, carry out redevelopment, dismantle the ventilation elements on the part of the residents are fraught with a violation of its functionality.

The main task of any type of air exchange is to create normal conditions for life and work. With properly organized circulation, air flows from the rooms towards the exhaust devices in the kitchen and in the toilet. In this way, exhaust air saturated with water vapor, gases, and odors is removed from the apartments.

It should be understood that in a 9-storey building, the speed of air movement through the ventilation duct will differ from the same, but five-story building. That is why an individual calculation of the ventilation parameters for each residential building is carried out: the air velocity in all apartments must be sufficient, regardless of the number of storeys.

Attention! If the ventilation in a multi-storey building is forced, then noise isolation is provided for the silent operation of exhaust systems. Correction of incoming air with the help of dampers, valves will save energy costs for its heating.

Ventilation system design options

Three unified variants of schemes have been developed, which are used depending on the characteristics of air exchange.

• The natural ventilation scheme in a multi-storey building involves the replacement of exhaust flows with fresh air using the natural draft method. It is created by a pressure drop in the exhaust ducts.
• The combined method is based on forced filing air and the removal of waste naturally. Or the inflow is carried out through the windows, slots, holes, and mechanical exhaust ventilation removes it from the room with the help of fans.
• Only forced system. Supply ventilation and air flow removal is carried out mechanical devices. It is of two types: autonomous and centralized. In the first case, air exchange is provided by work exhaust fan at the entrance to the air duct, mounted on the facade of the house. Air can also enter through the supply valves. Modern "know-how" - heating (or cooling) of air directly entering the apartment through a heat exchanger installed here.

The centralized principle of operation allows air to be supplied and removed by a common ventilation chamber located on the roof of the house with supply and exhaust ventilation units. Moreover, air circulation occurs constantly, regardless of weather conditions and seasons.

Natural type air exchange: principle of operation

Using the example of panel houses built in the last century, you can see how natural ventilation works in an apartment building. She refers to budget option unlike elite buildings, where modern standards apply, new technologies are used, energy-saving materials are used.

The device of the ventilation duct in the old house - "Stalin"

Natural type of ventilation can be found in brick house old housing stock, where air enters through the gaps of the porches wooden windows, doors, and the hood is carried out by a draft inside a vertical channel, with an exit above the roof or into the attic. Blocking the supply duct is fraught with a cessation of air exchange throughout the apartment. The insertion of special valves into window structures, overflow gratings in the door solves the problem of uninterrupted operation of natural ventilation.

The ventilation device in an apartment building with separate exhaust ducts for the kitchen, bath and toilet is one of the ventilation schemes. Here, from the listed rooms of each floor, a separate shaft goes to the roof. With its tightness, odors do not flow from neighboring apartments.

Another air exchange scheme includes vertical channels of all apartments, united by outlet ends in one longitudinal manifold. It is located in the attic, and already through the collector the air enters in an organized way into the street. To eliminate pressure losses in the air ducts and increase the draft, the joints are sealed, and pipes are put on the outlet ends of the channels: it is enough to add only 1 m of a pipe section and orient it at an angle to the common exhaust shaft.

The least efficient, but also viable, method is to collect exhaust air from each apartment into a vertically installed air duct. The efficiency of the system is low, as odors flow from the premises of one apartment to another.

The most optimal and efficient ventilation systems (forced) are used today in modern houses, where air is forced in and out mechanically. The peculiarity of air exchange here is the use of energy-saving installations - recuperators. As a rule, injecting Fresh air the device is located in the basement or technical floor. Additionally, the air is cleaned through a filter system, heated or, conversely, cooled and only then distributed to all apartments. At the upper level (roof), a ventilation unit of identical performance is installed, which completely removes all air pollution.

Attention! The presence of recuperators allows you to heat (cool) the air on the supply of energy taken from the air leaving the apartments.

Assessing different types ventilation, it should be noted that natural air exchange does not differ high efficiency, but also least of all clogs the ventilation shaft. If there is no construction debris in the channel, then it is enough to clean it once every few years.

Basement and cellar ventilation

Basements are considered important element the entire ventilation system. The central shafts originate in the basement space. Usually the type of air exchange here is natural. Raw air is removed through common channels. On each floor and in each apartment, it enters through special openings.

For a constant supply of fresh flow in the socle machines just above the ground (at a height of 0.2 m), air ducts (0.05-0.85 sq.m.) are evenly arranged around the entire perimeter of the base of the house. according to the size of the house. The total area of ​​such holes should be 1/400 of the area of ​​​​the residential building. These are vented holes. It is impossible to force them or plant green spaces near the foundation.

The ventilation scheme in a residential building will be effective in case of normal operation of all its autonomous links. Any unprofessional or intentional intervention in the ventilation provision of apartments is administratively punishable.