Electrical safety talks in elementary school. Lesson on electrical safety. Methodical manual for educational institutions. Class hour on the topic "Electrical safety"
Classroom hour on the topic "Electrical safety"
Targets and goals: reveal the role of electricity in everyday life, form ideas about how electricity is generated and enters the house, introduce the rules for the safe handling of electrical appliances; show how dangerous electric shock is, what the danger looks like and why it occurs; nurture respect for your life.
Decor: pictures of electrical appliances and electrical safety poster; balls, pens, paper-cut butterflies
Class hour progress
Guess the riddle:
Running without legs
Burning without fire
No teeth but bites . (Electricity)
- Guys, look around, how light it is, good. Let's close our eyes. What happened? ( It became dark).
- But what about the onset of evening, darkness. After all, when it's dark, you can't see anything at all? ( children's answers)
People stopped using candles, and gas lanterns, and kerosene lamps, when one very smart person invented the electric light bulb. It burned brightly and was comfortable and safe. And today, any kid can climb into a chair, flip the switch, and... the light will come on!
Why is the light bulb on? What makes a light bulb work? Guess the riddle:
I run along the paths
I can't do it without a path.
Where am I not guys
Lights won't turn on in the house
To distant villages, cities
Who is on the wire? (Electricity).
Today it is impossible to imagine human life without electrical energy. Electricity- our faithful assistant at home and at school, at work and on vacation, but it becomes very dangerous for a person's life if it is not handled correctly.
In order not to get into trouble, each of you must remember and follow a few very simple rules, which we will talk about today.
First, let's see what is electricity? Where does it come from? The simplest example of a source of electrical energy is battery! All of you guys probably have a lot of toys that run on batteries. If such a toy stops working, then the battery that it has inside has run out of charge.
Who knows what needs to be done so that the toy starts working again? ( children's answers)
Used in our life a large number of electrical appliances. What electrical appliances can you name? (children's answers)
In order for small toys and appliances (for example, a flashlight) to work, there is enough voltage from the batteries, and in order for large appliances to work - a refrigerator, TV or electric heater - much more electricity is needed. Therefore, each electrical outlet has the same voltage as 150 batteries together! This is a lot!
Electricity is transmitted through wires. All of you children have seen such wires on the street, you have seen that the wires are attached to special high poles and descend from them to every house so that every house has such useful electricity.
But the fact is that electricity is not only useful, but also very dangerous!
In order to use electricity correctly and safely, each person needs to know and follow a few very simple rules.
Electricity on the street. Things to remember and do.
Electricity is supplied to the houses, as a rule, through overhead power lines - the so-called poles with wires attached to them. The poles of overhead lines are specially made so high so that people, even by accident, could not touch or approach them.
However, due to strong wind or ice, as well as various other damages on overhead lines, the wires can sag or break. If you touch a broken or sagging wire, you will definitely get a strong electric shock! It is very painful and dangerous! Very often, people get burned and even die from touching the wires!
So guys remember 1st rule:
Do not touch a broken or hanging wire from a support overhead line, climb on supports, trees growing under the wires or buildings next to which electric wires pass!
An electric shock can hit and even kill a person who simply approached a wire that lies on the ground at a distance of less than 8 meters, that is, at a distance equal to ... (visually show a distance of 8 meters using the dimensions of the classroom).
So guys remember 2nd rule.
You must not approach a wire lying on the ground closer than 8 meters, and also do not approach a tree if you notice a broken wire on it!
Now, guys, you and I know that power lines are very dangerous for people, and therefore the wires are suspended on high poles, and from these poles they go down to each house. Where do the wires come from? Where do air lines start?
All overhead lines are connected to transformer substations, in which the voltage is many times greater than the outlet! Of course, such a voltage is even more dangerous for humans, so you need to be able to distinguish transformer substations from other buildings.
Transformer substations may look different. It may be a small brick house, it may be an iron kiosk that looks like a shed, or it may be an iron box standing on poles. In order for someone not to accidentally confuse a very dangerous transformer substation with some other house, special signs are drawn on the doors of the substations. For example, these signs warn all people what to go next. it is forbidden! Can electrocute. ( Show signs)
Of course, in no case should you approach transformer substations, play near them, and even more so go inside or climb on them!
And it will be ours 3rd rule, guys:
It is forbidden to enter transformer substations, touch their doors and gratings, arrange games next to them!
But what should you do if suddenly one of you sees a wire lying on the ground somewhere? Or will he see a transformer substation with open doors? ( children's answers)
In this case, guys, you need to tell adults about everything as soon as possible.
And now let's remember all our rules that we learned today!
Do not touch a broken or hanging wire of an overhead line, climb onto supports or trees growing under the wires!
You can not approach the wire lying on the ground closer than 8 meters!
It is forbidden to enter transformer substations, touch their doors and gratings, arrange games next to them!
If you see a broken or sagging wire, open doors transformer substation or that other children violate the rules for handling electricity - immediately tell an adult!
And there is electricity that is not dangerous, quiet, imperceptible. It lives everywhere, by itself, and if you catch it, then you can play with it very interestingly. I invite you to the country "Magic items where we will learn how to catch electricity.
Experiences.
There is a ball hanging on the wall and colorful balls on the floor. I suggest hanging them on the wall. ( The students try to hang them on the wall, they fail).
Teacher:
- Why is this ball hanging, while yours are falling? ( children's guesses).
Let's turn our balls into magic ones, and I'll show you how to do it. It is necessary to rub the ball on the hair and attach it to the wall with the side that was rubbed. So your balls are hanging, they have become magical. This happened due to the fact that electricity lives in our hair, and we caught it when we began to rub the ball against our hair. He became electric, so he was drawn to the wall.
When else can you see electricity in your hair? ( when we comb).
What happens to the hair then? ( they become electrified, become naughty, stick out in different directions).
Conclusion
:
Hair also has electricity.
2. And now we will try to make other items magical.
Take pens and touch paper butterflies. What do you see? ( lie still).
Now we will make these pens magical, electric, and they will attract. Take a piece of woolen scarf and rub it on your pen. Slowly bring the pen to the butterflies and slowly lift it up. Butterflies will also rise. Why? The handles became electric and the butterflies stuck to them, attracted. How did the handles become electric? They were rubbed with a piece of scarf.
Conclusion:
electricity lives not only in hair, but also in clothes.
Safety precautions (poster work)
Electricity is our friend and helper. But it can become our enemy if you do not know the rules for the safe use of electricity.
Carnations and fingers
Do not plug into a socket.
Electricity is dangerous
This is what everyone should know
1. Use electrical outlets only for their intended purpose.
2. In case of any breakdown, call the master.
3. Do not turn on electrical appliances in wet areas.
4. Stay away from damaged electrical wires.
5. Do not open electrical panels.
6. Do not leave the included iron unattended.
Remember: (learn with students)
Current runs through the wires
Light brings us to the apartment.
For the devices to work
Refrigerator, monitors.
coffee grinders, vacuum cleaner,
The current brought energy.
So, we will use electricity only for its intended purpose, that is, use it correctly.
Outcome:
Electricity friend or foe?
What electrical safety rules do you remember?
Guys, what do you think, we learned everything about electricity today? ( children's answers)
Of course not, we only touched on this topic superficially, and you will study it more deeply in high school in physics lessons.
Teacher . Well, don't bother us. Ivan Tsarevich, show us your riddles
(Ivan Tsarevich shows a crossword puzzle)
Teacher. Yes, a big crossword puzzle. Let's think.
Question 1: keyword (longest) - whose blows should be guarded against? Remember what concept Light Bulb explained to you?
Children . From electric current.
teacher b . That's right, well done!
(Baba Yaga and Leshy are unhappy, they start making noise. Ivan Tsarevich stops them.)
teacher b. And now the word with the letter L. Remember who was the guest at the beginning of the lesson.
Children . Bulb,
teacher b. Right.
Baba Yaga (Leshem). So look, wooden, they will guess everything.
L eat th (concerned) I don't really know.
Ivan Tsarevich . I knew that the guys are very smart, and in vain you laughed.
teacher b. Well, shall we guess further? Which hands should not touch electrical appliances?
Children . Wet.
Teacher. That's right guys! You seem to have listened attentively to the stories of the hunters. And now the question follows: what is the electric current, if you follow all the rules when handling it?
Det and. Kind.
Teacher . Well done! You're not tired? Let's try, there are only 3 words left.
Ivan Tsarevich . Guys, think a little more, please, otherwise I would never guess without you.
Baba Yaga and Leshy . Come on guys, look what's on the street
weather, go for a walk.
Teacher . Well, let's help Ivan Tsarevich, and then we'll take a walk? Children, but there is such a proverb: “I did the job, walk boldly” (Children agree.)
teacher b . Well, listen: what can you not stand under during a thunderstorm?
Children . Under the tree.
Teacher . Very well, but what kind of electric current is there if you make him angry?
Children. Evil.
Baba Yaga (To Leshy) Let's run, otherwise we'll have to tell Ivan Tsarevich everything about the bride.
(Ivan Tsarevich holds them back.)
Teacher . Well, here is the last question: what do all children love, but this cannot be done during a thunderstorm?
Children . Bathe!
Test for knowledge of key electrical safety rules
Where does man meet electricity?
What are the main causes of electric shock to a person?
Why is it dangerous to use electrical appliances without adult permission?
Is it possible to use the TV, kettle, vacuum cleaner if they are faulty?
What should be done if the contacts in the socket sparkle and smell burnt?
Why can't you touch the bare ends of the wire?
How should you behave on the street so as not to get an electric shock?
What should you pay attention to when choosing a place to play? And for fishing?
What should you do if you see a broken wire on the street?
How to provide first aid to the victim from the action of electric current?
What do warning signs mean?
Electrical safety class primary school
Target: teach children safe behavior at home
Lesson goals.
Educational : 1. Expand the question: what is electric current
2. Formulate ways to solve the problem of saving electricity.
Developing: 1. To promote the development of students' creative abilities, the ability to work with scientific information, analyze, compare, and express their point of view.
Educational: 1. To form a positive attitude towards the problem of saving energy costs, a sense of responsibility in the operation of electrical appliances.
Tasks : To introduce children to electric current, using it in everyday life;
Teach careful handling of electricity to prevent injury;
Familiarize yourself with the rules of electrical safety;
Cultivate a caring attitude towards electricity;
Equipment: rubber balls, pieces of woolen cloth according to the number of children, posters with electrical safety signs.
Problem: Each of us is a consumer of electricity. Can we contribute to solving the problem? Can electricity consumption be reduced without sacrificing comfort levels? What safety precautions should be observed when using electrical appliances?
Teacher: Hello guys! Today we have an unusual lesson with you, and try to guess what we are going to talk about by listening to the poem.
My grandfather is a big fan of fables.
Tells me about this, about this,
And so that the meaning is always clear,
I myself read about everything.
Long ago it was time
Food was cooked by the fire
As soon as the sun rises,
Lights out - as darkness comes.
But times have changed
And the life of miracles is now full.
Can we turn on the computer
And call a distant city
Catch the waves moving
To treat people in a new way,
Do not heat the stove with firewood,
Surprise with a new fireplace
And warm and feed
What needs to be brightly lit.
After all, electricity is our friend.
But you have to be smart to suddenly.
Didn't turn into an enemy.
To the detriment did not take a step.
The moral of this story is -
The head should work.
And you have to do everything wisely
To not shed tears later.
Teacher:
So, what are we going to talk about today? Presentation #1 (slide #1)
(children's answers ) That's right, about the electric current. Do you know what it is and where does the electric current come from? (children's answers ) and now we will conduct an experiment.
Experience with a balloon and cloth. When you rub objects on a cloth, they receive energy, so they begin to attract lighter objects, rubbing the balls on a woolen cloth, we saw that small, small pieces of paper) objects are attracted to the ball.
This happens because the ball has received energy, in other words, it has become electrified.
There is safe electricity, as in the case of balls dangerous, that goes through the wires.
Please give examples of electrical appliances that a person uses.
(children's answers)
Teacher:
For the first time, the ability of rubbed bodies to attract light objects to themselves was discovered by ancient Greek weavers. They drew attention to the fact that individual parts of the machines made of amber, when rubbed against wool, attracted fluffs, dust particles, straws and other light objects. This property was attributed only to amber. from the name of which the word "electricity" originated, which comes from the Greek word "electron" - amber.
Poem
We are twin sisters
We are called parts.
We come to help you
When we get charged.
We run along thin and thick wires,
And at the right moment we get to you.
Which sisters are you talking about?
What are their names?
And they are called the smallest charged particles. (slide number 2)
Electricity is a stream of tiny charged particles - electrons. Each electron carries a small charge of energy. When these electrons accumulate a lot, an electrical voltage occurs.
How do you think electricity gets into our house?
(children's answers)
Right on the wires. (slide number 3)
Just as water runs through a hose, so electricity enters our home through wires. And it comes to the wires from power plants, and the very first power plants were wind turbines (slide number 4)
What do you think is the importance of electricity for us?
(children's answers)
And tell me, is there a profession in the world that could do without electric current?
Who invented electricity?
(slide number 5)
How did the first light bulb come about?
First, in the ancient era, an oil lamp appeared - a clay or metal teapot with oil, through the spout of which a wick was passed (slide No. 6)
The lamp smoked for many centuries, then in the middle of the 19th century kerosene was obtained from oil, a kerosene lamp appeared (slide number 7)
At the same time, they invented and mastered gas, and they came to our house gas-burners(slide number 8)
Now guess the riddles (riddles about the light bulb)
She looks like a pear on the outside,
Whist idle during the day.
And lights up the house at night.
Spent under the ceiling
Amazing lace.
Screwed on the bubble
The fire has lit up!
A pear tree hangs from the ceiling.
And do not think to eat a pear,
Shine like the sun
Drop it - it will break!
Leading:
The lamp will burn for a day
One hundred kilos of coal will burn!
If she shines in vain,
Where is the savings in raw materials?
Who invented the light bulb?
(slide number 9 photo of Thomas Edison)
Guys, what do you think, is it possible to save electricity?
(children's answers)
But as?
(children's answers)
(slide number 10 "Rules of economical and thrifty guys)
(slide number 11)
(slide number 12)
(slide number 13)
(slide number 14)
(slide number 15)
(slide number 16)
(slide number 17)
(slide number 18)
(slide number 19)
TOK comes in
Hello, friends! I'll give you a riddle. and you guess who I am.
On the path I run
I can't do without a path
Where am I guys not-
The lights won't turn on in the house! (children's answers)
CURRENT: That's right, my name is electric current. What do you know about me (children's answers)
TOK: Right guys. Now I will make riddles, and you will guess them. For each correct answer, I will give you a token, the one who collects more tokens will be awarded the title of chief electrician.
*Beware of dust and debris,
I'll deal with you live!
And don't hide in the corners
I’ll still find you there! (slide number 20) (vacuum cleaner)
*This device is ideal
Heats up water instantly.
Just turn it on
Soon we can drink tea! (slide No. 21) (teapot)
* The whole universe lives in it
And the thing is extraordinary (slide number 22) (TV)
*Perform the magic circle
And my friend will hear me! (slide number 23) (phone)
* In the summer, our dad brought
Frost in the white box
And now the frost is gray
Houses in summer and winter.
Protects products
Meat, fish, fruits (slide number 24) (refrigerator)
* to distant villages-cities
Who goes to the cities?
Light Majesty-
It……. (-ELECTRICITY)
CURRENT:
You guys are great! Let's count the tokens earned (winner's ribbon award)
TOK: Now let's play a game. I will name the object, and if it is electric, you sit, and if it is not electric, get up (TV, plate, light bulb, tree, plane, chair. refrigerator. fork. iron, etc.)
TOK: Well done guys! I am sure that you have learned what an electric current is, I can safely leave you and go to other guys! Goodbye!
Host: Electricity helps us a lot. but he demands respect for himself: he wants to be treated as it should be. (presentation No. 2 "Electrical safety rules")
Leading:
Guys. Do not upset your parents with your rash actions! Warn your comrades against dangerous pranks near electrical objects! this will save his life!
Every year in Russia, due to ignorance of safety rules, personal negligence and attempts to steal wires and non-ferrous metal, about 70 people die and 130 are injured from exposure to electric current. Think about these numbers - these people were victims of their own carelessness, violating the rules of elementary safety. Summer is coming, and on the eve of the holidays, schoolchildren need to remember the rules that everyone should know. We continue a series of lessons on electrical safety.
How dangerous is electricity?
Electrical appliances you use at home and at school, electrical networks and substations that you pass in the yard and on the street are safe during normal operation. Power engineers took care to exclude accidental contact with live parts. All electrical installations have a fence, warning signs and safety posters and are locked. However, with various insulation damages, wire breaks, climbing poles, penetration into substations and electrical panels, a real threat to life arises.
The magnitude of the current is greater, the higher the voltage under which the person turned out to be.
The safe voltage is 12 volts. Most widely used in industry and agriculture and everyday life received electrical networks with a voltage of 220 and 380 volts: the first - for lighting and household appliances, the second - for three-phase electric motors of machines and mechanisms. This voltage is economically beneficial, but very dangerous for humans.
Rules for handling electricity in everyday life
1. Do not use electrical appliances without adult permission.
2. You must not replace light bulbs and fuses, repair electrical wiring and household appliances, open the back covers of televisions and radios, install bells, switches and sockets yourself. Let an adult or a qualified electrician do it.
3. Do not use switches, sockets, plugs, bell buttons with broken covers, as well as household appliances with damaged, charred and twisted cords. And do not pass by such facts, especially do not break the covers of switches, bells, sockets out of mischief, damaging the electrical wiring. By doing so, you are committing an offense equal to a crime, since this can lead to the death of people.
4. Do not use faulty electrical appliances. If the TV, refrigerator or vacuum cleaner smells of burnt rubber, if sparks are visible, you must immediately unplug the device from the mains and tell adults about the faulty device.
5. When turning off the appliance, do not pull on the cord. Grab the plug and gently pull it out of the socket.
6. Remember: electricity does not tolerate proximity to water (in order not to get an electric shock, do not touch the included electrical appliances with wet hands or wipe electrical appliances with a damp cloth).
Rules of conduct near power facilities
Power facilities are air and cable lines transmission lines, substations, transformer substations, distribution points.
Overhead power lines with a voltage of 35, 110 kilovolts and above are responsible for the power supply of cities and towns. Overhead and cable power lines with a voltage of 6 and 10 kilovolts are responsible for power supply within cities and towns, as well as rural settlements. Power lines with a voltage of 380 volts provide electricity to multi-apartment residential buildings, and 220 volts - to individual apartments.
Substations are designed to reduce the voltage in the AC network and to distribute electricity. Transformer substations are located in every settlement and, due to their ubiquity, pose a particular danger to the population!
1. In no case should you touch or even approach broken wires hanging or lying on the ground.
2. It is deadly dangerous to climb high-voltage power lines, play under them, make fires, break insulators on supports, throw wires and other objects on wires, and fly kites under wires.
3. In no case should you open stair switchboards located in the entrances of houses, climb on the roofs of houses and buildings where electrical wires pass nearby, go into transformer boxes, switchboards and other electrical rooms, touch electrical equipment, wires with your hands.
4. If you see a broken wire, open or damaged doors of transformer boxes or electrical panels, do not touch anything and inform an adult immediately.
5. In the summer, when going camping or fishing, it is dangerous to stop to rest near overhead power lines or substations and fish under the wires of the power line.
What is step voltage?
An electric shock can also be received a few meters from a broken, lying on the ground or sagging wire, due to step voltage. Therefore, let's agree to consider any wire or electrical appliance as being energized! Even if two dozen people touched it before you. And suddenly, at the very moment when you picked up the wire, someone a few kilometers away from you turned on the switch or pressed the switch!
If, nevertheless, a person got into the zone of "" step voltage, it is impossible to tear off the soles from the surface of the earth. You should move away from the wire with a “goose step” - the heel of the walking leg, without leaving the ground, is attached to the toe of the other leg. Remember, when you see a broken wire lying on the ground, in no case approach it at a distance closer than 8 meters.
How does electric current affect the human body?
The danger of electric current is that without special devices it is impossible to feel whether a given part of the electrical installation is energized or not: electricity has no taste, smell and operates silently. Therefore, people often do not realize the danger and do not take the necessary protective measures.
A person, touching the current-carrying parts of electrical installations and uninsulated wires under voltage, is included in the electrical circuit. Under the influence of voltage, an electric current flows through his body, which disrupts the normal functioning of the body. The most unfavorable outcome of the lesion will be in cases where the touch occurred with wet hands in a damp or hot room. In addition, it matters which way the current passes in the human body, whether it touches the heart, chest, brain and spinal cord.
The immediate causes of death of a person struck by an electric current are the cessation of the heart, respiratory arrest due to paralysis of the chest muscles and electric shock.
Why are electric shocks among the most severe types of injuries?
Electric shocks are one of the most severe types of injuries. The human body is 80% water. And she conducts electricity well. Damage from electric current is determined by the strength of the current and the duration of its impact. The lower the resistance of the human body, the higher the current. Resistance decreases under the influence of the following factors:
High voltage;
skin moisture;
Long exposure time;
Lowering the partial pressure of oxygen in the air: in the mountains, in poorly ventilated rooms, a person becomes much more vulnerable;
Increasing the content of carbon dioxide in the air;
High air temperature;
Carelessness, mental unpreparedness for a possible electric shock.
The central region suffers most from the action of electric current. nervous system. Due to its damage, breathing and cardiac activity are disturbed.
Electrical burns are much more difficult to heal than conventional thermal burns. Some consequences of an electrical injury may appear after a few hours, days, months. The victim must live in a "sparing" mode for a long time and be under the supervision of specialists.
CHECK YOURSELF!
Task 1
You went fishing on a pond. There is a power line nearby. The distance from where you are is 7 - 10 meters. How long should the fishing rod be so that fishing does not end with an electric shock, given that the fishing rod is made of carbon fiber - a conductor of electric current, and there is high humidity near the reservoir?
Answer: The length of the fishing rod with fishing line should be such that it does not accidentally touch the wires. Otherwise, fatal injury cannot be avoided.
Task 2
You were playing with a friend at home and he suddenly got electrocuted. He has convulsions, but he cannot unhook from the wire. What are your actions?
Answer: If a person has come under the influence of an electric current, it is necessary, first of all, to quickly (every second is precious!) Release the victim from the action of an electric current, since a person who is under voltage cannot, due to convulsions or loss of consciousness, independently break away from the wire , body of the device. If this happens indoors, turn off the wire or device by turning off the switch, unplugging the plug from the socket, turning off the circuit breakers at the electricity meter, unscrewing the fuses at the electricity meter. But in real conditions, this is quite difficult to do. Adults will do it better, or energy specialists. Call them for help!
Task 3
A storm has come. Thunder rumbles and lightning flashes are visible. How do you know how close a thunderstorm is to where you are?
Answer: The speed of light is faster than the speed of sound. Therefore, we often see a flash of lightning, and only a few seconds later we hear thunder. It is known that sound propagates in air at a speed of 330 m/s. Therefore, it is enough to multiply this figure by the seconds by which the sound "lags behind" the flash of light - and you will get the distance to the epicenter of the thunderstorm.
IMPORTANT!
How is theft from power facilities punished?
Theft of wire from a line or equipment from a substation is a criminal offense, and adults, in order to avoid punishment, offer children to take part in the theft of non-ferrous metals from energy facilities. As a result, children receive serious burns and injuries.
Remember that it is deadly dangerous to agree to illegal actions to steal equipment from energy facilities that adults or even friends can push you to. In addition, theft of power equipment entails punishment under Part 2 of Art. 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - "Theft of another's property" in the form of imprisonment for up to 5 years and compensation for material damage caused.
On the eve of the summer holidays, we hope that our electrical safety lesson will be useful in the work of counselors and teachers of children's health and school camps. Send us stories and photo reports about the most interesting lessons to the address: 454091, Chelyabinsk, st. Red, 4, office 606.
We're talking to you guys! Remember: electricity is dangerous! Do not forget about simple safety rules that can save the life of you, your friends and loved ones!
Introduction
Representation of the danger of electric current
Danger to human life is represented by electrical installations of any voltage. Remember: there is no safe current!
Electrical installations are equipment used by power engineers to transmit electrical energy, as well as all household appliances that surround us in everyday life.
A person, touching the current-carrying parts of electrical installations and uninsulated wires under voltage, is included in the electrical circuit. Under the influence of voltage, an electric current flows through his body, which disrupts the normal functioning of the body, which causes convulsions, breathing stops and the heart stops, severe burns occur. The person may die or become disabled.
The greater the amount of current flowing through the body, the more dangerous it is!
The magnitude of the current is greater, the higher the voltage under which the person turned out to be.
Voltage is considered safe 12 volts. The most widespread in industry and agriculture and everyday life are electrical networks, voltage 220 - 380 volts(220 volts - for lighting and household appliances, 380 volts - for three-phase electric motors and other industrial consumers). But this voltage is very dangerous for a person.
The greatest number of fatal electrical injuries occur with people who are under voltage of 220 - 380 volts.
Electrical appliances that you use at home and at school, electrical networks and substations that you pass in the yard, on the street and in the field, are safe during normal operation. Designers and power engineers took care to exclude accidental contact with live parts.
However, with various insulation damages, wire breaks, climbing poles, penetration into substations and electrical switchboards, games near electrical equipment, a real threat to life arises.
That is why it is so important for everyone to know the rules for handling electrical appliances and other electrical installations, in time to warn a friend about the danger of pranks near electrical lines and substations, to be able to protect yourself and other people when damage is detected in electrical network.
Electricity at home
The rules for handling electrical appliances are not complicated and easy to remember:
1). You must not replace light bulbs and fuses, repair electrical wiring and household appliances, open the back covers of televisions and radios, install bells, switches and sockets yourself. Have an adult or an electrician do it!
2). Do not use switches, sockets, plugs, bell buttons with broken covers, as well as household appliances with damaged, charred or twisted cords. It is very dangerous!
You should not pass by such facts. Inform adults about injuries in a timely manner!
Remember, breaking covers of switches, bells, plug sockets for the sake of pranks, damaging electrical wiring, you thereby commit a misdemeanor equal to a crime, as this can lead to death of people.
3). The danger of electric shock to people is very high in rooms with earthen, cement and concrete floors, well conducting electric current (these are bathrooms, baths, sheds, garages, basements). Electrical appliances and portable electric lamps should be used in these rooms. voltage 12 volts connected through a special step-down transformer. The same voltage should be used for portable appliances and lamps used in the garden, garden and yard.
Some people neglect this and plug household electrical appliances directly into the 220 volt network in bathrooms, use portable electric lamps in garages and basements, install electric stoves in damp rooms and sheds, and such violations lead to sad consequences.
Examples:
The boy decided to prepare lessons in the evening in the garden. Taking it through an extension cord with a voltage of 220 volts table lamp, in which the insulation of internal wires was damaged, he began to leave the house. In the room, a small electric current was apparently running through his body, which he did not feel, since the dry wooden floor offered a lot of resistance. But as soon as the boy touched the ground, the resistance dropped sharply, the current increased, and the boy was fatally electrocuted.
A 16-year-old young man arbitrarily wired 220 V to the cellar and, when screwing in the lamp, touched the base with his finger and died.
There are cases of death of people who replaced electric lamps and repaired electrical wiring under voltage, standing on radiators, water pipes, bathtubs, gas stoves and other well-grounded objects or by touching them.
Remember!
It is forbidden to use electrical appliances and portable electric lamps with a voltage of 220 volts indoors and on outdoors in the presence of earthen, cement, concrete and other floors that conduct electric current well, as well as in dry rooms in which the possibility of simultaneously touching an electrical appliance and well-grounded objects is not ruled out.
4). If you, having touched the body of an electrical appliance, pipes and taps of water supply, gas, heating, bath and other metal objects If you feel a “tingle” or “shake”, this means that this object is energized as a result of some kind of damage to the electrical network. This is a serious danger signal!
In other, worse conditions (for example, standing barefoot on a wet floor), touching the same live object again can result in a fatal electric shock.
What needs to be done in these cases:
Immediately disconnect the damaged electrical appliance from the mains;
If there is voltage on the pipes, bath, etc., immediately turn off the power supply using circuit breakers or unscrew the fuses at the electricity meter;
Warn others about the danger and immediately report the incident to an adult!
Examples:
When crossing with the rod raised up under the overhead line, he touched the wire with the rod and an 18-year-old boy died.
A 6-year-old boy died from an electrical injury he received when he touched a wire on the roof one-story house where he played with friends.
3). Of great danger are the wires of overhead lines located in the crown of trees or shrubs or close to them. Do not touch or shake such trees, especially in wet weather! They serve as a conductor of electricity.
Example:
A 7-year-old boy, playing in the courtyard of the house, climbed a high birch and, swinging on the branches, approached the wires of a 10 kilovolt line and was struck by an electric shock.
4). Games near overhead power lines and transformer substations lead to sad consequences, and often the mischief and recklessness of individual children.
Example:
Out of mischief, the guys threw a thin wire onto one of the wires of an overhead power line and died from an electric shock.
5). It is important to know that you can get under voltage without touching the current-carrying parts, but only by approaching them. In the air gap between the electrical installation and the human body, an electric arc will occur and cause burns incompatible with life.
Examples:
A teenager climbed onto a metal support of an overhead line with a voltage of 110 kilovolts in order to frighten away a pigeon from it with a stick. Approaching the wire, he was fatally electrocuted.
A 5-grader, who was playing with his peers next to the electrical installation, despite the warning posters, climbed up the cell doors to the roof of the electrical installation, approached live parts and was shocked.
A 14-year-old teenager broke the ventilation grill of a transformer substation and climbed into it in order to steal non-ferrous metal. Having accidentally touched live parts, he got energized and died.
Two boys from the embankment climbed onto the roof of the transformer substation to play. They approached high-voltage wires and received an electric shock. One of them was disabled.
- play near overhead power lines and substations;
- make throws on the wires of overhead lines and launch a "kite" near them;
- climb on the supports of overhead lines, attach ladders and other objects to them;
- penetrate the fence, inside or on the roof of substations, open the doors of electrical panels;
- climb onto the roofs of houses and structures, as well as trees, if there are power lines nearby.
6). In the summer, while on a hike, it is dangerous to stop to rest near overhead power lines or substations.
Example:
The family rested on the river bank, putting up a tent in a cozy corner under the wires of an overhead power line. From a gust of wind, the tree fell on the wires, breaking the wire, and it fell to the ground near a 15-year-old girl who at that time was sunbathing near the tent. The girl was fatally electrocuted. Her mother, trying to help, approached her daughter's body and also died.
Remember!
Conclusion
Guys, do not upset your parents with your rash actions! Stop, warn your comrade against dangerous pranks near power facilities! This will save his life!
If a wire break, sparking, damage to poles, insulators, open or damaged doors of transformer substations or electrical panels, torn signs and posters on electrical safety are found, in order to avoid accidents, adults and the RES must be immediately informed.
Sometimes it seems that trouble can happen to anyone, but not to us. This is a deceptive impression!
Be careful guys! Protect your life and the lives of your friends
Lesson on electrical safety for high school students
Introduction
Guys! You are well aware of the important role played by electricity in the national economy, everyday life and education. It gives us light, heat, sets in motion various mechanisms that facilitate human work. Electricity has taken such a strong place in our lives that now it is simply impossible to do without it. She is our indispensable assistant. But, providing great help to people, electricity is fraught with mortal danger for those who do not know or neglect the rules of electrical safety, do not know how to handle household appliances, and violate the rules of behavior near power facilities.
Logvinenko Lyudmila Viktorovna, teacher-organizer of OBZH MBOU "Smorodinskaya secondary school" Graivoronsky district, Belgorod region
Life safety lesson in grade 5 on the topic: “Beware of electricity!”
Self-analysis of the topic of the lesson. According to statistics, recently there have been many cases of electrical injuries in everyday life due to non-compliance with the rules for the operation of electrical household appliances. Particularly susceptible to electric shock are children who know little about the danger that awaits them while playing near power facilities. This topic is relevant at any age and at any time of the year, but it is especially important to repeat the electrical safety rules before the holidays. After all, children often stay at home alone during the holidays and use electrical appliances on their own, without adult supervision. This lesson was held before the autumn holidays and contributed to the actualization of students' knowledge about the correct handling of electrical appliances and the rules of conduct near power facilities.
Topic:"Caution - electricity!"
Lesson Objectives:
1. Create conditions for the generalization and expansion of schoolchildren's knowledge about electricity.
2. Organize the activities of students to repeat the rules for the safe handling of electrical appliances.
3. Contribute to the development of a safe lifestyle, the desire to take care of their health and the health of their loved ones.
Lesson type: generalization and systematization of knowledge.
Lesson plan:
What will be discussed?
Electricity: friend or foe?
What is it like?
How does it hurt a person?
How to avoid it?
How not to get hurt during a thunderstorm?
Who are they - amazing and dangerous animals?
Equipment: laptop, multimedia equipment, "Safe Travel" presentation, electrical safety warning signs, pictures of electrical appliances, "Electrical Safety" crossword puzzle, electrical test, reminders for parents.
During the classes:
Organizing time. Good afternoon guys! I'm glad to see you at the OBZh lesson. I wish you good luck and good mood. Smile at your neighbor. May everything work out for you. (slide 1 - Appendix 1)
Formulation of the topic of the lesson and setting the objectives of the lesson. See what these drawings have in common? (slide 2) What will be discussed in the lesson? Indeed, the topic of our lesson is “Beware of electricity!” (slide 3)
Actualization of students' knowledge
What role does electricity play in our lives? Think electricity is friend or foe? (slide 4)
Why is electric current dangerous? What are the consequences of electric shock to a person? (slide 5)
What is the characteristic of electric current? (slide 6)
Can a person detect an electric current in advance? How to warn a person about the danger of electric shock? (slide 7) Where can you see such signs? Where did you see such signs at school? (Annex 2)
Remember what electrical safety rules on the street do you know? (slide 9)
Power facilities are overhead and cable power lines, substations, transformer substations, distribution points.
Rules of conduct near power facilities
Do not go into transformer boxes and electrical installations.
Do not throw anything on the wires or play near them.
Don't steal or help steal electrical wires.
Don't climb on the supports.
Do not approach broken wires closer than 8-10 meters.
Learning new material.
Teacher's explanation. Do you know why it is impossible to approach broken wires closer than 8-10 meters? Do you want to know the correct answer?
Pay attention to the picture on the slide (slide 10). The danger zone is marked with circles. There is a risk of electric shock if exposed to "step voltage"- this is the voltage that occurs when a wire breaks and falls to the ground of an existing power line of 0.4 kV and above. The current flow path does not stop unless the power line has been disconnected. The earth is a conductor of electric current and becomes, as it were, a continuation of the power transmission wire. Any point on the surface of the earth, located at the spreading point, receives a certain potential, which decreases as it moves away from the point of contact of the wire with the ground. Electric shock occurs when a person's feet touch two points on the ground that have different electrical potentials. Therefore, step voltage is the potential difference between two points of contact with the ground, the wider the step, the greater the potential difference and the more likely an electric shock.
Familiarity with the rules of "step voltage":
DO NOT run or approach a lying wire or a person on the ground by running or walking!
DO NOT lift your soles off the ground and take big steps!
You should only move with a “goose step” - the heel of the walking leg, without leaving the ground, is attached to the toe of the other leg.
It is UNACCEPTABLE to touch the victim or metal objects without first de-energizing!
Turn off the electricity as soon as possible using a switch, breaker, unplug, etc.
3. Practical work: working out the "goose step". Stand up and show how to goose step - the heel of the walking leg, without leaving the ground, is attached to the toe of the other leg.
Fizminutka. Didactic game"No Rule for Electrical Appliances"(slide 11).
Drawings of electrical appliances are hung in the classroom: washing machine, microwave, iron, hair dryer, vacuum cleaner, etc. Students need to stand up, take a drawing and name the rule for operating the device, which begins with the words cannot. The one who sits at the table last will lose.
Generalization and systematization of students' knowledge.
Rules of conduct during a thunderstorm. Look at the picture. What is shown on it? (lightning bolt) How does it relate to the topic of our lesson? Remember the rules of conduct during a thunderstorm. (slide 12)
It's interesting and dangerous.(slide 13) Name the animals shown in the picture. The electric eel generates more than 500 watts of electricity, and electric Stingray up to 300W. The energy generated by the ramp is enough to start the engines of 50 cars.
Solving a problem situation.
Reading a poem:
What are sockets for?
Adults and children know:
We always insert into them
From wire appliances.
foreign gizmos
(Everyone should be clear!)
Nails, studs, needles, knitting needles
It's dangerous to stick in them!
But what about small children who do not yet know the rules? (slide 14) Advice for parents with small children: cover sockets or install safe sockets.
Checking the studied material.
Collective work. Solving the crossword puzzle "Electrical safety". (Annex 3)
Crossword questions:
Running without legs
Burning without fire
No teeth, but bites. (Electricity)
Hanging pear - you can not eat. (bulb)
Which hands should not touch electrical appliances? (wet)
What can't you stand under during a thunderstorm? (wood)
What can not be done during a thunderstorm? (bathe)
What is the current like when it is angered? (evil)
Individual work. Testing. Perform an electrical test. Check yourself. (slide 16) (Appendix 4)
Grading a lesson.
Summary of the lesson.
What will you tell your parents at home? What have you done before and won't do after this lesson?
Homework
Draw a rule for electrical safety.
Tell parents about electrical safety. (Annex 5)
Reflection
Guys who have learned the rules well and will not break them, attach a warning sign “Caution - electricity” to the thunderstorm drawing (Appendix 6)
Bibliographic list
Electrical Safety Rules of OAO Belgorodenergo "On Electricity for Children".
Materials of the competition of video lessons on the prevention of electrical injuries "The best electrical safety lesson".
JSC "Altaienergo" website.
This lesson development is intended for students in grades 4-6. It can be used by OBZH teachers, primary school teachers and class teachers when repeating electrical safety rules before the holidays. The proposed material contributes to the actualization of students' knowledge about electricity, the rules for handling electrical household appliances, the rules of behavior near power facilities, during a thunderstorm.