A private house can't do without it important element exterior, like a porch. It is customary to climb stairs. They must be in harmony with the facade of the building. Porch steps can be made from various materials such as metal or wood.

The most popular material for them is traditionally concrete. Such steps on the porch are easiest to decorate with tiles or stone. At the same time, they have a longer service life, do not crack over time, do not sag, in a word, they retain their linear dimensions.

Arrangement of stairs

Before making steps, it is necessary to form a construction plan, which will indicate all the parameters of the structure. These include both overall and technological dimensions, and the materials used.

The overall design is selected based on the available territory, financial capabilities and the general style of the house. Also, plastic, wooden, concrete steps for the porch or from other materials must have ergonomic characteristics, thanks to which they will be convenient to use. These options include:

• width and height of steps;
• the total angle of inclination of the march;
• the coating used, which should not slip in winter and overheat under the summer sun;
• correctly selected colors that do not cause negative after a short time of operation;
• the presence of comfortable railings;
• parameters of a platform or terrace formed near the door.

To form the overall dimensions of the steps (height, width, general angle of inclination), it is necessary to be guided by building codes.

According to GOST 8717.1-84 "Concrete and reinforced concrete steps" for street, apartment straight stairs, the following dimensions are defined:

• riser 148 mm,
• tread - 300 mm,
• step width - 800 mm,
• the number of steps in one march is up to 15, and their number must be odd. A person must step on and go down the stairs with the same foot.

In public buildings, basements and attics, as well as on the spiral staircase inside the house, the dimensions of the steps are different.

Special attention is paid to the corner of the march, so that it is comfortable to move up the stairs. According to GOST 8717.0-84 "Reinforced concrete and concrete steps" for apartment and street structures, choose a more gentle angle from the range of 25-45 °.

Excessive lifting can lead to injury. If it is assumed that there will be children or elderly people in the house, then you should not make high steps. Site adjacent to front door should be 45-55 mm below the level of the door sill. This will always ensure a convenient opening, which is especially important in the winter season.

VIDEO: Porch of dreams

Varieties of forms and materials

During the manufacture of the porch and stairs, builders use a variety of materials. The main thing is to balance the relevant functionality and possible design finds. In some cases, you can use ready-made products that are offered in hardware stores.

Combined option - wood with concrete

There are several popular types of steps. Differences in them are noticeable by design features:

• Closed - having risers. The front vertical wall is closed and the impression of integrity and massiveness of the structure is created.
• Open - without risers. The perception of lightness and weightlessness of such a product is formed.
• Ordinary straight lines - a classic type of steps with a simple form of execution.
• Zabezhnye - curly models with the formation of a turn, where the width of the step is not the same for each horizontal platform.
• Radial - the basic design is similar to the concentric circles or semicircles located at each of the levels. Rounded shapes imply the presence of a virtual single axis.

Materials can be:

• Wood - a positive characteristic is ease of processing and availability of material;
• Metal - unlike wood, has a longer service life and better strength characteristics.
• Brick or concrete is characterized by a massive structure and a high degree of wear resistance.

Finishing with clinker tiles

In addition to these materials, there are also more exotic options, for example, rubber steps for the porch. They can be relevant for winter time so that the shoes do not slip on the surface.

Do-it-yourself wooden steps for the porch

A wooden porch is a traditional design used in our country. For its manufacture, you can use a woodworking household machine or a hand saw and a jigsaw. The material is purchased based on the draft.

According to the above figure, we determine the number of future steps. According to these calculations, we prepare all the necessary elements:

• stringers,
• steps,
• risers,
• Mauerlat.

Mauerlat is usually made from a rectangular beam with dimensions of 150x70 mm along the length of the stairs. Plus, you need another piece of roofing material for waterproofing.

Of the tools you will need:

• jigsaw;
• perforator;
• anchor bolts;
• construction stapler and staples.

Instructions for assembling wooden steps

1. Since wooden steps cannot be placed directly on the ground, a small foundation is first made under the Mauerlat. To do this, 2 pits are dug along the edges of the future structure (see fig.). The depth of the pits is up to half a meter, the dimensions are 35-35 cm.

Crushed stone mixed with sand (air cushion) is poured to the bottom and concrete is poured.

To prepare 0.5 m 3 of concrete you will need:

• sand - 0.5 m 3;
• cement - 170 kg;
• crushed stone - 0.45 m 3;
• water.

1. Bundles of reinforcement are inserted into the pits to reinforce the structure, their ends should not protrude from the pit. They will be either flush or lower by 3-5 cm.
2. Pour concrete and leave for several days until completely solidified.
3. Next comes assembly. First of all, a roofing material is laid on the foundation, and a Mauerlat is screwed on top.
4. The supporting column of the stringer is attached to it with a stapler (see fig.).

1. From the bottom up, risers and treads are attached to the kosuors with self-tapping screws.

metal structure

Home owners who want to have durable and stylish steps at their disposal choose metal for their manufacture. When making a metal porch, you cannot do without a welding machine, so you need not only to purchase it, but also to practice working on it beforehand.

In the manufacture, you can use one of the methods:

• Frame. In such a situation, the metal serves as a "skeleton" or power structure, complete with which wooden, rubber or even concrete elements are used for tread.
• Usage sheet metal. This option is considered more rude, brutal. The platform and the entire structure remain completely metal, and the treads should have a raised metal texture to minimize the formation of a slippery surface.

Unlike wooden steps for a porch, metal proper care and timely protection against corrosion lasts much longer.

VIDEO: Practical metal steps

Outdoor staircase with concrete steps

Very often, the step for the porch is made of concrete. There is a simple explanation for this - there is nothing stronger than concrete for stair structures. At the same time, it is not difficult to do them, especially if you follow a certain sequence.

1. The site is preliminarily prepared and a foundation pit is dug under the foundation with a depth of 30-40 cm. A flat area is formed inside it, which must be covered with sand and gravel by 20-30 cm. concrete screed, which will serve as the basis for the steps. The composition of concrete is indicated above in the instructions for building a wooden structure.

1. We form a wooden formwork, inside which it is planned to fill. We fix the opposite sides with strong struts. To increase the strength, reinforcement is inserted around the perimeter.

Work with the concrete mixture should be carried out at an air temperature of at least 15-17 ° C, otherwise the material will not be able to dry properly.

Also, do not choose too hot weather for this (more than 30 ° C), because the water from the solution will quickly evaporate and you will have to regularly irrigate the surface.

1. After pouring the mass into the formwork, it must be evenly distributed and compacted with reinforcement. This will be the first (entry level). Curing time is 3-5 days.
2. Then we make the next level, for which we connect the reinforcement and install the formwork. Its size is 25-30 cm smaller than the foundation, depending on the tread, taking into account the finishing material (stone, tile, etc.).
3. Subsequent steps are formed in the same way, but beforehand, time is given to dry each level made.
4. The formwork is removed completely after 2 weeks minimum. You can make oval or semicircular steps, for which a sheet of metal is bent under a certain radius.

It is customary to decorate the outer surface with natural or artificial materials. Tiles are often used for outdoor steps. It is selected in the style of the overall design. It is desirable that the tiles for the steps of the porch are not too slippery, as this can contribute to increased injuries.

VIDEO: Do-it-yourself concrete porch

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The porch must be attached to the house if the height of the basement of the foundation does not allow you to immediately leave the room. By choosing the best option for a wooden porch, not only the comfort of using the building increases, but also its appearance improves.

There are a huge number of design options, and there are only two architectural options.

We will tell step by step instructions creation of both types, indicating the features and secrets construction works. But first, consider General requirements to all elements of the porch.

Requirements of building codes and rules for structures

1. Site requirements.

   

   It can be located on separate vertical supports or fixed to the front wall on one side. There is one recommendation in terms of size - the width should allow at least two people to diverge without problems, in most cases 1.5 meters is enough. In addition, the platform should allow the door to be opened by a person entering from outside.

   

   There is one limitation in height - the level of the platform should be three to five centimeters lower than the level of the lower plane of the doors. This is explained by the fact that the porch in winter period time will rise, if you do not make a gap, then the door may jam. The opening of the entrance doors for safety reasons must be outward, and the difference in height eliminates the negative consequences of swelling of the earth during freezing / freezing.

2. Step requirements.

   

   The width of the stairs is at least a meter, the height is about 16–18 cm, the length of the steps is 25–32 cm. How to calculate the parameters of the steps? For example, the height of the platform is 120 cm, we divide this value by 18 cm and get 120:18 = 6.66. Rounding up to the nearest whole number, in the end we should have 7 steps. The distance between them is 120:7 = 17.14 cm. You can make six steps 17 cm high, and the last or first 17 + (0.14 × 6) = 17.8 cm. It is much easier to make porch parts this way. If you have chosen a length and width of steps of 30 cm, then the lower support point of the stairs should be at a distance of 7 × 30 cm = 210 cm from the edge of the platform. That's all the calculations, simple and accessible, there is no need to study complex formulas.

   

Select only high-quality lumber for the manufacture of the porch, do not allow damage by pests, diseases, rotten knots and through cracks. Breeds are only moisture resistant: coniferous or solid trees. Boards with significant natural developmental defects are also not recommended.

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Building boards

It is desirable to treat the materials several times with antiseptics.

Be sure to use reliable waterproofing of all elements with concrete surfaces.

Take all possible measures to prevent the accumulation of water on the steps and platform. You can make them with a slight slope or leave gaps between the individual boards within 2–3 mm.

For the final paint coating, use only high-quality paints. They must be wear-resistant, not afraid of moisture and hard ultraviolet radiation. Another requirement is that when painting surfaces, strictly follow the recommendations of the manufacturers, do not try to simplify the technology by skipping some steps. Remember that there are no wooden structures in the house that are operated in such difficult conditions. It is very difficult to restore the original appearance of the paint, you will have to completely remove the old coating. Such work requires a lot of effort and time, and it is rarely possible to completely get rid of traces of old paint.

foundation requirements

A wooden porch is placed on separate foundation, there is no need to tie it to the existing tape under the house. Two types of foundations can be used for the structure: columnar or poured reinforced tiled. Both are equivalent in terms of bearing characteristics and performance.

The main task of the foundations under the porch is to keep a small weight. As for swelling, it is not economically feasible to deal with this phenomenon. We have already said above that in order to eliminate negative consequences the porch platform is located below the door opening plane. A columnar foundation will cost a little less, but there are more problems with it during the installation. It is necessary to maintain the plane of all columns horizontally, after the concrete has hardened, correct the bearing surface according to the water level, make formwork, etc.

If possible, it is better to pour a reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of about 5–10 cm. The slab, among other things, will prevent plants from growing under the porch. You will have to constantly fight with them, and it is difficult to get to them because of the small height of the structure.

Prices for popular models of concrete mixers

concrete mixers

Step-by-step instructions for building a chopped log porch

The most durable and strong design, gives the house an original and solid look. Over the porch of logs, you can make canopies, enclose the site with railings with carved or chiseled balusters, use other rustic-style decor elements.

To make such a porch, you will need not only materials, but also the ability to work with an ax, hammer holes, cut logs under the lock, etc. The design of a chopped porch should exclude the accumulation of moisture in internal joints, otherwise the probability of putrefactive processes increases sharply. Therefore, do not use the lower bowl when building a porch, the bowl should always lie upside down on the joined logs. If it is difficult to cut the bowl, then make connections in okhryap, they are much easier to cut and allow you to use a chainsaw. best tree for a wooden porch - larch or oak, but cheap conifers can also be used.

Step 1. Making a concrete base.

We chose the concrete slab option. Make pegs of the platform according to the calculated dimensions of the porch, check the angles, if the two diagonals are the same length, then the angles are 90 °.

The depth of the pit under the slabs is within 30–40 cm; for backfilling, take a sand and gravel mixture. Level and tamp each layer about 10 cm thick. Before compaction, it is recommended to water it with water.

For concrete, you can take 3–4 buckets of sand and gravel mixture per bucket of cement, the thickness of the slab is about 5–10 cm, be sure to use building reinforcement with a periodic profile Ø 5–8 mm. To reduce the amount of moisture penetrating from the soil into concrete, place two layers of roofing material or other waterproofing material. From edged boards up to 10 cm wide, prepare the formwork, put it in place under the level.

Important. The upper edges of the formwork boards serve as guides during the leveling of concrete. To drain water, install formwork with a slope of about 2–3 cm from the foundation of the house.

Fix the formwork in place with wooden or metal stops, hammer them flush with the boards so that they do not interfere with the leveling of the concrete. Pour half the thickness of the concrete into the formwork, level it and lay the reinforcement, pour the second layer and level the upper surface with an even bar. Pack the mixture well, remove air pockets. Leave the design for 7-10 days to solidify.

Level the mixture with a shovel and a rule

While the plate is gaining strength, you can begin to prepare the lumber.

Step 2. Making blanks for stairs and platforms.

For work, you need to have logs with a diameter of at least 30 cm (along the width of the step).

In this way, blocks are prepared both for steps and for the platform.

Step 3. Fitting all stair blocks to the same width.

We have already mentioned that the width of the steps can vary from 25 cm to 32 cm. Choose a specific size based on the thickness of the logs in such a way as to reduce the amount of waste. Draw cut lines on the front surface of the block, cut off excess material with a saw or axe, align the cut. To prevent subsequent chips, slightly chamfer. In the same way, finish all the blanks on the platform and steps.

Step 4. Preparation of the lower (overhead) logs.

The first crown of the porch consists of two side lower logs, a step and a covering log. All logs must be sanded and the dark top layer removed with a scraper.

Lay them on a concrete slab and measure the same height. At the end, draw a horizontal line of the stess, transfer the dimensions to the side surfaces in the same way as was done during the manufacture of the block. Use a saw or an ax to remove excess wood, level the surfaces.

Practical advice. Due to the fact that the concrete slab has a slope, mark the logs with the thick end outward. Due to this, it will be possible to reduce the amount of wood removed during leveling.

In order not to mix up the parts during the assembly of the porch, number them or mark them otherwise. To make the tees easier, make small cuts at a distance of about 2-3 cm.

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Chainsaw

Step 5. Marking the first crown.

Lay the first step blank on the lower logs, trim it in width, measure the overall height. Due to the fact that we took the distance from concrete to the platform of the first stage to be 30 cm, measure the actual height of the assembled workpieces. The difference in values ​​gives us the depth of the castle. In the same way, mark the fixing log on the other side of the cover logs. Mark the width and position of the plane of the bowl. We have already mentioned that we choose the simplest option for the connection.

Step 6. Making a bowl.

First, saw down with a saw along the lines to the depth of the bowl, then make a few cuts in the middle. No need to cut to the full depth, leave a few millimeters to prevent errors. In the future, if necessary, the excess thickness will be removed. Make the same bowls on the lower logs.

Important. Under the lower logs, be sure to use pads made of any material that does not absorb moisture. Cut them to size, drill holes and attach them to the lower plane of the cover logs with screws or nails. The distance between the linings is approximately 40–50 cm.

Step 7. Making the second crown.

Lay the logs and measure how much you need to remove their ends so that the plane is horizontal. If there are differences of a few centimeters - no problem. This position will improve the runoff of water from the steps. In the manner described above, mark the position of the bowls, mark the height of the excess logs, which will later have to be removed. Cut through the longitudinal groove and the bowl, put the side logs in place, nothing needs to be put into the groove. Check their position, if the upper crown staggers, then the cause of this phenomenon should be found and eliminated.

We check the horizontalness of each log

Step 8. Measurement and cutting of the bowl of the second stage.

Don't forget to dodge. The protrusion of the second step above the ends of the logs should not exceed 2-3 cm, otherwise the effective width of the stairs will be significantly reduced. Do not forget that all bowls should be placed upside down, which means that it is not done in the lower longitudinal logs. Due to this technique, water does not accumulate in the recesses, the wood dries quickly and does not undergo putrefactive processes.

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Building levels

To prevent the steps from moving, fasten them with long wood screws, two pieces on each side. Under the screws, you must first drill holes with a diameter of 1–2 mm less than the diameter of the metal body. Make the heads of the hardware flush with the surface of the step.

Before final fixing, check the position of the steps again, including the slope. Control the quality of the tesky with a level. It is not necessary to achieve a perfectly flat surface, the main thing is that the elements are stable. Small gaps accelerate the removal of moisture, which has a positive effect on the condition of the wood. Use the same technology to make and install all the crowns. The amount depends on the size of the porch. On the last crown, logs are laid under the platform. The last crown is fixed to the penultimate one with dowels, the process is the same as in the construction of a log house.

Practical advice. To facilitate the manufacture of the bowl in the blocks of the platform, sew the logs of the upper crown along the same width. This will allow you not to measure each bowl separately, but to make it the same on all elements.

Level the upper plane of the site with a planer. At the same time, finally trim the ends of the platform logs and steps. Pull the thread between the extreme ones, make marks and saw off the protruding end parts with a saw.

Step 9. The device of the railing.

For racks, you can use turned balusters, a height of about 1 meter. For reliable fastening of the racks to the steps, you need to make a spike, measurements are about 5 × 5 cm. The spike is inserted into the hole in the steps and logs of the site.

Important. The spike should enter the groove with effort, do not rush to immediately adjust all the balusters to the same size. Exact fit is done for each separately.

Railings to balusters can be fixed with metal squares, self-tapping screws, or also make a spike / groove connection. The specific fixation option depends on the shape of the railings and balusters. Spikes are much easier to make on a circular saw. Mark on the machine table the lines of the beginning and end of the tenon, this will speed up the work and eliminate errors. With an ax, remove the sawn segments and slightly trim the surfaces of the spikes.

How to choose holes for spikes in steps?

1. Mark the position of the holes. Make marks under a stretched rope, they should all lie strictly in one line.
2. Drill holes in the steps, drill a small diameter drill in the corners (approximately Ø 20 mm), drill the middle with a large drill. Make sure that the tool is in a vertical position, otherwise there will be big problems. The marriage will have to be corrected; during corrections, the size of the hole will inevitably increase. In order for the balusters not to stagger, you need to put wooden wedges, and they dry out over time, the strength of the connection is broken.
3. Use a chisel to make holes. This work is difficult and long, but do not despair. A lot of time will be spent on the first hole, then experience appears and the work progresses much faster. In order for the bottom of the step under the hole not to fall during chiselling, remove it and lay it so that the place under the hole rests on a flat board. To control the size of the holes, you can make a template with the size of the spikes. With its help, not only linear dimensions are checked, but also verticality.

Step 10. Installing racks.

Previously, there was an opinion that the more beautiful and intricate the porch was made, the more skillful the owner of the house. Today, porch decoration is back in fashion and you can find a lot of suitable ones on the market. finishing materials. There are no less design solutions.

Is it possible to make steps for the porch with your own hands without the help of craftsmen? Of course! And in order to avoid mistakes in this matter, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with an overview of various design solutions, structures, as well as the sequence of work on the construction and finishing of the steps of the porch.

Types of steps

Combined porch made of stone and wood

The ease of use of your porch will depend on whether the steps are made correctly. When creating them, it is necessary to take into account the height of the basement of the house, the width of the doorway and the desired slope of the rise. You should also carefully approach the choice of material - it should not be very slippery and have high resistance to friction.

The steps differ in the way they are connected to each other and can be with a rectangular or roll-shaped connection, with or without a beveled riser. They are also classified according to their shape. Depending on the design chosen, the steps can be:

• wedge-shaped;
• rectangular;
• triangular;
• rounded.

In addition, they are running (on which you can put only one foot at a time) and simple, the latter are used more often when building a porch. The material for them is usually concrete, wood or stone, sometimes in combination with each other.

wooden steps

Such steps look most organically in combination with timber houses. The advantages of a wooden porch include:

• simple installation and processing;
• decorative properties of the material;
• no need to make a reinforced foundation.

But there are also disadvantages - the tendency of wood to deform under the influence of weather conditions; relatively fast, in comparison with other materials, wear; susceptibility to decay; risk of insect damage.

Homemade steps from a bar

concrete steps

Stone and concrete are among the most durable materials. Reinforced steps made of concrete, which, in fact, is an artificially made stone, are able to withstand many natural influences, are very resistant to abrasion and high loads. Also, they are not afraid of fungus and mold.

Their design can be prefabricated or monolithic. But, in any case, it will not be possible to do without a solid foundation, moreover, it must be borne in mind that the construction of such a porch will take a lot of time and effort.

Tiled concrete stairs

Work project

Having decided to make steps for the porch yourself, you should start by drawing up a plan or project of work. At this stage, you need to decide on the size of the porch, the number of steps, as well as structural features and transfer it all to paper, as an alternative, draw up a sketch in a special program.
As a rule, the porch is made flush with the first floor of the house, leaving a margin of at least 5 cm for the front door, if it opens outward. Often the porch is attached to an already completely finished house, and in this situation it will not work to design a roof combined with the main one, so you should take care of a separate canopy. It is advisable to include railings in the plan, because in winter or in rainy weather it can be unsafe to climb the stairs without support.

It is important to take into account all the parameters of future construction

Concerning the sizes of steps standard and the best option their height is considered to be 15 cm and a width of about 30 cm. The number is usually not made more than three, more often two, but in a harsh climate with heavy snowfalls and a higher building basement, more may be required. Moreover, if there are 4 or more steps, the railing is required.

Note! The most comfortable slope of the stairs is an angle of 30 degrees. If it is less than 23 degrees, then it is better to get by with a ramp.

We select the material

Choose smooth and dried boards

Materials suitable for creating steps have already been mentioned, let us dwell in more detail on the features of their choice. In addition to the fact that the porch should be in harmony with the general style of the house, you should also pay attention to the quality characteristics of the materials for it.

In most cases, concrete or wood is used. Suitable tree species for this purpose include durable varieties such as oak, ash, maple and beech. They are used to make the steps themselves, and the supports, stringers and railings are made from softer and more inexpensive wood, usually various conifers. In addition, when choosing a material, you need to make sure that it is sufficiently dried and does not have flaws - knots, cracks, etc.

To create a concrete porch, you can use the usual mixture of cement (M 400) with sand and gravel. The proportions take 1:2:2 respectively. To prepare the solution, you will also need to add required amount water, the main thing is not to overdo it, so that it does not turn out to be too liquid.

Facing tiles decorate the porch

When erecting a concrete porch, to improve its appearance, it is worth taking care of the finish. Usually used for this ceramic tiles, artificial or natural stone. The tree, although it looks good on its own, also needs an additional coating with a layer of varnish or drying oil - this will significantly extend its service life.

In addition to the main materials, you will also need auxiliary materials, in the case of a concrete structure - reinforcement, roofing material, wire, formwork boards. And for a wooden porch, you need to purchase the necessary impregnations and varnishes.

Tools

Having decided on the materials and type of construction, you need to stock up on tools for work. For a concrete porch you will need:

• drill with a special nozzle;
• Bulgarian;
• hacksaw;
• tamper;
• vibrator for concrete mortar;
• shovel;
• suitable container.

Before starting work, make sure you have the necessary tools

And to make steps for a wooden porch, you should prepare:

• saw for wood or electric jigsaw;
• level;
• screws and nails;
• a hammer;
• screwdriver;
• measuring instruments;
• pen or marker;
• grinder.

Having everything you need, you can proceed directly to construction work.

Installation of wooden steps

Because the wooden porch- this is an extension to the house, it needs its own foundation. The basis for it can be included in the project of the house initially or be made later.

Accordingly, in each case there are design features. If the porch was originally planned and has a foundation in common with the main building, it is called built-in, and it is called attached if there is a separate foundation. Another option is a simplified design, while the porch is a small platform with several steps resting on pillars of rubble stone or brick, and a canopy.

Since the attached type of porch is the most common, we will consider its construction in more detail. The foundation for wooden steps for the porch is pile, columnar, tape or slab. When choosing a particular type, you need to be guided by the terrain and design features. If the porch is very small, then you can lean it on flat stones or concrete posts.

Wooden steps are easy to make
do it yourself

When equipping a pile foundation, it is necessary to take into account the level of soil freezing and deepen the piles 20 cm below it. This will prevent the destruction of the building with strong swelling of the soil. Other types of foundations are usually made less deep; a foundation pit 50-70 cm deep is enough for them.

Note! concrete foundation porches of the attached type cannot be attached to the base of the building, as this can lead to a split in the concrete structure during natural soil deformations.

After the foundation has solidified, you will need to calculate the required number of steps in accordance with the height of the basement and proceed to create all the elements of the stairs - stringers, Mauerlat, risers and steps. For Mauerlat, it is recommended to use a durable beam with a length equal to the width of the stairs.
On top of the foundation, it is necessary to lay the roofing material, then fasten the Mauerlat with anchors, and on it and the upper support pillar, in turn, fix the stringers with building brackets. Steps and risers are attached to the resulting structure with the help of self-tapping screws. Installation should be carried out starting from the bottom and gradually moving towards the top of the stairs. A visual scheme of work is shown below.

Assembly diagram of a wooden staircase

If you are planning a porch with 4 or more steps, then you will also need to build a railing. It should be borne in mind that their optimal height is about 90 cm, and it is better to use self-tapping screws or dowels as fasteners, not forgetting to additionally glue the joints, since the nails do not provide the necessary strength and tend to loosen quickly. Further, you just have to eliminate minor defects, sanding the steps if necessary, and treat the entire structure with enamel, stain or varnish.

Installation of concrete steps

simple concrete porch

Before starting work, it is necessary to calculate how much materials you need and draw up a design outline. For the preparation of one cubic meter of concrete mix, about 340 kg of cement, 0.85 m3 of crushed stone and 1 m3 of sand are usually spent.

The process of creating steps from concrete, as well as wooden ones, begins with pouring the foundation. The concrete porch will carry a lot of weight, so the foundation must be solid. First you need to dig a hole of the appropriate width and a depth of 50-60 cm. Sand and crushed stone or broken brick are poured into its bottom so that about 30 cm is left to the top edge. All this must be properly tamped and you can proceed to the construction of the formwork for our designs.

Formwork installation

The formwork is necessary so that the concrete keeps its shape well during the solidification process, does not spread, and is also not accidentally damaged. Usually, boards or plywood serve as materials for it; you can also purchase ready-made kits for arranging formwork at a hardware store.

If you are working, for example, with plywood, you should mark the sheets corresponding to the dimensions of the porch sidewalls and cut them out. You should also take care of the stiffeners that will separate the steps from each other and be located between the sidewalls. In addition, the formwork must be additionally strengthened on all sides with stakes deepened into the ground by at least 20 cm.

Formwork and reinforcement installation

Stair reinforcement

The laying of the reinforcing layer, which, as a rule, consists of reinforcement rods, is carried out simultaneously with the installation of the formwork. To do this, you will need to tie a frame that repeats the shape of the porch from rods crossed among themselves, fastening them with wire. The recommended cell size in this case is 10x10 cm. The frame is placed inside the formwork and serves as a guarantee of the strength of the future porch.

Mortar laying

The simplest stage of work is concreting. You will need to prepare the mixture and carefully pour it into the structure. The main rule to follow is not to take breaks without finishing the filling of the entire flight of stairs. Concreting should start from the lower steps and gradually move to the upper ones. The concrete must be spread evenly with a vibrating nozzle and carefully compacted.

Steps after grouting

After completion of the work, it remains to wait for the solution to harden. It is recommended not to remove the formwork in less than 7 days, but during the next month, use the porch carefully, without exposing it to heavy loads. Further, if desired, you can perform cladding.

Semicircular steps for the porch

If you want to make a more interesting design, you can give the steps a rounded shape. According to the manufacturing process, semicircular steps for the porch differ little from concrete of any other shape, but there are still some differences.

All stages, from digging a hole for the foundation to installing formwork and reinforcement, are similar to those described above, but in order to achieve the desired shape of the step border, it should be divided with a brick laid out in a semicircle. You can see how it looks in the attached photo. Brick can be replaced with porcelain stoneware or paving slabs.

Lay out the borders of steps from bricks

The main difficulty lies in maintaining symmetry, another nuance is that during the laying of rows, gaps between adjacent bricks of more than 1 cm should not be allowed. Bricks should be fixed to a pre-prepared foundation cement mortar pressing them tightly.

Concrete should be laid after the reinforcement of the structure

After laying out the required number of rows (usually 2-3) and reinforcement, you can start pouring concrete. It is produced starting from the upper tier, the desired intervals between the filling of each of the steps are 4-5 days.

finished porch

After pouring and solidifying all the tiers, the steps need to be faced and you will get a similar neat, stone-trimmed porch. Successful work!

Making arrangements country house options should be carefully considered exterior finish facade and porch. Many houses have a high foundation, so the porch is built in the form of a staircase. To make a staircase with your own hands and make it not only comfortable, but also beautiful, you need to think carefully about its design and choose the right finishing materials.

First of all, they draw up a porch project: they select the optimal width and height of the stairs, the number of steps, and the shape of the structure. Most often, the porch has a rectangular or rounded shape; for a straight staircase, it is easier to make formwork and an internal frame, but round steps look more attractive.

The width of the structure can be the same along the entire length or expand downwards, which is more convenient for movement. Starting the construction of the porch for the first time, it is better to choose straight rectangular stairs. More complex structures require a certain skill that comes with experience.

Stage 1. Design

So, draw up a drawing: the location of the stairs is perpendicular to the opening of the entrance doors, the height of the porch is 5 cm below the threshold level, the width of the steps is 10-20 cm more than the width of the doors. The number of steps must be odd - 3, 5, 7 and so on.

The optimal step height is 15-20 cm, the tread depth is 30 cm. Since the stairs are external, the steps will be flooded with rain and melt water, so it is recommended to make their surface slightly inclined - about 3-4 degrees. This will get rid of stagnant water, but will be almost invisible when walking.

At the design stage, you should think about the railing: railings are not needed for a porch of 3 steps, but for a high structure their installation is quite justified. The average height of the railing is 1 m; their location, type, methods of fastening, everyone chooses at their discretion. If the railing is to be built into concrete steps, this must be taken care of during the installation of the formwork.

The construction of the porch involves joining the stairs with the main building. The best option is a common foundation, then the extension is tightly connected to the house and does not shrink. But more often the foundation for the stairs is done later, when the house is already built. In such cases, it is not recommended to connect both foundations too firmly: the porch will shrink and cracks will certainly appear at the joints.

Stage 2. Construction of the foundation

A concrete staircase is heavy, so its construction will require a foundation with a depth of 50 cm to 1.2 m, depending on the size of the porch. How more design the stronger the foundation should be.

To prepare and fill the base you will need:

• shovel;
• level;
• roulette;
• sand;
• crushed stone;
• concrete solution.

They make markings for the foundation and select the soil, and then fill the bottom of the pit with a layer of sand of at least 15 cm. Crushed stone is poured on top and the pit is poured with concrete mortar. The top must be covered with plastic wrap so that the surface does not crack when it dries. After hardening the base, you can start pouring steps.

Stage 3. Assembling the formwork and pouring the porch

For the manufacture of stairs you will need:

• reinforcement with a section of 10 mm;
• knitting wire;
• plywood or boards;
• polyethylene film;
• self-tapping screws;
• screwdriver;
• metal corners;
• level;
• concrete solution.

Stepping back from the lower edge of the opening 7-10 cm, a horizontal line is drawn on the wall. This will be the top marking for the fit of the stairs. Then 2 identical shields are knocked down from boards or plywood: on the one hand, their height is equal to the distance from the foundation surface to the marking line on the wall, on the other hand, it corresponds to the height of the lower step.

The upper edges of the shields should have a zigzag shape according to the size of the steps. On the inside of the shields, a film is fixed with a stapler to avoid absorbing water from the solution, and then the formwork is installed close to the wall and reinforced with spacers.

To make the frame, lattices are knitted from reinforcement according to the number of steps, and each next lattice should be 35 cm shorter than the previous one. With the help of vertical bars, the lattices rise in height and form a three-dimensional frame for the stairs.

The reinforcement should not extend beyond the formwork, it is better if it is 2-3 cm shorter. The areas where the risers are located must be covered with horizontal boards that will hold the solution on the steps and prevent it from flowing down.

You can fill the porch with ordinary concrete, or you can use special dyes and fillers that will make the surface of the stairs decorative. These are multi-colored marble and glass chips, granite, colored limestone, crushed ceramics.

Fillers are added to the finished solution and mixed, after which the mixture is poured into the formwork. It is recommended to pour the entire area of ​​​​the stairs at once, because the monolithic structure is considered the most durable and reliable.

As soon as the solution begins to set, metal corners are sunk into the edges of the steps. The formwork is removed in a day, but further work on the arrangement of the porch can be carried out no earlier than after 2 weeks.

Stage 4. Finishing

A railing is installed on the finished staircase: brick or metal racks with strong handrails are great for a concrete porch. Easiest to make metal railing: along the edge of the stairs, racks of pipes with a diameter of 70 mm are concreted, and a handrail from the corner is welded on top.

For decoration, forged curls or figured metal plates can be welded between the racks. The welding points are cleaned and polished, the railing is completely covered with a primer, dried and painted.

Porcelain stoneware tiles are ideal for finishing outdoor stairs. When choosing a tile, be sure to make sure that it is designed for outdoor use, otherwise the coating will become too slippery and dangerous to walk in winter. The tiles are laid on a special mastic or tile adhesive, which is applied with a notched trowel. It is necessary to carefully align each element so that the seams remain neat and even.

Anyone who knows how to use can make a metal staircase with a porch. welding machine. Such structures do not look as solid as concrete ones, and not as decorative as wooden ones, but they have their own advantages. To make a metal staircase with your own hands, you need to draw up a sketch and prepare materials.

Stage 1. Preparatory work

To draw up a drawing, measure the distance from the ground to the lower edge of the doorway, the width of the opening, and calculate the number of steps. The slope of the stairs should not be less than 26 and more than 45 degrees, otherwise it will be inconvenient to climb it.

The optimal step depth is 25-30 cm, the height is from 15 to 20 cm, while the steps can go one after another by no more than 3 cm. The total width of the stairs for one person is at least 80 cm, for a family - from 1 m. the estimated number of steps to the depth of the tread, get the length of the base.

All measurements on a scale are transferred to the drawing, where they additionally draw the location and shape of the railing, as well as the general configuration of the porch.

In the process of work you will need:

• 2 channels No. 10;
• metal corners;
• building level;
• welding machine;
• primer;
• grinder with a nozzle;
• profile pipes 40x60 mm or fittings with a section of 12 mm for railings.

Stage 2. Making the foundation

Although metal staircase by weight it is much lighter than concrete, you still can’t do without a foundation. On loose, unstable soils, it is necessary to dig a foundation pit to the depth of soil freezing, which in some regions is 1.4 m. If the soil is stony or simply very dense, the depth of the pit can be reduced by 20-30%. After excavation of the earth, sand is poured into the bottom with a layer of 10 cm, crushed stone with a layer of 5 cm and rammed. To increase the strength of the foundation inside the pit, it is recommended to install a reinforcing cage.

The pit is not completely filled, leaving about 20 cm to the top. The remaining space is filled with concrete after installation load-bearing channels to securely reinforce the base of the structure. The contents of the pit should be pierced several times with a long metal rod to remove air bubbles and covered with a film. It takes 1-2 weeks to harden and dry the foundation, at which time it is impossible to install the stairs.

Stage 3. Assembly and installation of stairs

To secure the top base of the ladder, brickwork at the threshold, grooves are cut out on both sides for the channel or metal mortgages are embedded even at the stage of building a house. This option is also possible: deep holes are drilled in the wall, a metal plate is screwed with anchor bolts, and load-bearing steel beams are welded to it.

The distance between the channels is equal to the width of the stairs, the lower ends of the supporting beams are installed on the foundation and reinforced with spacers. After leveling the angle of inclination and width, the base is poured with a concrete mixture and allowed to harden well.

The corners are cut into identical pieces and welded to the channels according to the drawing. After that, the welding spots are carefully cleaned and polished, the structure is primed and painted. Steps can be sheathed with sheet iron or wood, filled with densely laid steel bars. At the end, the railing is welded, a rain visor is installed above the porch.

For a residential building made of timber, a wooden porch is most suitable. In order for the tree to serve longer, it is necessary not only to carefully treat its surface, but also to protect it with a convenient visor. This design looks very attractive and natural, and the construction technology is quite simple.

Stage 1. Preparation

The first is a sketch of the future stairs, taking into account all the parameters: the height and length of the base, the number and size of steps, the angle of inclination and the width of the span. Wood is a very easy-to-use material, so the shape of the porch can be both the simplest and unusually elaborate. Without experience, take on the manufacture complex design it’s not worth it, it’s better to make a square-shaped porch with a straight low staircase.

It is very important to choose the right wood: insufficiently dense lumber shrinks more strongly, raw wood can deform after assembling the stairs, and a timber infected with a fungus will not last long. You need to choose for construction a strong pine timber of low humidity, light in cuts, even and without cracks.

For work you will need:

• timber 100x200 mm;
• boards for steps 30 mm thick;
• beam for railings 70x70 mm;
• level;
• hammer and nails;
• hacksaw.

Before starting construction, boards and timber must be treated with an antiseptic composition on all sides and dried well. After assembly, individual sections will remain inaccessible for processing, which will reduce their service life.

Stage 2. Arrangement of the foundation

Even a low and light porch must be installed on the foundation - this will prevent the wood from rotting and save the stairs from warping. Under wooden structure most often do columnar foundation, which does not require special costs. As support pillars, you can use iron and asbestos pipes, brick, cinder block, wooden logs. First, holes should be drilled for supports with a depth of 50-80 cm, the bottom should be covered with rubble and sand and compacted.

If the supports are made of metal or wood, they must be covered with a thick layer of bituminous mastic, which protects equally well from rust and fungi. Asbestos supports do not need to be processed, as well as bricks. The supports are inserted into the holes, leveled in height, checked for verticality and covered with soil and rammed. After backfilling, it is recommended to spill these areas with water, which will compact the ground even more.

Stage 3. Assembling the stairs

The first to prepare stringers or bowstrings, depending on the type of stairs: they cut a beam under the steps, make grooves. Bearing beams are attached to the wall of the house at a distance of the width of the steps, nailing the edges with nails. The lower ends of the beams are fixed on the supporting pillars of the foundation. The boards are cut to the size of the steps and processed with a planer or grinder, cutting off sharp corners and removing irregularities. Alternately fasten the steps on the stringers, starting from the bottom. All connections are fastened with nails or screws.

After assembling the stairs, the porch platform is sheathed with boards and proceed to the manufacture of handrails. Balusters should be located on each step; they are fastened with screws from the bottom side. An ordinary square beam can act as support posts for the railing, but they look much more beautiful figured balusters. If the appropriate tool is available and free time, you can grind the beam, giving it a more elegant shape.

From above, the balusters are closed with handrails, fixed with self-tapping screws, after which the stairs and the adjacent area are treated with an antiseptic primer. The primer is recommended to be applied in 2-3 layers in order to protect the material as much as possible from the effects of the external environment. In addition, a visor must be installed above the porch, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich will completely cover the wooden structure.

Stage 4. Finishing

Decorate the outdoor wooden stairs you can use stain and varnish. A well-polished surface is covered with a uniform layer of stain, dried and varnished. The varnish must be designed for outdoor use, otherwise the finish will be covered with cracks.

You can cut curly boards with an electric jigsaw and fix them around the perimeter of the railing. There are also options for decorating the steps themselves: they can be made from figuratively carved boards, fastened in a non-standard way, or painted in different colors. The most important thing is to show imagination, then any design will become a work of art!

Video - Make a ladder with your own hands

The design of the entrance in all cultures was given Special attention. The construction of an external staircase leading to the porch can be approached by modern standards in a non-trivial way, referring to the experience of our ancestors, who protected the entrance of the house from various magical symbols. evil people and sorcery. This metaphysical function was performed by the entrance group, which included a canopy, stairs and a porch with a terrace.

How to decorate the entrance to a modern house and how to make a staircase to the porch with your own hands beautiful, comfortable, functional, and also bringing prosperity and comfort to the house? Perhaps our ancestors were too superstitious when they placed various symbols near the front door and on the steps and decorated the entrance with ornamental decor. But these decorative elements will help create a special mood and give the author's look to the design of the entrance group.

Design of the entrance group to the house: basic principles

The appearance of an external staircase as a functional part of the house is largely due to the architectural and functional features of residential buildings. With the help of a ladder structure, unhindered access to the premises was provided on inclined sections, as well as a convenient approach to the door, which was on a hill because of the foundation. This functional element was given exquisite forms. Entrance groups began to include flower beds and adjoining terraces.

3 main functions of the entrance group and external stairs

The main functions of the outdoor stairs include:

• functional: to easily overcome the rise to the front door;
• decorative in relation to the architectural design of the house;
• decorative in relation to landscape design.

When choosing the design of the entrance group and the stairs to the house, keep in mind that, according to tradition, in big houses There are two entrances: front and backyard. The entrance group of the main entrance fully corresponded to the main purpose and was carried out with the monumentality inherent in Russian architecture. The main chambers of the nobility were located above ground floor, so the main staircase, as a rule, went to the 1st floor, and had a high rise. The entrance to traditional Russian estates was combined with a terrace; such a canopy protected not only the residents of the house in bad weather from precipitation, but also the house itself from moisture.

Drawings of external staircases: simple, convenient and affordable options

The choice of staircase and porch design depends on the house, the size of the front door and the canopy. The main task when designing a staircase is to provide a convenient and safe entrance. The angle of the outer staircase should not exceed 24 degrees according to architectural standards, a maximum of 45 degrees. If the conditions of the site do not allow for a comfortable slope, the dimensions of the entrance group are increased, bringing the slope of the staircase to the recommended one and designing it according to the principles of internal structures.

Construction is desirable to start with a project. You can develop it and make drawings with Google Sketch Up 8 is a very simple and affordable program. When designing an entrance group, keep in mind that any design element must be relevant and functional - redundancy harms good design.

The choice of staircase design will depend on practical and decorative functions, materials - on the budget, requirements and design of the house. In the construction of stairs, materials available in the region are often used.

Photos of outdoor stairs: interesting solutions

The photo shows the most advantageous projects of external stairs to a private residential building, the design of which depends on the height of the foundation and the features of the entrance. General principle design should consist in the moderation of the design elements used and in the creation of a single compositional solution for the entrance group of the house in combination with landscape design.

Outdoor stairs: the best solutions

The material for the construction of the stairs depends on a number of parameters and the finish of the structure. A house built of brick or with a “brick-like” facade decor is better to decorate in a single style and use clinker, Bavarian or Flemish brick for this purpose. Proposed a budget option stairs 40-50 cm high built of clinker bricks and fine granite stone.

How to make a small round staircase out of brick and stone:

The result is a staircase with a slight rise in the old style, which can be made from leftovers. building materials. Depending on the budget, you can make a brick staircase, which, when right choice construction, reinforcement and high-quality cladding will serve indefinitely for a long time.

The front staircase to the Russian estate: 2 video lessons

The front staircase to the house, fully meeting the requirements for appearance must be made of appropriate materials. For these purposes, we suggest paying attention to the clinker tiles for stairs from Gres de Aragon from the Terra Natural collection. This staircase is perfect for a wooden and stone house.

The tiles are made in Italy, and the series is fully consistent with the traditions of the design of mosaic steps. Their key feature is the ornamental and mosaic risers, which, according to old beliefs, protect the house from the evil eye.

The installation of such stairs is done using formwork and concrete and tiling. Please note that it is recommended to use a vibratory compactor for dense concrete mass in high stairs.

How to make a porch with your own hands: video

Installation of a concrete external staircase.

Laying clinker tiles.

original wooden stairs

Wooden stairs to the porch with proper care can last a long time. Of all the options for outdoor stairs, two of the most advantageous can be distinguished: a traditional wooden staircase with wrought iron railings and a rustic-style log structure.

Stairs made of wood with forged trim: schemes, tips, videos

Scheme of the device of a wooden staircase

Wooden stairs and terrace decking budget house or in a Russian-style estate, you can do it yourself using home tool, quality wood and modern protective coatings. To reduce the cost of forged fences, we recommend going in two ways:

• buy a basic kit cold forging metal (cost about 1.5 thousand dollars) and make forged decor and railings;
• buy ready-made forged decor from the manufacturer and assemble the fence using a welding machine.

Ladder to the porch with your own hands made of wood: photo

Video instruction: how to make a porch with your own hands wood video

A rustic-style staircase made of logs can be done completely with your own hands. Here is a detailed video tutorial on the preparation and assembly of the structure. All structural elements of such a staircase are cut into a bowl by hand, similar to the construction of a Russian log house. Steps are attached with anchor bolts, which securely hold them on the basis.

The railing of such a staircase can be made of stair poles or ordinary branches. Woodcarving in Russian ornaments contains Vedic amulets, which will also become a successful design element.

Conclusion

A deeper understanding of the functions and principles of building architectural elements, as well as the use traditional ways finishing allows you to create practical and affordable designer designs of outdoor stairs. The review considers three original traditional options with photos and videos of the manufacturing process that will help make an interesting entrance group to your home.