Smart home connection. Smart Home (The Very Beginning) - Part 1. Available technologies and their features

When you start construction, you want everything to be done as quickly as possible, cheaper and more reliable. All these factors can be satisfied by a house built from cinder block with your own hands. This building material can be made independently. We will consider both the technology of its production and the construction process from marking to roof installation.

Advantages and disadvantages

At some point in time, the cinder block became very popular. This is explained by the fact that the waste material that remained after the smelting of the metal had to be used somewhere. It was decided to use it as a filler for building components. And so this artificial stone appeared. But then he was not distinguished by the best qualities, because from an environmental point of view, he had certain shortcomings. It had to be kept on the street for about a year and only after that put into work. Today the situation is a little different and it seems to be the most popular material for the construction of low buildings. Its strengths are:

• Long service life. With the right approach, the stone will last about 100 years.
• Good thermal insulation. Thanks to the manufacturing method with air chambers, the material perfectly retains heat.
• High build speed. Due to the large dimensions, the walls can be driven out much faster than from ordinary bricks.
• Resistant to the development of fungus and mold.
• The possibility of an individual approach to the size.
• The material is unloved by rodents and other pests.
• A house made of such material is easy to repair.

Flaws:

• It absorbs moisture well, which leads to a loss of heat capacity.
• Poor plaster adhesion to this building block.
• The impossibility of erecting a building more than 2 floors.
• The need for rapid construction of the roof. The fact is that the expelled walls cannot be left uncovered for a long time, because this will lead to their rapid destruction.
• The importance of strict adherence to masonry technology.
• The need for a high foundation.
• News construction works important in dry weather.
• Poor tolerance of building shrinkage. In this case, a split is possible not at the seams, but along the blocks themselves.

If you decide to purchase cinder blocks, then there are a few nuances that you should pay attention to. Well, if it is possible to take measurements with a dosimeter. Thanks to this, you can determine how environmentally friendly the material is. Look at the conditions under which it was stored. It is important that this is not an open space where it is exposed to precipitation. It should not have chips or cracks. Using a tape measure, you need to check its dimensions. Parallel sides must match.

The manufacturing technology is quite simple. To successfully move in this direction, it will be necessary to acquire some equipment, as well as accurately maintain proportions. So, the first step is to design a vibrotamper. For this you will need:

• sheet metal 3 mm thick;
• pipe with a diameter of 75–80 mm;
• Bulgarian;
• welding machine;
• roulette;
• electric motor to create vibration.

The engine can be used from an old washing machine or from a grinder. Large power is not required. The main thing is to correctly place the weight, which will shift the center of gravity.

The sequence of work will be as follows:

• Blanks are cut out of metal. Two of them are 200×400 mm, the other two are 200×200 mm.
• They need to be welded together to make a small box.
• Cut three pieces of pipe 170 mm each. The size is smaller along the length so that the thickness of the bottom wall is at least 30 mm.
• Cuts are made along the end of the sleeves to a depth of 50 mm. One of the sides is given the appearance of a truncated cone.
• From the other end, cuts are made to a depth of 50 mm. A strip of metal 400 mm long is placed in them. It connects all three elements together.
• The ends of the pipes are closed with plugs.
• This design is placed in a box and fixed to the walls.
• A side is welded along the upper end of the container to make it more convenient to backfill and ram the solution.
• Additionally, you can make a mechanism by which the box will rise up. To do this, you can use a profile square pipe. If there is no desire to complicate, then it is enough to weld two handles on the sides of the box.
• An engine is attached to the large side. To do this, four bolts are welded to the wall so that their location coincides with the holes on the apparatus body. It is pressed with washers and nuts of a suitable diameter.
• Additionally, a cover is made, which improves the tamping. For it, you need a sheet of metal 195 × 395 mm. It is necessary to make holes for the pipes in it (they should be 5 mm larger diameter sleeves) and cut into two pieces lengthwise. This must be done so that it calmly sinks and does not rest against the partition that secures the hollows. The parts are interconnected using brackets made of reinforcement. It is also necessary to make a depth limiter, which will exclude its immersion deeper than 5 cm.
• In order to speed up the work, you can combine several of these containers with each other.
• Two bolts are welded onto the motor shaft on both sides. This must be done symmetrically. In the future, in order to adjust the frequency and strength of vibrations, it will be enough to screw the required number of nuts.
• The final touch will be a thorough polishing and painting. This is necessary so that subsequently the solution lags better.

Today on sale there are many options for ready-made machines. If you do not want to waste time and energy, then you can simply buy or rent it.

The key to durable and resistant to various influences blocks is a properly prepared solution. If a compactor is used, it must be sufficiently dry. If it is incorrect to calculate the proportions of water, then after raising the container, it will simply disintegrate. As a filler, you can use ash from burnt coal, broken bricks, small gravel, slag, etc. To give additional resistance to moisture, plasticizers are used. The first mix will look like this:

• 9:1 ​​- cement and slag, which is well sifted so that there are no extra inclusions;
• water should be about half of the cement.

Second cooking method:

• 4:4:1 - industrial granulated slag, crushed stone of small fractions, cement;
• water is the same ratio as for the first option.

The best consistency can be roughly determined as follows: you need to take the finished solution and squeeze it in your hand. It must keep its shape. If you then throw it on the ground, it should spread. After squeezing it again, it should hold its shape again.

The best place to work would be open air. Under such conditions, the mortar will dry and set faster, which will increase productivity. It is desirable that the place is flat. It can be a concrete path or a lining made of sheet metal boards knocked down into shields, etc. The block preparation process will be as follows:

• The unit is installed in the place from which the calculation will begin.
• The prepared mixture is poured inside. Its quantity must be greater than the actual capacity.
• The vibrator motor is turned on for a few seconds. Part of the solution sits down, so you need to add more.
• The vibrator starts again for a few seconds. Finishing filling is done and the upper end is closed with a lid.
• Sealing is in progress. If the lid has reached the limiters, then you can raise the container.
• Full setting takes a period of 4 to 9 days.
• Finished products can be stored indoors. You need to move them there after a day of drying on the street. If there is a plasticizer in the composition, then after 6 hours.
• For greater convenience, they can be stacked on top of each other.
• They will be ready for the construction process in 1-2 months.

Often, partitions are laid out from blocks that are smaller in size. For their manufacture, it will be necessary to make a mold according to a similar principle, as described above, but its dimensions will be 120 × 400 × 200 mm. It is better to use rectangular inserts as void formers. They should be of such dimensions that the walls are at least 3 cm.

Calculation of the number of blocks

Projects must be approached rationally. It makes no sense to be overly economical, because this will affect the quality of the future structure. There is also no reason for being extravagant. This is especially true for the number of blocks. Calculations should begin with the fact that to determine the thickness of the wall. This size is determined by several factors, such as climatic conditions and soil conditions. If in winter period time the temperature drops too low, then it may be necessary to make a wall of 40-60 cm. In other areas, 20 cm will be enough, which will also be insulated with foam or foam. Laying can be done in several ways:

• Half a stone. This does not mean that the block will need to be cut into two parts. This means that it lies along. That is, in the described case, this is a thickness of 20 cm.
• In a whole stone. This is the one that lies across, while the wall is 40 cm.
• One and a half stones. By simple addition, we find out that this is 60 cm.
• In two stones - 80 cm.

Suppose that a project of a future house with dimensions of 10 × 12 m was chosen, one-story with a wall height of 3 m. The first step is to calculate the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe walls. To do this, multiply the length by the width. 3 × 10 \u003d 30 m 2, 12 × 3 \u003d 36 m 2, now we double these results and add them up, because there are two identical planes. 30×2+36×2=132 m2. So the end result is 132 m 2. We determine the area of ​​\u200b\u200bone block - 0.2 × 0.4 \u003d 0.08 m 2. Divide the total area of ​​the walls by the area of ​​the block - 132:0.08=1650. But this figure is valid if the wall is planned in one stone. If in two, then the end result will be 3300 blocks.

These calculations deliberately do not take into account the openings that will be made for windows and doors. This is done in order to have a small margin. While working with the material, there may be rejection, and our surplus compensates for it.

The calculation of the amount of stone for partition walls is carried out in the same way. In fact, the final figure will be the sum of the blocks for the main walls and internal ones.

Foundation laying

As mentioned above, this type of design requires a high . In addition, it must be very durable so that in no case cracks begin to form, which will certainly pass through the entire wall. The work will be carried out in the following order:

• The area chosen for construction is carefully inspected. It is better to know in advance in which part of the site ground water are at a lower level. She's the one who fits.
• Everything that clutters it is cleaned up, the grass is mowed to the lowest possible level. This is necessary to assess the overall slope and markup.
• According to the drawing, landmarks are transferred to the area according to the size of the future building.

• One peg is driven into each corner.
• The correct dimensions are checked. In addition to length and width, diagonals are also measured - they must match so that the shape is correct, and not trapezoidal (if this is not provided for by the project).
• Holders for the reference line are made. This will require 16 wooden blocks of arbitrary size, but at least 90-100 cm long. You will need 8 more small boards. Their length should be 10–15 cm more than the width of the foundation. From the boards a crossbar is made for two bars. You should get a design in the shape of the letter P.
• Two self-tapping screws are screwed on each crossbar. The distance between them should be equal to the width of the foundation.
• All elements must be hammered into the ground. It is important to do this at such a level that the screws are at a height of 70 cm above the surface. The order of the supports is two for each corner so that they are opposite each other in pairs.
• A fishing line or twine is stretched between the elements. It is more convenient to use a fishing line that has bright color. It is not lost against the background of surrounding objects.
• At this stage, it is once again necessary to check the diagonals between the corners that the stretched thread formed.
• A trench is being dug. Its depth should be 50 cm below the freezing of the soil.
• Sand is poured to a height of 25 cm. It is leveled and rammed well. After that, you need to wet it with water and let it dry. If necessary, add a level.
• Another 25 cm is made of crushed stone. This layer is also well compacted. Ramming is best done with a special electric or gasoline tool.

• Next, a metal grill is made. For the foundation of the planned height, two or three elements will be required. To work, you need ribbed reinforcement with a diameter of 10 – 12 mm. It is better to assemble the structure on the surface. Its dimensions should be such that it is immersed in concrete 5 cm on each side. That is, the total length and height must be at least 10 cm less than the length and height of the foundation. Several rods are laid out for a total length. The distance between the horizontal components should not exceed 30 cm. If there are no strips of the required length, then you can get from several. In this case, the binding between them should be at least 1 m. Staples are made from smaller rods. Their height should be equal to the size of the planned crate, and the bent elements should be the width of the structure. They are attached to the lined elements every 30-40 cm. Instead of staples, you can make ordinary vertical jumpers. They are fixed to each other with a knitting wire. From above, the same number of longitudinal rods are attached to the inner side as from below.
• Typically, the height of one such structure is 40–50 cm.
• Stands are laid out at the bottom of the pit, which will allow the concrete to close the reinforced base from below. For these purposes, bricks or other homogeneous elements can be used. The minimum height is 5 cm.
• From edged board, knocked down into shields, plywood or other durable material, formwork is made. It must be strong enough to withstand the pressure that the concrete will exert. Be sure to install the jibs, which will be stops from the outside. The distance between the shields must be the same so that the foundation is obtained without sagging.
• After preparatory work you need to prepare a solution for pouring. In advance, you need to make sure that there is an assistant and a productive concrete mixer, you can use several. This is very important, because it is necessary to provide a good volume. Thanks to this, the design will turn out to be monolithic, and not puff, which will reduce strength. The composition of the mixture will be 3:1:3 - crushed stone, Portland cement, sand. For such purposes, Portland cement is perfect. The fact is that it contains additives of calcium silicate and gypsum. Thanks to this, it happens fast setting and provide strength. Be sure to add a plasticizer, thus the fluidity and filling of voids will be improved, frost resistance will increase, as well as moisture resistance.

• Periodically, during pouring, it is necessary to treat with a vibrator. So the concrete is better compacted and the structure will subsequently gain maximum strength.
• During pouring, it is also necessary to try to distribute all the concrete in level. Subsequently, this will help to quickly cope with the pasture of the walls.
• If the weather is hot enough, then it is necessary to moisten the surface with plenty of water, it would also be good to cover the foundation with a building film or pieces of roofing material.
• At high speed formwork can be removed after a week.
• It is better to continue further work after a month. It is this period that is necessary for the cement-sand mixture to gain all its strength.

If you decide not to fill in such a high foundation, as described earlier, then you need to take care of the construction of the base. This is a continuation of the foundation, which protrudes above the surface of the earth. It is important to remember that before you start laying it, it is necessary to provide for waterproofing. To do this, a roofing material or bikrost is laid on the foundation. The height of such a structure should reach 70 cm or more. Then a layer of waterproofing is laid on it again, and only after that the construction of walls begins.

When building walls, the main task is to make them even, without protrusions. The first step on the way to such a result is to determine the highest corner of the foundation. The fact is that during pouring it is difficult to deduce the ideal value. This measurement is made using a water level. In advance, you need to make sure that its length is enough for the length of the foundation.

• An arbitrary angle is selected. One flask of the device is installed on it. The other part moves to different ends. Thanks to the difference in the position of the water, you can determine where the highest point is. Laying and leveling should start from here. It is very important to do this, because if you start the construction from the lowest point, you will have to subsequently cut the stones. If this is done with the highest, it will simply be enough to make the seam a little larger.
• Having set the starting point, you can do the same for the remaining corners. This will require the same hydraulic level. The task will be to place 4 more stones so that they coincide with the reference in all planes. Additionally, you can check the diagonals.

• A fishing line or twine is stretched along the outer edge of the wall. It will help to make the wall flat in the horizontal plane. It is necessary to raise it to the height of one row and, after each new one, rearrange it to the same level. During operation, it is necessary to ensure that the landmark is not pressed or touched by anything, otherwise it will not be of any use.
• To maintain the verticality of the wall, you can use several tools. For example, after laying each row, check the plane using the building level. An ordinary plumb line will also serve as a guide. If there is no desire to mess with such devices, then you can build stationary reference points. To do this, they dig into the ground metal pipes that fit close to the wall. They are exposed in planes and fixed. Thanks to them, it will be possible to control the process.
• The solution has good thermal conductivity, so there can be significant heat loss due to it. To reduce this value, it will be enough to control its layer. It is better if it does not exceed 1.5 cm.

• If you do not have much experience in masonry, then add a special plasticizer to the cement-sand mixture, which will slow down its setting. This will help to calmly expose each element without having to redo it later.
• Do not try to close the cavities in the stone with a solution, this will only worsen its properties. If desired, they can be filled with loose insulation.
• Every 3-5 rows it is necessary to insert a metal mesh. It will increase the rigidity of the entire structure.

During the laying of the last few rows, you must not forget to wall up the studs. It will be good if you can bend them and bandage them with the seam of one of the rows. They should protrude above the surface to a distance exceeding the height of the Mauerlat beam by 4 cm. The step can be kept at 1 m or less. Rolled wire can be used instead of studs. Another option would be to fill the armored belt with the installation of studs in it.

Roof

The installation of the rafter system and the laying of the flooring should be started as soon as possible after the end of the pasture of the walls. Before choosing the desired shape of the future roof, it is necessary to analyze what maximum amount of precipitation can fall, what kind of wind gusts there are. You also need to consider what buildings or trees are nearby. Usually all data can be obtained from the relevant services. This information will affect which angle will need to be observed.

If the area is famous for the presence of strong gusts of wind, then the slope of the roof must be maintained in the region of 15-20 °. Even with sufficiently strong snow drifts, the layer will not remain, it will simply inflate. In the case when the area is quiet, but there is a lot of precipitation, then optimal solution there will be a spread of 35‒40°. With such a slope, the snow will not be able to linger in large layers.

Looks great on private homes gable roof or all sorts of variations of multi-slope. We will consider an example of the construction of the first option. If the principle is well understood, then you can move on to more complex designs.

• Installation begins with the installation of the base - Mauerlat. They can tie the longitudinal walls on which the rafters will rest. Or install it around the entire perimeter, which will facilitate the construction of the pediment if it is wooden, not brick. To do this, you need a bar with a section from 50 × 150 mm to 200 × 200 mm. It should be placed in the middle or no closer than 5 cm to the edge. A layer of waterproofing must be laid under it, which will prevent the accumulation of moisture and rotting of the wood. Holes are drilled at the locations of the studs. Boards are fixed with nuts and washers or knots when using wire.
• At its core rafter system is a constructor that includes a large number of details. In shape, it resembles the letter A. In this case, the beams act to break, that is, the force is applied in such a way that the walls are under constant stress. This option is not very good for a cinder block house, so it is advisable to use additional connecting elements. They are racks and beds.
• The first step is to install the ceiling beams. After that, the entire area can be covered with a film to rainwater did not enter the building.
• Next, the beds are laid on which the racks will rest. They should run parallel to the Mauerlat. The distance between them will depend on how the attic space will be used. You can make them from the same timber as the base.

• Rafter legs are interconnected with nails or nail plates. In some cases, additional metal staples are used. If they need to be lengthened, then it is better to overlap, it should be about 1 m.
• Rigels can be two or more. It is important to remember that the distance between them should be no more than 50 cm.
• The trusses must be the same size to support the plane of the roof. You can collect them both on the building and below. In most cases, the second option is safer and more reliable.
• Two finished elements rise up. They are installed at the ends of the roof and fixed with temporary struts.
• Three strings are stretched between them. One goes along the upper corner, the other two - from the middle of each side. They will serve as guidelines for how the next trusses will be mounted. Instead of fishing line, you can use a ridge board. It is important to put it on temporary supports and check that it is level in the plane.
• All other farms are installed. In order for them not to move, jumpers are mounted, which will then be removed. step between rafter legs one must follow one that will promote easy installation insulation.
• The entire area from above is tightened with a hydrobarrier membrane.
• What material should be used for the crate is usually indicated in the recommendations for the flooring that is planned to be used.
• The last step is to insulate the roof. This is usually done with mineral wool. This is very milestone, because it will reduce heat loss and reduce the cost of different kinds fuel.

It is better to close the gables as soon as possible. This must be done so that the wind does not blow precipitation inward. So moisture will not accumulate and destroy the building material.

Interior and exterior decoration

It is advisable not to leave the walls bare for a long period. Their finishing can be carried out in parallel with roofing work. For the outside ideal solution will be insulated with foam. It is fastened with the help of special dowels-umbrellas. It's better to start from the bottom. First of all, a metal starting bar is mounted. In its role can be a profile for drywall. It needs to be leveled, which will simplify the task in the future. A hole is drilled through the insulation sheet using a perforator in the wall. Glue is applied to the back of the insulation; ordinary polyurethane foam with low expansion can act as its role. Each element should fit snugly against the previous one. During installation, it is advisable to check the evenness of the surface with a level. After that, the entire surface is covered with glue intended for this purpose. Together with its application, a reinforcing mesh is laid, which will prevent the appearance of dents from impacts. The last layer will be decorative trim. It can be bark beetle or embossed plaster.

The house can be sheathed with siding. In this case, mineral wool can also be used for insulation. A product with a high density is suitable, for example, foam. First, the crate is mounted under the cladding. After that, a heater is inserted into the space between the beams. You can fix it to the wall in the same way as the foam.

As noted above, it will be almost impossible to use plaster for interior decoration. But this is not a problem, because you can sheathe the rooms with drywall. This will compensate for any irregularities, as well as apply the desired finishing. It is important to take care of the vapor barrier so that moisture does not seep into the cinder block.

It will take a sufficient amount of time to complete all these works. But with good organization and planning, you can meet acceptable deadlines. It's always interesting to look at finished projects. Share your observations and suggestions in the comments to this article.

Video

In this video you will see how you can make a cinder block at home:

Watch the process of laying the cinder block:

A photo

Currently, there is a huge variety of building materials. All of them have their advantages and disadvantages. And for many people who want to build their own home, the question arises of what is better to build a house from? Relatively recently, such material as cinder block appeared on the building materials market.

Unfortunately, there are no ideal materials for building a house. There are many factors that influence which material to choose. It must be understood that, no matter what material is chosen, proper insulation home will help save on heating costs in the future.

cinder block houses

Cinder block houses, like other building materials, have their pros and cons. The biggest plus is its cheapness and availability of material. But the cons are very significant.

It is better to build a cinder block house with your own hands, it will turn out cheaper. In addition, this material itself is one of the cheapest building materials. Moreover, cinder blocks can be made independently. And you will only have to spend money on cement, all other components can be found for free or very inexpensively.

For self-production of high-quality cinder blocks, it is better to get a vibrating machine

The composition includes the following materials:

• cement;
• sand;
• water;
• slags, in the role of which almost any construction and industrial waste can act: broken bricks, screenings of crushed stone, broken glass, metallurgical waste, metal shavings, etc.

If we talk about a cinder block house for permanent residence, then the reviews of the owners of such houses are completely different. However, this material has quite more minuses than pluses, and they are very significant.

Because the composition of the cinder block includes many wastes from various industries, then it can be assumed that this material is not environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is mainly used in the construction of low-rise non-residential buildings, outbuildings and various outbuildings. For example, for building a garage, such material is simply ideal.

But everyone comes from their preferences. For whom the cons are not significant, he can safely build a house from cinder blocks.

If you buy cinder blocks manufactured by production, the manufacturer must indicate the characteristics of the material. But most of blocks are made in a handicraft way on a small vibrating machine, which is served by one or more people. Naturally, it is practically impossible to predict the characteristics of the material obtained in this way, because different manufacturers use different components and different method production.

In addition, if components are used that break down over time, then the material will not last long. And it is impossible to say how durable this or that cinder block will be.

Since the block is not an environmentally friendly material and cinder block walls can emit harmful substances. Because harmful substances can negatively affect the organs of the respiratory system and the body as a whole.

Cinder blocks of industrial production are devoid of the above disadvantages and have parameters guaranteed by the manufacturer

There are several types of blocks:

• corpulent;
• hollow;
• semi-blocks;
• decorative blocks.

For the construction of walls, hollow cinder blocks are usually used so that the load on the foundation is less. BUT a solid block can weigh 22-28 kg, therefore, such a cinder block is used in the construction of the foundation, ground floors, columns, load-bearing structures.

This implies another significant drawback - the large weight of the block. Even hollow blocks weigh 18-22 kg, which is a lot during construction, compared with cellular concrete. Firstly, there will be a large load on the foundation, so the foundation must be made very massive and, therefore, expensive. Secondly, it is very difficult to work with the material, because when building a high wall it will be difficult to lift it up.

The final advantages and disadvantages of cinder block houses.

Pros:

• cheapness and availability;
• laying can be done by hand;
• can be made independently;
• high build speed. Since the block is large, the construction speed of the building increases several times, compared, for example, with ordinary bricks;
• a house made of such material is not subject to combustion;
• good block geometry.

Minuses:

• the large weight of the blocks, which can exert an increased load on the foundation;
• expensive foundation;
• walls can radioactively “radiate”;
• cinder block house is not environmentally friendly;
• low frost resistance - F15-35;
• unattractive appearance. Therefore, cladding is required various materials what will affect the budget;
• any, even the slightest mobility of the foundation can affect the structure as a whole, which will lead to cracking of the material;
• plaster can eventually fall off cinder block walls.

The outer sides of the walls of cinder blocks are subject to mandatory thermal insulation and moisture protection.

The cons are quite serious, so you should think several times before starting to build a house from blocks. It is also necessary to understand what the house will be used for - for permanent or temporary residence.

Foundation for a cinder block house

When choosing the type of foundation for a cinder block house, you need pay attention to the following factors:

• soil type;
• depth of soil freezing;
• number of storeys of the building;
• type and purpose of the building;
• ground water level.

Since a cinder block house is afraid of moisture, the foundation must be high to prevent moisture from affecting the house. The foundation should rise above the ground by about 0.7 meters. In addition, it must be well insulated.

If the future house will have one floor, then there is no need to build a foundation that is too powerful, because the pressure on it will not be very strong.

Usually the foundation for a cinder block house is done as follows:

• a trench is dug, 50 cm deep;
• a sand and gravel pillow is poured into the trench;
• formwork is arranged, which will rise above the ground by 0.7 meters;
• the reinforcement cage is mounted according to the calculation;
• formwork is poured with concrete mortar.

Cinder blocks are stacked on a frozen cement mortar foundation, which was previously insulated.

Price category

Concerning financial side question, then a cinder block house will cost a fairly low price, relative to other materials.

Price for 1 piece of cinder block:

Homemade cinder blocks will cost even less, but their quality and performance characteristics will be unpredictable

Before building a house from cinder blocks, it is necessary to draw up appropriate house designs. This procedure is half the battle.

In order to save even more on building a house, cinder blocks can be produced by yourself. In this case, the costs will go only to the purchase of cement, the rest of the materials can be obtained for free. If you get a special vibrating machine, then you can make cinder blocks even faster.

When facing a cinder block house with a brick, it is necessary to leave a small air gap between the brick and the cinder block in order to avoid moisture getting on the cinder block. Otherwise, the moisture that evaporates from the wall will be reflected from the brick and again go into the cinder block. And this one the material does not tolerate moisture and collapses under its influence.

Before buying a cinder block, it is imperative to measure the level of radioactivity of the material. Otherwise, harmful substances will be released from the walls and adversely affect health.

Conclusion

Building a house from cinder blocks is considered profitable, but at the same time, we must not forget that this material is not environmentally friendly, and besides, it has many disadvantages. Therefore, when choosing a material for building a house, you need to proceed from your own needs.

The pros and cons of a cinder block house based on the owner's feedback are presented in the video:

Cinder block refers to a relatively inexpensive type of building material that has long been loved by the Russian consumer. Inter-apartment floors are also erected from cinder blocks; it is often used in the construction of summer cottages and. Today, the editors of the site will talk about the disadvantages and advantages of this type of material, as well as introduce the algorithm of work.

Cinder block houses are built very quickly

Read in the article

What is a cinder block, and what do cinder block houses look like in a photo

A cinder block is a kind of cinder block created from a mixture and additives. It is known that the raw material for this building material is crushed stone in a special way crushed and heated. Also used to create bricks broken glass or, expanded clay, shavings and sawdust, ash, ashes, as well as ordinary river sand.

Such a characteristic as the strength of a cinder block depends on its brand. The range of values ​​varies from 35 to 125 kg / cm².

The lower value of the indicator means that this type of cinder block can be used as an additional structure when strengthening non-bearing and low structures. For example, protect, or highlight. Grade 50-75 kg/cm² suitable for internal partitions, 100-125 kg / cm² - material for and bearing walls OK. The strongest solid bricks can be used in the construction of structures partially submerged in water.

Important! Granite can give an unpleasant radioactive background. It is better not to buy blocks with such fillers. To control the quality of the goods, you can rent a Geiger counter for the duration of the purchase of the material.

Choose a flat block or section of blocks, paying attention to the geometric shape. Chips in a batch can indicate a technological marriage and a violation of production technology.

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“Soft blocks are best not to use. If you are considering buying a cinder block, feel free to bring a nail with you. If you managed to stick it into the material without using a hammer, then it is better not to consider such a cinder block for purchase.

Use pallets to transport blocks

Characteristics and sizes of different types of cinder blocks

Used for different tasks different types blocks. A separate type of building structures is used for insulation, another for the construction of solid walls, and a third for decoration.

Durable solid cinder blocks

For the construction of load-bearing walls and ceilings, use only solid blocks. They must be selected according to the strength class. Cinder concrete foundation blocks are especially in demand. But you need to remember that they can shrink and need reliable.

Lightweight hollow cinder blocks

For the construction of light interiors, hollow cinder blocks are often used. The voids can be oval, round, square or rectangular. The size of such voids is about a third of the volume of the building element.

Typically, blocks of the following sizes are used: 39 × 19 × 18.8 cm. Compared with a brick, 12 bricks “fit” into the volume of one cinder block.

Decorative cinder blocks

Decorative material for construction large structures rarely used. Usually colored bricks are used in the construction of fences, as well as supports.

Important! Do not forget that before the construction of the walls, the foundation must settle. At least a month. Only then can you start next step works.

How to put the cinder block on the foundation: video instruction

Laying starts from the corners. In each of them, special fasteners are attached, which are leveled. Then a cord or rope is pulled.

An example of laying a cinder block wall, see the video below:

How to build the walls of the house yourself - features of masonry cinder blocks

It is better to build a cinder block house in the warm season. According to the technology, use at temperatures below +15°C is not allowed. It is recommended to leave a seam no more than one or one and a half centimeters. Elements are stacked with an offset on the half-stone.

Again, we check ourselves with the level

In every fourth row you need to make reinforcement. To do this, recesses are made with an electric cutter, pieces are inserted,. This technique allows you to make the walls much stronger.

Roofing and interior finishing

What is better to choose for construction: brick or cinder block

The cinder block has a porous structure and retains heat much better than brick. Brick also has excellent thermal insulation qualities but to melt cold house from this material, it will take a very long time.

A cinder block wall weighs less than a brick one, which means that there is no need for a reinforced foundation. For construction brick walls more time will be required and the cost of the work will be much higher.

How to calculate the cost if you decide to build a house from cinder blocks yourself

At this stage, it is important to understand that the cost of construction is not only the cost of building walls and foundations. These are communications Finishing work and so on. All this, of course, increases the estimate. Necessity plays a role exterior finish and warming. In addition, the prices for materials are different in each region.

Whatever building material is chosen for building a house, it will certainly have positive and negative properties. If we take cinder block slabs for consideration and carefully examine this material, we will learn a lot of interesting things.

And that will be the final decision for choosing this product. Knowing all the pros and cons will allow you to protect yourself from all sorts of problems in the future.

Pros and cons of cinder blocks

Building material from cinder blocks can be called universal, because it is used simply in all types of construction. The construction of houses from this product was no exception. Consider and evaluate all the factors that are inherent in cinder blocks.

Pros:

• Electricity bills are rising at a rapid pace. Here is the very option that will save electricity and heat. The room will have good sound insulation and thermal insulation. This effect is obtained due to the excellent properties of concrete. It is he who knows how to absorb sounds from the inside, and from the outside protects from cold and heat, that is, does not let them through. This suggests that in summer you do not need to spend money on air conditioning, in winter resort to additional heating.
• If compared with wooden houses , here, insects do not threaten, which in the first case penetrate through the coatings.
• In regions with strong winds, steel bars are laid between the blocks, stones and clay can be added to the solution. This method of masonry significantly affects the stability of the building and prevents the appearance of cracks in the foundation.
• Cinder block housing is easily repaired. The minimum number of banknotes is used. Houses built from blocks are resistant to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes.
• And no less important is the fire. It is not terrible for this species, that is, the losses will be minimal compared to wooden buildings.
• Does not require a massive foundation and professional workers.
• Short building time, low cost compared to a stone or brick house.
• Light block weight, thus there is no large load on the foundation.

Minuses:

• The main disadvantage is, of course, the appearance. The block house loses to the modern level. But even here some adjustments are possible, you should pay attention to blocks that have a decorative texture. But this is in the case that there are additional funds. Since here it will be necessary to attract professional workers with experience with this product. And do a special project.
• In regions with constant flooding, the house is not suitable. Since the products are afraid of water.
• Will be required special means and tools for laying pipes, as briquettes with high density.
• Plates have uneven surface , which means that they should be plastered on both sides.
• Before starting construction, the blocks are kept in an open area, for the complete disappearance of toxic substances, even in small quantities, which are contained in impurities.

Characteristics of the cinder block:

What reduces the advantages of a cinder block house?

The choice of material is influenced by its filler, as it is responsible for environmental friendliness. The best option crushed stone, sawdust, shell rock, expanded clay are considered.

The integrity of the blocks and its geometry identity are also important. It is worth paying attention to blocks from different pallets.

The characteristics of the stone, which are responsible for thermal conductivity, strength, frost resistance, density, should be checked before purchase. For example, you can check the quality of the block with an ordinary 15 mm nail. If he manually entered it, you should think about purchasing such a product.

The method of manufacture has an impact on strength and reliability. If the blocks are made without a vibrator, specified characteristics will be lowered.

This type of manufacturing is not suitable for the construction of residential premises. Of course, with self-manufacturing, you can always adjust the setting time and add the necessary components for this.

The thickness of the masonry depends on climatic conditions. For example, a mortar over 15 mm will reduce the heat resistance of the walls. To ordinary plaster holding on, you need to prepare. Cinder blocks are not intended for the construction of the foundation and are not used as structural materials.

Buy or make your own?

If the construction is planned to be voluminous, the question involuntarily creeps up, about whether to make cinder blocks on your own?

To do this, let's do some calculations.

For one stone, you need 0.011 cubic meters. meters of solution, we maintain the proportion of 1: 7. Therefore, from a full bag of cement, 36 pieces will be obtained. Also, the purchase of purchased equipment for the manufacture of blocks will cost 135 000 rubles .

There is a second option, make it according to the drawings, then it will cost approximately 39 000 rubles. The chosen method of self-production is acceptable only to those who have available a private house, garage, outbuildings, as well as certain skills.

Self-manufacturing artificial stone will allow you to choose a technology according to climatic conditions, environmental friendliness of the composition, color and size of the product. Unprofitable costs of physical labor will not affect you with large volumes.

The size of a standard stone is 188 x 199 x 399 mm, it has small holes.

To get a quality block, you should know some requirements:

• use cement grade M400 and not less;
• blast-furnace slag or coal ash, if it is difficult to get it, can be replaced with zitoconcrete;
• coarse sand;
• vibrocompression equipment.

The resulting product goes to the construction of walls. And its composition includes such substances as: filler, water and astringent.

The filler is:

• slag;
• brick fight;
• gypsum;
• granite;
• perlite;
• sawdust;
• gravel.

And the binder is cement. It is mainly responsible for the characteristics of the future stone: moisture resistance, thermal conductivity, weight, density.

If we talk about the composition of the solution, you can get a product from the lungs and heavy concrete. The question is, what is the best way to do it?

The first type differs in composition and includes ash, expanded clay, slag, sawdust, sand. Therefore, it is quite light and environmentally friendly. It is easy to work with it, as it is light in weight. This leads to shorter construction times and saves money.

The second type is distinguished by its excellent ability to keep its amazing characteristics during water elements. He is not afraid of water procedures. This product is distinguished by its durability and its composition contains components: sand, crushed stone, pebbles. It has a high thermal conductivity, that is, it heats up quickly, but cools down also rapidly. Having a significant weight, working with it is more time-consuming and lengthy.

• When making blocks on your own, closed premises should be used, in the form of garages, outbuildings. The building must be well ventilated and have a level floor.
• So that the construction is not delayed, it is worth monitoring the geometry of the stone. Make as few flaws as possible in the resulting product. This is achieved by completely filling the vibroform, even with a slide that will disappear during vibration.
• Check the composition of the solution supplements are of great importance.
• Window openings and doors are not included in the calculation, since losses during construction take up to 15%.
• When building a roof, it is worth taking care of steam and waterproofing. This will help maintain the proper level of humidity.

Cinder block is considered relatively cheap building material with sufficient strength. And also its relatively small weight and dimensions allow you to carry out masonry on your own, without having a highly qualified bricklayer.

Advantages

1. Does not burn, like most concrete composites.
2. Plenty available free projects cinder block houses.
3. It has good soundproofing properties.
4. Biologically stable (does not rot).
5. If the production technology is observed, the service life is up to 100 years.

Flaws

1. Not resistant to atmospheric influences. Walls made of this material require mandatory finishing, because they have an ugly aesthetic appearance and are also destroyed under the influence of moisture and other atmospheric phenomena.
2. Requires mandatory insulation (has high thermal conductivity).
3. Often environmentally unsafe, because the manufacturer can use cheaper, environmentally harmful material.

calculations

1. The standard size is 200 mm by 400 mm. But there are also semi-blocks for the construction of piers (100 mm by 400 mm), the height of both is 200 mm. The manufacturer, of course, can make their own adjustments.
2. The thickness of the walls depends on the climate in which the house is planned to be built. For example, if the average winter temperature is around -20ºC, the thickness outer wall must be 45 cm.
3. Further, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwalls and piers is calculated, from which the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe door and window openings. After that, we divide everything by the size of the cinder block and get the quantity. Naturally, when buying, you need to take a little more.

Foundation

1. The cinder block is a relatively heavy material, so it must correspond to the expected loads. With a wall thickness of 40-45 cm, the width of the foundation base for a two-story building should be 60 cm, the height should be at least 70 cm. The dimensions and manufacturing technology of the foundation depend on the geological features of the soil on which construction is planned.
2. When the base is filled, it needs to be allowed to stand. Ideally, fill in early spring when there are no more frosts, and further work should be continued in the fall. The minimum period for which concrete gains acceptable strength (about 70%) is two weeks.
3. A plinth is laid on the base of the foundation through waterproofing. The plinth should be lined with moisture-resistant stone, well suited in this regard.

Walls and roof

1. Waterproofing (usually roofing material) is laid on the basement, and masonry is made on top of the solution. Cinder block walls are laid in the same way as those made of brick and other block materials, with the only difference being that filler must be poured into the voids of the cinder block, if it is hollow. As a filler, it is desirable to use a material with low thermal conductivity (expanded clay, sawdust).
2. Walls built from cinder block cannot be left uncovered for a long time, due to its low weather resistance.