How to make a passage in a load-bearing wall. How to make an opening in a load-bearing wall and strengthen it - step by step instructions. Removing a wall section

Everyone has their own reasons for “reformatting” their home - adding to the family, arranging a separate, additional room for an office, installing an arch or something else. As a rule, redevelopment does not cause any particular difficulties for the owners; there are techniques that have been developed over the years. Another thing is the opening in the bearing wall. It is a loaded structural element of the building, and in this case, only the desire of the owner is clearly not enough.

general information

To cut through the wall or not, the owner of a private building decides on his own. He does not need to coordinate this issue with the supervisory authorities. But the responsibility for Negative consequences rest entirely on his shoulders. If redevelopment is done in an apartment, then permission must be obtained for this. An opening in a load-bearing wall, illiterately equipped, in violation of all norms and rules, can lead to cracks along the entire height of the building, displacement of floors, and the like. And it is unlikely that the matter will be limited to administrative penalties.

Any coordination in the instances is a long procedure; sometimes the issue is resolved for months. This time can be spent rationally if something is evaluated, tested and analyzed. Perhaps the problem will disappear automatically, since quite often it is impossible to equip an opening where you want, in principle, or it is technically extremely difficult. Which means it's inappropriate.

What to take into account:

• The degree of deterioration of the building.
• Wall material and thickness.
• The number of storeys of the house and the level at which the dwelling is located. The maximum load is on the walls of the lower floors. For this reason, for such apartments, if cutting through an opening is allowed, then its dimensions are limited.
• Whether it will be necessary to strengthen the wall in this place, by what method, with what - this issue must be clarified in advance.
• The layout of the room and the distance of the opening from the outer wall. And there is a limitation on this point. If the interval is less than 1 m, then work cannot be carried out, otherwise the interior partition may “lead”. This is mainly characteristic of a brick house.
• Opening geometry. In other words, what exactly do you want to do. Basically, 2 options are implemented: a simple passage (rectangular) or arched. If the opening only needs to be shifted without changing its geometry, then everything is much simpler; partial expansion on one side and closure on the other.

Conclusion - before running around the authorities, coordinating various papers, paying for an audit, and the like, you should consult a professional. Perhaps it is impossible to make an opening in this room.

Operating procedure

The legal side of the issue is a separate issue. From a practical point of view, something else is more interesting - how a passage is cut through the wall, depending on its material.

Preparation stage

The redevelopment of the home begins with this.

• Drawing up a diagram. It is advisable to ask if openings were made in the apartments on the floor below / above. It is best if they are located in the same way. By the way, this will make it a bit easier to get permission. In the design process, the parameters of the door are also taken into account, and therefore the appropriate model should be looked at in advance. Otherwise, you will have to further expand / narrow the opening, and this is extra work.
• Base cleaning. Before you start cutting through the wall, you need to assess its condition. If signs of rot are visible, then you will have to do processing, impregnation with special / means. In addition, it will become clear what will be needed in the course of work. Making an opening in a load-bearing wall, having only a set of household tools at hand, definitely will not work.

It is not worth using an electric / impact type tool (jackhammer, puncher with this function). His work initiates the appearance of cracks in the wall, and where they can "go" is unknown. And this is a decrease in structural strength. For cutting a passage in a residential building, the only acceptable option is cutting the material with a grinder (with a diamond blade).

• Surface marking. This is necessary in order to obtain the correct geometry of the opening, without bevels and curvature of its end parts. Especially true for thick walls; it is in this case that significant errors are inevitable, since it will be necessary to cut into the material alternately from both sides.

After drawing the contour along its perimeter, maintaining the exact direction cutting tool(perpendicular to the base), through holes are drilled (at what distance is decided on the spot). Focusing on them, a similar contour is drawn on the back of the wall.

Arrangement of the opening

• Support installation. The expediency of this is determined by local specifics. But logs (sleepers, beams) installed vertically in the area working area, unload the wall, and the load on it is reduced.
• Protection floor covering. Dust is not as scary as heavy fragments. When making a doorway in a panel house, you need to be prepared for large pieces of concrete with protruding reinforcement to fall off. That is why the p / e film will not save the floor. It is desirable to cover it with rubber strips, thick cloth and the like. Chipboard / sheets, plywood, boards will fit.
• Extraction of material. At the first stage, the contour should be marked with a disc insert, on both sides of the opening. After that, break it into segments and cut them one by one. If we are talking about masonry, then it is even easier - it is dismantled in rows.

• Opening processing. In any case, the wall in this place should be strengthened. Therefore, it is necessary to give the passage the correct geometry. If there is little work in a brick building, then in relation to a panel house, its volume increases. You will have to cut off all the protruding pieces of the reinforcing bar, and concrete the damaged areas. The result should be a rectangle of calculated width and height.
• Passage reinforcement. The technique is selected depending on the material of the wall.
• Brick. In this case, a channel is sufficient. In the upper part of the opening, small niches are arranged, on both sides, where the metal blank is laid. To ensure the reliability of the stop, its edges should go into the masonry by at least 25 cm. It is somewhat more difficult with a thick wall. To strengthen it, you will need 2 channels installed on both sides of the opening. They are pulled together with through studs, on the ends of which bolts are screwed. The cavities formed in the wall are filled with mortar.

• concrete goods. For concrete, only a horizontal lintel is clearly not enough. To really strengthen the load-bearing wall, a U-shaped frame is installed in the opening. You can make it in advance (according to the size of the door block) or weld it in the process of working from strip (thick) iron, an I-beam, a channel. This design is fixed with anchors; only one "landing" on the solution of reliability is not achieved.

If the opening is large enough, then its additional reinforcement can be made in the form of floor supports, stylized as columns. Easiest to use steel pipes large section. There are enough options for decorating them, and the services of a specialist will not be needed.

Even at the stage of preparation for marking the wall, it is necessary to clarify how exactly the intra-house electrical / wiring is organized on this site. Especially if it was not the owner who was engaged in it, but someone else. The simplest method is using a cell phone in FM mode. By moving it along the wall surface, it is easy to determine the wiring diagram by the noise level.

To improve strength structural elements(pipes, channels) it is desirable to inject. That is, introduce a solution of good fluidity into the cavity. After curing, it will not only improve the strength of the samples, but also increase the reliability of their bonding to the base material.

In principle, it is not difficult to make an opening in the wall. The technology is quite simple and powerful home master. But only under the condition of competent calculations and right choice tools and materials. Therefore, it is at the stage of preparation that one should pay attention Special attention. Everything else is a matter of time.

Is it possible to make an opening in a load-bearing wall and how to do it correctly, we will consider in detail. After all, this is not such a simple matter, this type of wall carries a heavy load and making an opening is not so safe.

How to make an opening in a load-bearing wall is detailed below. Also on the video in this article and the photo you can get additional information you need.

Legalization of redevelopment

Thinking about how to make an opening in a bearing brick wall, you must immediately take into account the documentation. After all, this is an important point.

According to the current legislation, redevelopment with a change load-bearing structures prohibited. This will need to be approved.

So:

• Attached to the application detailed plan planned structural changes.
• The issued permit will allow you to apply to the design bureau for the development of technical documentation for the planned project. Finished project is coordinated in a number of permitting commissions - fire, gas, housing and communal services.
• The agreed project is finally approved by the controlling organization. Only after the last resolution can the implementation of the planned construction works for redevelopment - cutting an opening in the bearing wall of the building.

Examples of openings and their finishes

This may be an opening in a panel house, or a brick one, it does not matter. It should fit into the overall interior of the room. First of all, you need to choose desired option and only then can work begin.

Let's look at what they are doing and it is likely this option suitable for you:

Redevelopment safety factors

Any work with the supporting structures of buildings must be thoroughly verified and calculated. The walls of buildings experience enormous loads, so the design of the opening must be approached thoroughly. Poor-quality redevelopment in violation of technology can lead to partial or complete collapse of the house.

The calculation takes into account the most important factors affecting the final result:

• Materials used in the construction of the building
• The technical condition of the house, especially the floors
• wall thickness
• The load on the section of the structure in which it is planned to make a passage
• Internal layout of the premises
• Dimensions of the planned opening and its correspondence with the dimensions of the wall.

A calculated project, taking into account all the necessary factors, is agreed in the supervisory service. To transfer work doorways start only after the approval of the project.

opening options

The complexity of calculations when designing the transfer of a doorway in a load-bearing wall depends on the configuration of the planned opening. The complexity of construction work and the order of their implementation directly depend on the option chosen.

Hole cutting equipment

Cutting openings in the bearing wall is carried out with a special tool. Ordinary impact sledgehammers, perforators and grinders are not suitable for such a complex procedure - they create too much dust, replaceable parts wear out and break quickly, excessive vibration leads to cracks and chips on the walls.

Cutting openings in load-bearing walls is performed:

Making an opening

Preparatory stage: strengthening the future opening

Construction work on changing the design of load-bearing walls is carried out strictly according to an approved project, taking into account design features building. The main objective of the project is to maintain the integrity of the building after moving or punching a new passage.

Before starting work, an early strengthening of the structure of the planned opening is carried out. To do this, strobes are cut out along the perimeter of the passage with a wall chaser, into which reinforcement (channels) is laid.

The strobes are not through - these are recesses for the reinforcing element. The cross section of the channel is calculated taking into account the various structural characteristics of the building.

Attention: The channels are laid in the recesses made by the wall chaser on both sides of the partition. In order for the laying site to match exactly, markings of the planned passage are made on the wall. According to the marking, through holes are drilled and the pattern is transferred to the other side of the wall.

• The channels used to reinforce the structure are pre-cut to the desired length, taking into account the height and width of the planned opening. You will need two pairs for the sides of the opening and two pairs for the top and bottom. On each pair, holes are made in advance through which the channels will be fastened with studs or self-anchors. The distance between the holes is calculated by calculation.

• Side pairs are alternately installed in strobes. Through the holes made in the channel pairs, a partition is drilled for mounting hardware. Pairs are pulled together with fasteners. Important: Fasteners must be tightened well using special power tool or scrap materials.

After installing vertical channels, the operation is repeated with horizontal pairs. The joints of horizontal and vertical channels are fastened by welding on both sides of the future opening. The preliminary reinforcement of the opening is ready.

Main stage: cutting the load-bearing wall

After finishing preparatory phase to strengthen the load-bearing wall, they begin to break through a new doorway. The complexity of the work depends on the material of the walls. brickwork it is easiest to dismantle - it is removed row by row. With a concrete wall, there will be more problems during dismantling due to the presence of reinforcement in the structure.

• To cut the opening in the wall, a hand saw with a diamond blade is more often used. At the site of the future opening, markings are applied that divide the passage into small blocks. According to the marking tool, cuts are made on both sides of the wall. The depth of the slot can be up to 15 cm on each side. Next, the blocks are alternately removed from the opening layer by layer. When dismantling, additional use of a puncher is often required.

• When cutting through the opening with a wall saw, the depth of the cut reaches 60 cm, but during operation, access to running water is required to cool the tool and wash out concrete chips and dust.
• Sometimes the thickness of the wall of the building turns out to be quite large, especially if the opening needs to be cut through in the foundation or facade part. In this case, a rope installation is used that can quickly cut through concrete or monolithic blocks of any thickness.
• You can make an opening in the wall in a third way. To do this, holes are drilled according to the markings on the wall with a diamond drill. Next, you only need to saw the cut fragment into pieces and remove the pieces of the wall from the opening.
• Modern tools for cutting openings in load-bearing structures allow you to complete work in a short time with minimal noise and dust.

The final stage: strengthening the structure

The opening cut in the load-bearing wall requires final strengthening with the use of welding and general construction works.

The work is carried out in several stages:

• Those parts of the channels along the perimeter of the opening that were inaccessible before the dismantling of the wall are welded on. Important: the legs of the seams during welding must be at least 6 mm, in accordance with established standards.
• Pairs of channels from different sides of the wall are connected by transverse steel plates, not more than 50 mm wide and not less than 4 mm thick. The plates are welded to the channels along the perimeter of the structure with a step of approximately 30-40 cm from each other.
• A metal mesh is welded onto the channel, along which plaster is applied (see How to do plastering with your own hands). The integrity of the broken plaster coating of the wall is restored - all potholes and recesses are repaired, the channels are additionally strengthened cement mortar.

Attention: Working with special tools for cutting openings in load-bearing walls requires special professional skills. When operating the equipment, you must follow the safety rules: work in protective clothing and keep your hands away from rotating parts of the mechanisms.

• Upon completion of the redevelopment work - cutting a new passage in the supporting structure of the building - the changes made must be recorded and put into operation.
• To do this, the selection committee of the housing organization will draw up an appropriate act. The document must be certified by representatives of the design bureau that developed the project, the company that performed the work, and the organization that accepted the facility into operation. After approval in all instances, the redevelopment will be officially legalized.

Now you know how to make an opening in a load-bearing wall. Its price will depend on the size of the opening and finishing materials. You can do everything without problems with your own hands, this will reduce costs. And the instructions will help you not to miss anything.

It is not so easy to cut through a new window in a house or arrange an arched opening in an apartment in a new place, since we are talking about a violation of the building structure, the consequences of which can be fatal. But this statement should not be taken as the impossibility of creating an arch and an opening in load-bearing walls, since modern technologies make it possible to minimize such risks as much as possible. To do this, you only need to comply with these technologies and nothing more. In this article, together with the website, we will talk about how to properly cut an opening in a load-bearing wall, and for convenience, we will break the whole process into stages.

How to punch an opening in a load-bearing wall with your own hands photo

Opening in the bearing wall: preliminary strengthening of the future hole

Works on changing the design of load-bearing walls should be carried out only with the permission of the relevant authorities. All work must be carried out according to a previously developed project!

These nuances cannot be ignored, since each house has its own characteristics, and only the principle is common to such works. For each building, its own calculations are made, which are designed to largely preserve the house as an integral structure.

I think that you have understood the seriousness of such operations, and now you can proceed to the study of the very technology of strengthening the opening in the bearing walls. To begin with, you will have to do dusty work, so you should get a large, powerful one, goggles and a respirator. Using these tools, you will have to cut strobes around the entire perimeter of the future opening. The strobes do not cut through - their purpose is to drown the materials used to strengthen the opening in the wall. As a rule, this is a channel - its size is calculated based on the features of the house (the number of storeys of the building, the features, the weight of the roof, the dimensions of the future opening, and everything else that may affect the change in the design of the house are taken into account).

How to make an opening in a load-bearing wall with your own hands photo

In general, the depth and width of these strobes must fully correspond to the channel used to reinforce openings in load-bearing walls. As for their length, it fully depends on the dimensions of the required opening. The strobes break through on both sides of the bearing wall, and this is done so that they coincide in location with each other. In order not to make a mistake at this moment, in the corners of the future opening, you need to drill through holes with a puncher and, according to them, mark up on the other side of the wall. There is nothing complicated here, the main thing is to cope with the markup.

How to make an opening in a load-bearing wall: reinforcement with a channel

First, I will briefly outline the essence of the work, so that it is clear. general principle. Channels cut out from both sides are laid, which are pulled together by long hairpins. The side and top channels are interconnected by means of.

Now let's talk in more detail and step by step about this process.

1. We cut the channel required size. We immediately prepare pairs - two left, two right, two upper and two lower (if necessary).
2. We twist the pairs with clamps and drill through holes in them, passing through both channels at once. The pitch of these holes is calculated, but on average it is 300-400mm. Thus, we prepare all pairs of channels.
3. We drill holes for the studs in the wall. We install the channel in the strobe and drill holes directly through the holes in it.
4. First, install the first pair - left or right, as you wish. It is better to leave the upper pair of channels for later, and it is better to carry out these works together. When the channels are installed, we thread the studs into the holes, on each side we put on a washer, engraver and screw on the nut. Tightly, with all our strength, tighten the nuts with keys - it is better to use a lever (a piece of pipe worn on a key).
5. Using the method described above, we install the second pair of vertical channels, followed by horizontal ones.
6. We connect the channels into a frame by welding in all available places - we scald the channel on one and the other side of the wall.

Now the device for even distribution of the load, one might say, is ready, subsequently it will only have to be completed a little. But this is later, but for now we will continue the device of the opening in the bearing wall - inner part frames from the channel can be freed.

Strengthening openings in load-bearing walls photo

How to punch an opening in a load-bearing wall: technology depends on the material

I won't say much here, because the walls are different. The easiest in the process of dismantling is a brick wall - removed one row, and all the other rows will go without problems. The most difficult to dismantle is concrete with all its reinforcement - here you have to sweat a lot. It will be necessary to alternately use both the grinder and the puncher.

General part dismantling technology concrete wall fully depends on its thickness, but in general, cutting concrete into cubes is considered the most optimal approach to this matter. We immerse the grinder disc into the wall to the full depth and first make vertical cuts in increments of 50-80mm, and then horizontal ones. The resulting cubes are easily knocked out with a perforator. The next layer of the wall is removed in the same way. With a standard thickness of a bearing concrete wall, such notches are made on both sides - the internal residue is removed in one cut. This applies to internal load-bearing walls in panel houses, but if we talk about external load-bearing walls, then here you will have to cut more than once on each side. In general, this process is tedious, dusty and not very pleasant - in my opinion, it is better to shift it to the shoulders of professional dismantler.

Strengthening openings in load-bearing walls photo

The final stage: the final strengthening of the opening

After the cutting of the opening in the load-bearing walls is completed, there will be very little left. In fact, it is only necessary to complete the begun strengthening of the metal structure. At this stage of work, you need to do the following.

In conclusion, I want to once again draw your attention to the fact that the opening in the bearing wall, especially when it comes to apartment buildings, should be cut out only according to the project approved in special state instances. Unauthorized changes in the design of the house can lead to irreversible consequences - in the end, the lives of many people depend on the correctness of such work!

They decide to reschedule. This method will allow you to rationally use the territory of your apartment. However, often redevelopment also affects load-bearing walls. How to be in such a situation? Can a load bearing wall be demolished? Or, is it possible to make an opening in a load-bearing wall? We will consider the features of load-bearing walls, as well as cases when an opening can be made in them.

Is it possible to demolish a load-bearing wall?

The stability of the house is achieved due to the presence of load-bearing walls, which are made of heavy-duty material. If one of the walls is not removed, then the strength of the entire structure will be at risk. Due to the demolition of the wall, engineering calculations will be violated. Conclusion: it is impossible to completely remove the load-bearing wall, this is fraught with big troubles. It is quite another thing to make an opening in a load-bearing wall. This is allowed under certain circumstances. But for this, it will be necessary to first agree on the issue of redevelopment with the relevant authorities, carefully make calculations.

Features of load-bearing walls

The thing is that the load-bearing wall is subjected to heavy loads. Therefore, how strong it will be depends on the life of the whole house.

Not in all cases it is possible to obtain permission to make an opening in a load-bearing wall! This is due to the fact that the design of houses in all cases can be different. It is especially problematic to obtain such permission if you live on the first or second floor. In these places, the walls are under special stress.

Some take the wrong position on this issue. They make a hole in the wall, and then in fact apply to the authorities that they supposedly did not know or forgot to apply. But such people should be aware of the following. According to the latest rulings, unauthorized opening in a load-bearing wall can result in heavy fines, and in the worst case, deprivation of the right to live in this apartment. But this is the maximum that you can run into. At least in this case, they will force the wall to be restored. Even if you managed to hide the fact of redevelopment, sooner or later they will find out about it.

If you live in brick house, then it is easier to get permission to make an opening in a load-bearing wall.

So, in order to get the coveted permission, you will need to collect the following documentation:

1. Floor plan of the apartment.
2. Remodeling sketch.
3. Apartment ownership certificate.
4. Filling out an application in a strictly prescribed form.

If you still get permission, you can get to work.

Opening manufacturing methods and necessary tools

As for the manufacture of the opening, many will think of a jackhammer. But such a view is erroneous. Although this method has been tested by time, it is not effective in all cases. Moreover, the use of a jackhammer to make an opening in a load-bearing wall has a number of disadvantages:

1. Appears a large number of microcracks.
2. The integrity of the wall is violated, especially if it is made of brick.
3. The made opening must be further processed, which will entail additional costs.
4. In the process of work, a lot of noise and dust arises (secretly, you can’t do it in any way).
5. Many walls have metal reinforcement, which will make it difficult to work.

Today there are a number modern technologies, which allow you to quickly and with minimal labor to make an opening in the load-bearing wall.

• Use of rope equipment. In this case, special bushings and a rope are used, on which artificial diamonds are installed. This method is effective for the reason that when it is used, dust, vibration, and noise are not generated.
• Diamond drilling. Here, special diamond-coated drills are used. They can drill even holes around the entire contour of the opening. Accordingly, this method will save your costs for the subsequent processing of the walls. The use of diamond drilling allows you to maintain the integrity of the wall, both brick and reinforced concrete.
• Saws with a diamond dusting. Most best way if you want to find the best option making an opening in a load-bearing wall. There are two cutting methods: stationary and manual. The choice will depend on the size of the opening and the required quality.

Break not build!

To begin with, it is necessary to carry out a number of preparatory processes. A jumper is pre-made, which will take on the entire main load from the wall above. This element is very important: the safety of the entire structure and yours, respectively, will directly depend on its strength. In this case, the following must be taken into account:

• wall thickness,
• the ratio of the size of the wall and the opening,
• technical condition of the wall,
• the material the walls are made of
• distance to adjacent walls and ceiling,
• the location of the floor slabs,
• the number of floors above your apartment.

In the event that the opening will be made in a large wall, the floor slabs should first be supported. For example, props can be made from pipes or logs.

As for the material for the jumper, steel would be ideal. It is the most reliable and strong material for this purpose. As a rule, you can purchase a channel that is bolted on both sides or an I-beam. If you opted for installing a channel, then M20 bolts are suitable for connecting it. The distance between them should be half a meter. The length of the jumper must be sufficient so that it does not bend under heavy loads.

Now let's start making the opening. To begin with, the plaster is removed from the wall. To do this, you can first draw the outlines of the opening with chalk. Then an opening is cut for mounting the jumper. These strobes are made from two sides. Next, you need to drill holes for fastening the jumpers with bolts. These niches must be well cleaned so that a channel can be easily installed in them. Dust should be removed by wetting the wall with water.

After making the strobe, prepare a cement mortar from M500 cement. The solution should be dense and thick. It should be laid in the manufactured strobe, and then, install the channel and tighten it with bolts. Now the whole structure should solidify well.

In the process of work, voids may form. How to eliminate them? To do this, you can take small pieces of a block / brick, which are installed on the same solution.

Bolted connections must necessarily have washers!

After that, you can proceed directly to punching the opening. In this case, you can use any of the above methods. It should be noted that the punching of the opening must be done gradually. Think about how you will dispose of the resulting garbage and what size waste should be.

After making the opening, the slopes should be finished. In some cases, it is possible to make a reinforcement of the structure, especially if the opening has a large thickness. To do this, a metal corner is mounted in the corners, which can be welded to the jumper. These corners are also welded together with metal plates. It remains only to plaster the slopes and proceed to the finishing.

There is another method for making a lintel from a reinforced concrete beam. In terms of its strength, it is in no way inferior to the above technology. To install it, you must first make a through opening for the entire length of the reinforced concrete beam. She, in turn, is laid on cement mortar. It is possible to break through the opening only when the cement with the beam has seized. The subsequent process is the same as above.

If you want to use non-standard solutions according to the interior design of the room, during redevelopment, it is possible to make an arched opening in the load-bearing wall. But in this case, you will need to make a special design. To make such an opening, you will need to first prepare a profile or other material that will exactly repeat the outlines of the opening. Fastening is carried out according to the same principle. The only difference is that the structure as a beam should be bolted not only to each other, but also to the wall.

Before punching a hole in a load-bearing wall, weigh the pros and cons. Remember that you must first obtain the appropriate permission.

Video

Detailed instructions for making an opening in a load-bearing wall:

We are often asked: how realistic is the opening in the load-bearing wall? And this is no accident - recently, one of the most common options for redevelopment of an apartment in typical houses is the arrangement of such openings. Most often, the need for an additional opening arises as a result of a bathroom or bathroom due to which the entrance to the kitchen is laid, and a new one is made from the adjacent room. But there are many other redevelopment options that affect load-bearing walls.

But whichever one you choose, it should be borne in mind that the main wall is always a key element in the construction of a house, ensuring its strength and stability, and hence the safety of all residents.

What threatens the unauthorized device of the opening in the bearing wall

Moreover, they can be forced to return "everything as it was" before redevelopment, because the housing inspectorate is endowed with very wide powers, starting with fines and ending with the transfer of the case to court, the verdict of which may be eviction from the apartment. Therefore, before you arbitrarily make an opening in a load-bearing wall, you should obtain permission from the MZHI.

Why Carrier Opening Device Is Denied

Many will have a question: “why is it possible for one, and for others, it seems to be the same thing, it is impossible?”. That's just the point, that "like". In order to understand the difference, you need to know the features of the device a lot. storey building, and it is your home.

In most typical panel and block houses, external and many internal walls apartments - bearing, that is, serving as a support for horizontal slabs (ceilings), thus ensuring the stability of a multi-ton structure. And the closer the wall is to the foundation, the greater the total weight it "holds" on itself.

That is why it is more likely to obtain permission for an opening in a load-bearing wall if the apartment is located on one of the upper floors, although even here everything depends on the current situation, in our practice, openings on the 2nd floor of a 17-storey building were approved, and refusals were received for openings on the 22nd floor of a 22-storey building.

Also, the condition of the walls in the apartments located on the floor above and below affects the ability to obtain a permit. That is, if at least one of these apartments has already made a similar opening, your chances are greatly reduced. Although it doesn’t matter, the possibility of reconciling still remains, but the only condition is the exact coincidence of the openings vertically. The factors on which the ability to cut an opening in a load-bearing wall depends do not end there - one of the main ones is the indentation of the opening from outer wall at least 1 meter.

The author of the project of the house is also obliged to take into account the degree of wear of the supporting structures, because houses, like people, tend to "age". And also check whether the planned opening coincides with the junction of the ceilings and the wall.

All these components will depend (in case of a positive decision) on the size of the opening in the bearing wall (the width of the standard opening in the houses of GUP MNIITEP is 90 cm), its possible location, as well as the method of using metal profiles.

Features of coordinating the redevelopment with an opening in the bearing wall

All of the above and other information should be reflected in the developed on the state of the structures and the possibility of opening the opening. And all work must be carried out in accordance with the redevelopment project approved by the Housing Inspectorate.

If the opening has already been completed, a TOR will be required on the admissibility and safety of its device. It will show whether it will be permissible to leave it, or whether a partial (or complete) laying of this opening is necessary, as well as other actions, such as additional reinforcement. Prices for the design of openings may vary depending on the type of house, year of construction and other factors.

We also note that work on the organization of openings should be carried out in strict accordance with the project. If it specifies the use of unequal corners as reinforcement (relevant for MNIITEP houses), then channels should not be used instead. We will talk about the types of amplification in more detail below.

The dismantling of the wall section under the opening is usually recommended to be done with a non-impact tool, that is, with a diamond wheel. Cutting and reinforcing a new opening must be witnessed by concealed work. Therefore, it is better to immediately choose a contractor who has the appropriate one. If your repairmen do not have access, then when contacting us, we can, on the basis of an agreement, carry out technical supervision of the work of your builders.

It should be noted that since 2007, in all apartment buildings designed by SUE MNIITEP, and this most of panel housing stock in Moscow, openings in load-bearing walls are prohibited. In addition to individual series (for example, P44T), where in 3-room apartments a place has been prepared in advance for an opening between the kitchen and the room - the so-called transforming wall.

Now let's talk about technical nuances and differences in the arrangement of the opening in the load-bearing walls of houses of various types.

The device of rectangular openings in load-bearing walls of various types , differs from a technical point of view.

Let's start with hole in brick wall . From the point of view of construction work, this is the simplest type of reinforcement, since there are no loads that are distributed throughout the wall. Usually, the load on the lintel is calculated, based on the results of the calculations, the opening is reinforced with a lintel. The main difficulty in calculating the opening in a brick wall is the presence of many channels in them. Recall that interfere with the design of ventilation ducts.

Reinforcement of the opening in a brick load-bearing wall is carried out as follows: two strobes are cut along the contour of the lintel, channels are inserted on both sides of the wall, which are pulled together. In this case, the voids between the brick and the metal are filled with cement mortar. After it dries, an opening is cut and vertical channels are installed.

Important: when making an opening in a brick house, a masonry defect may be found in the load-bearing wall, simply put, the bricks can fall off. In this case, packers are used - special tubes that are hammered into the brick through holes in the channel, after which the voids are filled with cement.

At arrangement of openings in the bearing walls of panel houses it is necessary to calculate the stress vector in the wall. This can be done both with the help of special programs, and with the help of pre-compiled tables (which are available in design institutes). Reinforcement of the opening in the bearing wall occurs with the help of an unequal corner with dimensions of 100x63x8. Just as in the case with brick wall, use a self-expanding polymer solution.

Separate "talents" reinforce openings in panel houses with the help of a channel, which is absolutely impossible to do.

It is also worth noting that in panel houses there are defects in the installation of load-bearing elements, in which the inter-panel joint is displaced, and sometimes even the panel has a thickness less than planned, in connection with which the engineer of the design institute may refuse to open the opening.

Is it possible to expand the load-bearing opening in a monolithic house? Device opening or its expansion in the wall , somewhat safer than in panel houses, and there are fewer load-bearing walls in such buildings. The difficulties include only the thickness of the walls, which can reach half a meter on the lower floors.

Opening expansion various shapes in load-bearing walls

You need to understand that the expansion of the opening is a rather complicated event from the point of view of an engineer who will calculate for you its allowable width, and indeed the admissibility of his device, since in the event of an emergency it is he who is criminally responsible for it. As a rule, openings in the load-bearing walls of panel houses are not allowed to be expanded. By the way, in panel houses built after 2007 according to the projects of OJSC MNIITEP, they also rarely give permission for an opening. Theoretically, it is possible to expand the opening in the load-bearing wall in any building, but in practice, many design institutes prefer not to tie their fate to such a risk.

Arched opening device in a load-bearing wall

And now we will talk about the real architectural. Let us explain: it is much easier to arrange an ordinary rectangular opening with a margin of height, and then arrange a plasterboard arch in it, than to reinforce an arched opening. The fact is that during this event, a certain number of cuts are cut in the channel, after which it is bursting in the opening with the help of a jack. The work is technically complex, time-consuming and expensive. Thus, it is unprofitable for either the customer or the construction team. By the way, OJSC MNIITEP, as a rule, when an arched opening is found, does not complicate and simply restores the wall.

The device of the opening or its expansion in the load-bearing wall without reinforcement with metal structures

Yes, yes, it happens, and this applies, as a rule, to monolithic houses, since the bearing capacity of the walls of the monolith is much higher than that of their panel and brick counterparts, since they are often low-rise. Often, this happens on the upper floors of buildings.

As you can judge by reading the material of the article, it is quite difficult to make an opening in a load-bearing wall in compliance with all building codes, and therefore there is a possibility that you will contact specialists. Our company, not only re-planning projects (including those with an opening in the bearing wall), but also successfully coordinating them in the Moscow Housing Inspection for more than one year. us or write to the e-mail, which can be found in the upper right corner of the screen.

Examples of openings in load-bearing walls

Normative acts regulating the rules for arranging openings in load-bearing walls:

SP 20.13330.2011. Loads and impacts
SP 52-101-2003 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures
SP 15.13330.2010 Stone and reinforced masonry structures
SP 70.13330.2011 Bearing and enclosing structures.
SP 54.13330.2011 Residential multi-apartment buildings

The main document regulating the impact on load-bearing structures and in particular the organization of openings in load-bearing walls is SNiP 3.03.01-87, which was introduced to replace several different SNiPs and SNs.