Wooden beams for a span of 6 meters. Overlapping of large spans with wooden beams: glued beams, wooden trusses. Pros and cons of wood flooring

Beams in the house are usually referred to rafter system or ceiling, and in order to obtain a reliable design, the operation of which can be carried out without any fear, it is necessary to use beam calculator.

What is the beam calculator based on

When the walls are already brought under the second floor or under the roof, it is necessary to make, in the second case, smoothly turning into rafter legs. At the same time, the materials must be selected so that the load on the brick or log walls does not exceed the permissible level, and the strength of the structure is at the proper level. Therefore, if you are going to use wood, you need to choose the right beams from it, make calculations to find out the desired thickness and sufficient length.

Sagging or partial destruction of the floor can be caused by various reasons, for example, too large a step between the lags, deflection of the crossbars, too small a cross-sectional area or defects in the structure. To exclude possible excesses, you should find out the estimated load on the floor, whether it is basement or interfloor, after which we use the beam calculator, taking into account their own mass. The latter can vary in concrete lintels, the weight of which depends on the density of reinforcement; for wood and metal, with a certain geometry, the mass is constant. An exception is damp wood, which is not used in construction work without pre-drying.

On beam systems in floors and roof structures exert a load of forces acting on the bending of the section, on torsion, on deflection along the length. For rafters, it is also necessary to provide for snow and wind loads, which also create certain forces applied to the beams. You also need to accurately determine the required spacing between the jumpers, since too many crossbars will lead to excess weight ceilings (or roofs), and too little, as mentioned above, will weaken the structure.

You may also be interested in the article on calculating the amount of unedged and edged board cubed:

How to calculate the load on the floor beam

The distance between the walls is called a span, and there are two of them in a room, and one span will necessarily be smaller than the other if the shape of the room is not square. Lintels of an interfloor or attic floor should be laid along a shorter span, the optimal length of which is from 3 to 4 meters. Beams may be required for larger distances custom sizes, which will lead to some fluctuation of the flooring. The best way out in this case would be to use metal crossbars.

As for the section wooden beam, there is a certain standard that requires the sides of the beam to be related as 7: 5, that is, the height is divided into 7 parts, and 5 of them should make up the width of the profile. In this case, the deformation of the section is excluded, but if you deviate from the above indicators, then with a width exceeding the height, you will get a deflection, or, in case of a reverse discrepancy, a bend to the side. To prevent this from happening due to the excessive length of the beam, you need to know how to calculate the load on the beam. In particular, the allowable deflection is calculated from the ratio to the length of the jumper, as 1:200, that is, it should be 2 centimeters by 4 meters.

So that the beam does not sag under the weight of the lags and flooring, as well as interior items, you can carve it from the bottom by several centimeters, giving it the shape of an arch, in which case its height should have an appropriate margin.

Now let's turn to the formulas. The same deflection, which was mentioned earlier, is calculated as follows: fnorm \u003d L / 200, where L- the span length, and 200 - the allowable distance in centimeters for each unit of subsidence of the timber. For reinforced concrete beam, distributed load q to which 400 kg / m 2 is usually equated, the calculation of the limiting bending moment is performed according to the formula M max \u003d (q · L 2) / 8. In this case, the number of reinforcement and its weight is determined according to the following table:

Cross-sectional areas and masses of reinforcing bars

The load on any beam of sufficiently homogeneous material is calculated using a number of formulas. To begin with, the moment of resistance W ≥ M / R is calculated. Here M is the maximum bending moment of the applied load, and R- design resistance, which is taken from reference books, depending on the material used. Since beams are most often rectangular in shape, the moment of resistance can be calculated differently: W z \u003d b h 2 / 6, where b is the width of the beam, and h- height.

What else you should know about beam loads

The ceiling, as a rule, is at the same time the floor of the next floor and the ceiling of the previous one. So, you need to make it so that there is no risk of combining the upper and lower rooms by simply overloading the furniture. This is especially likely to occur when big step between the beams and the rejection of lags (plank floors are laid directly on the timber laid in the spans). In this case, the distance between the crossbars directly depends on the thickness of the boards, for example, if it is 28 millimeters, then the length of the board should not be more than 50 centimeters. In the presence of lags, the minimum gap between the beams can reach 1 meter.

You should also take into account the mass used for the floor. For example, if mineral wool mats are laid, then square meter basement floor will weigh from 90 to 120 kilograms, depending on the thickness of the thermal insulation. Sawdust concrete will double the mass of the same section. The use of expanded clay will make the floor even harder, since the load per square meter will be 3 times more than when laying mineral wool. Further, we should not forget about the payload, which for interfloor ceilings is 150 kilograms per square meter minimum. In the attic, it is enough to accept an allowable load of 75 kilograms per square.

In order to build a reliable wooden floor, it is necessary to correctly select the dimensions of the beams, and for this it is necessary to calculate them. Wooden floor beams have the following main dimensions: length and section. Their length is determined by the width of the span to be covered, and the cross section depends both on the load that will act on them, on the length of the span and the installation step, that is, the distance between them. In this article, we will look at how to independently make such a calculation and choose the right size for the beams.

Calculation of timber floor beams

In order to determine how many wooden beams and what sizes are required for the flooring device, it is necessary:

• measure the span that they will cover;
• determine how to fix them on the walls (to what depth they will go into the walls);
• make a calculation of the load that will act on them during operation;
• using tables or a calculator program, select the appropriate step and section.

Now let's see how this can be done.

Length of wooden floor beams

The required length of the floor beams is determined by the size of the span that they will cover and the margin necessary for embedding them into the walls. The length of the span is easy to measure with a tape measure, and the depth of embedding into the walls largely depends on their material.

In houses with walls made of bricks or blocks, beams are usually embedded in "nests" to a depth of at least 100 mm (board) or 150 mm (beam). AT wooden houses they are usually placed in special notches to a depth of not less than 70 mm. When using a special metal fastener (clamps, corners, brackets), the length of the beams will be equal to the span - the distance between the opposite walls on which they are mounted. Sometimes when installing rafter legs roofs directly on wooden beams, they are released outside, outside the walls by 30-50 cm, thus forming a roof overhang.

The optimal span that can overlap wooden beams is 2.5–4 m. The maximum length of a beam made of edged boards or timber, that is, the span that it can span, is 6 m. beams made of glued beams or I-beams, and you can also rest them on intermediate supports (walls, columns). In addition, wooden trusses can be used instead of beams to cover spans longer than 6 m.

Determination of the load acting on the floor

The load acting on the ceiling on wooden beams consists of the load from the own weight of the ceiling elements (beams, inter-beam filling, lining) and permanent or temporary operational load (furniture, various household appliances, materials, people's weight). It, as a rule, depends on the type of overlap and the conditions of its operation. The exact calculation of such loads is rather cumbersome and is performed by specialists when designing the floor, but if you want to do it yourself, you can use a simplified version of it, given below.

For an attic wooden floor, which is not used for storing things or materials, with light insulation (mineral wool or others) and filing, a constant load (from its own weight - Rown.) Is usually taken within 50 kg / m2.

The operational load (Reexpl.) for such an overlap (according to SNiP 2.01.07-85) will be:

70x1.3 \u003d 90 kg / m 2, where 70 is the standard load value for this type of attic, kg / m2, 1.3 is the safety factor.

The total design load that will act on this attic floor will be:

Ptot.=Pown.+Reexpl. \u003d 50 + 90 \u003d 130 kg / m 2. Rounding up, we accept 150 kg / m 2.

In the event that a heavier insulation, material for inter-beam filling or filing will be used in the design of the attic space, and also if it is supposed to be used for storing things or materials, that is, it will be intensively used, then the standard load value should be increased to 150 kg / m2. In this case, the total load on the floor will be:

50 + 150x1.3 \u003d 245 kg / m 2, round up to 250 kg / m 2.

When using attic space for an attic device, it is necessary to take into account the weight of floors, partitions, and furniture. In this case, the total design load must be increased to 300-350 kg/m 2 .

Due to the fact that the interfloor wooden floor, as a rule, includes floors in its design, and the temporary operational load includes the weight a large number household items and the maximum presence of people, then it should be designed for a total load of 350 - 400 kg / m 2.

Cross-section and step of timber floor beams

Knowing the required length of the beams hardwood floor(L) and having determined the total design load, it is possible to determine their required cross section (or diameter) and the laying step, which are interconnected. Considered to be the best rectangular section hardwood floor beams, with a ratio of height (h) and width (s) as 1.4:1. The width of the beams, in this case, can be in the range of 40-200 mm, and the height is 100-300 mm. The height of the beams is often chosen such that it corresponds to the required thickness of the insulation. When used as log beams, their diameter can be in the range of 11-30 cm.

Depending on the type and section of the material used, the pitch of the wooden beams overlapping can be from 30 cm to 1.2 m, but most often it is selected in the range of 0.6-1.0 m. Sometimes it is chosen so that it matches the size of the insulation boards laid in the inter-beam space, or ceiling filing sheets. In addition, in frame buildings, it is desirable that the step of laying the beams correspond to the step of the frame racks - in this case, the greatest rigidity and reliability of the structure will be ensured.

You can calculate or check the already selected dimensions of wooden floor beams using the reference tables (some are given below) or using online calculator"calculation of wooden floor beams", which is easy to find on the Internet by "scoring" the corresponding query in a search engine. At the same time, it should be taken into account that their relative deflection for attic floors should not be more than 1/250, and for interfloor floors - 1/350.

Table 1

table 2

Table 3

Table 4

The possibility of unsupported overlapping of large areas greatly expands the architectural possibilities when designing a house. A positive solution to the beam issue allows you to "play" with the volume of rooms, install panoramic windows, build large halls. But if it is not difficult to block a distance of 3-4 meters with a “tree”, then which beams to use on a span of 5 m or more is already a difficult question.

Wooden floor beams - dimensions and loads

Made a wood floor log house, and the floor is shaking, bending, the “trampoline” effect has appeared; we want to make wooden floor beams of 7 meters; you need to block the room with a length of 6.8 meters so as not to rest the logs on intermediate supports; what should be the floor beam for a span of 6 meters, a house made of timber; what to do if you want to make a free layout - such questions are often asked by members of the forum.

Maxinova FORUMHOUSE User

My house is about 10x10 meters. I “threw” wooden logs onto the ceiling, their length is 5 meters, the section is 200x50. The distance between the lags is 60 cm. During the operation of the floor, it turned out that when children run in one room and you stand in another, there is quite a strong vibration on the floor.

And this case is far from the only one.

elena555 FORUMHOUSE User

I can’t figure out which beams for interfloor ceilings are needed. My house is 12x12 meters, 2-storey. The first floor is made of aerated concrete, the second floor is attic, wooden, covered with a beam 6000x150x200mm, laid every 80 cm. When I walk on the second floor, I feel shaking.

Beams for long spans must withstand heavy loads, therefore, in order to build a strong and reliable wooden floor with a large span, they must be carefully calculated. First of all, you need to understand what kind of load it can withstand wooden log one section or another. And then think over, having determined the load for the floor beam, what rough and top coat gender; what will the ceiling be hemmed with; whether the floor will be a full-fledged living space or a non-residential attic above the garage.

Leo060147 FORUMHOUSE User

1. The load from the own weight of all structural elements of the floor. This includes the weight of beams, insulation, fasteners, flooring, ceiling, etc.
2. operating load. The operating load can be permanent or temporary.

When calculating the operating load, the mass of people, furniture, household appliances etc. The load temporarily increases with the arrival of guests, noisy celebrations, rearrangement of furniture, if it is moved away from the walls to the center of the room.

Therefore, when calculating the operating load, it is necessary to think through everything - up to what furniture is planned to be installed, and whether there is a possibility of installation in the future sports simulator, which also weighs far from one kilogram.

For the load acting on wooden beams of a long floor, the following values ​​\u200b\u200bare taken (for attic and interfloor floors):

• Attic floor - 150 kg / sq.m. Where (according to SNiP 2.01.07-85), taking into account the safety factor - 50 kg / sq.m - this is the load from the floor's own weight, and 100 kg / sq.m - the standard load.

If it is planned to store things, materials and other household items in the attic, then the load is assumed to be 250 kg / sq.m.

• For interfloor floors and ceilings attic floor the total load is taken from the calculation of 350-400 kg / sq.m.

Overlapping boards 200 by 50 and other running sizes

These are the beams on a span of 4 meters that are allowed by the regulations.

Most often, in the construction of wooden floors, boards and timber of the so-called running sizes are used: 50x150, 50x200, 100x150, etc. Such beams satisfy the standards ( after calculation), if it is planned to block the opening no more than four meters.

For overlapping with a length of 6 meters or more, the dimensions 50x150, 50x200, 100x150 are no longer suitable.

Wooden beam over 6 meters: subtleties

A beam for a span of 6 meters or more should not be made of timber and boards of running sizes.

You should remember the rule: the strength and rigidity of the floor to a greater extent depend on the height of the beam and, to a lesser extent, on its width.

A distributed and concentrated load acts on the floor beam. Therefore, wooden beams for large spans are not designed "end-to-end", but with a margin of strength and allowable deflection. This ensures normal and safe operation overlap.

50x200 - overlap for an opening of 4 and 5 meters.

To calculate the load that the overlap will withstand, you must have the appropriate knowledge. In order not to delve into the strength of materials formulas (and this is definitely redundant when building a garage), it is enough for an ordinary developer to use online calculators for calculating wooden single-span beams.

Leo060147 FORUMHOUSE User

A self-builder is most often not a professional designer. All he wants to know is which beams need to be installed in the ceiling so that it meets the basic requirements for strength and reliability. This is what online calculators allow you to calculate.

These calculators are easy to use. To make calculations of the necessary values, it is enough to enter the dimensions of the lag and the length of the span, which they must cover.

Also, to simplify the task, you can use ready-made tables presented by the gurus of our forum with the nickname Roracotta.

Roracotta FORUMHOUSE User

I spent several evenings to make tables that even a novice builder will understand:

Table 1. It presents data that meet minimum requirements on the load for the floors of the second floor - 147kg / sq.m.

Note: since the tables are based on American standards, and the dimensions of lumber overseas are somewhat different from the sections adopted in our country, the column highlighted in yellow should be used in the calculations.

Table 2. Here are the data on the average load for the floors of the first and second floors - 293 kg / sq.m.

Table 3. Here are the data for the calculated increased load of 365 kg / sq.m.

How to calculate the distance between I-beams

If you carefully read the tables presented above, it becomes clear that with an increase in the length of the span, first of all, it is necessary to increase the height of the log, and not its width.

Leo060147 FORUMHOUSE User

You can change the stiffness and strength of the lag upwards by increasing its height and making “shelves”. That is, a wooden I-beam is being made.

Independent production of a wooden glued beam

One solution for long span spans is the use of timber beams in the spans. Consider a span of 6 meters - which beams can withstand a large load.

According to the type of cross section, a long beam can be:

• rectangular;
• I-beam;
• box-shaped.

There is no consensus among self-builders which section is better. If you do not take into account purchased products (prefabricated I-beams), then the simplicity of manufacturing in the "field conditions" comes first, without the use of expensive equipment and tooling.

Just Grandpa FORUMHOUSE User

If you look at the cross section of any metal I-beam, you can see that from 85% to 90% of the mass of the metal is concentrated in the "shelves". The bonding wall accounts for no more than 10-15% of the metal. This is done on the basis of calculation.

What board to use for beams

According to the strength of materials: the larger the section of the “shelves” and the further they are spaced from each other in height, the greater the load the I-beam will withstand. For a self-builder, the optimal technology for manufacturing an I-beam is a simple box-shaped design, where the upper and lower "shelves" are made of a board laid flat. (50x150mm, and the side walls are made of plywood with a thickness of 8-12 mm and a height of 350 to 400 mm (determined by calculation), etc.).

Plywood is nailed to the shelves or screwed with self-tapping screws (only not black, they do not cut) and must be glued.

If you install such an I-beam on a six-meter span in increments of 60 cm, then it will withstand a large load. Additionally, an I-beam for a ceiling of 6 meters can be laid with a heater.

Also, using a similar principle, you can connect two long boards, assembling them into a “package”, and then put them on top of each other on an edge (take boards at 150x50 or 200x50), as a result, the cross section of the beam will be 300x100 or 400x100 mm. The boards are planted on glue and pulled together with studs or planted on capercaillie / dowels. You can also screw or nail plywood to the side surfaces of such a beam, having previously lubricated it with glue.

Also interesting is the experience of a forum member under the nickname Taras174, who decided to make his own glued I-beam to cover a span of 8 meters.

For this, the forum member purchased OSB sheets 12 mm thick, cut them lengthwise into five equal parts. Then I bought a board 150x50 mm, 8 meters long. Fresa " dovetail"I chose a groove 12 mm deep and 14 mm wide in the middle of the board - so that I get a trapezoid with an extension downwards. OSB in grooves Taras174 glued with the help of polyester resin (epoxy), having previously “shooted” a strip of fiberglass 5 mm wide to the end of the plate with a stapler. This, according to the forum member, would strengthen the design. To speed up drying, the glued area was heated with a heater.

Taras174 FORUMHOUSE User

On the first beam, I trained "filled my hand." The second one was done in 1 business day. At a cost, taking into account all materials, I include a solid board of 8 meters, the cost of a beam is 2000 rubles. for 1 piece

Despite the positive experience, such a "squatter" did not escape several criticisms made by our experts. Namely.

Among the many structural elements overlapping of a private house is one of the most responsible and difficult to design, install assemblies. It is here that inexperienced builders make, perhaps, the most dangerous mistakes, it is on the arrangement of this system that the most questions are asked.

1. Why choose a tree

In any building, the floor is a horizontal structure that acts as the basis for creating the floor. In addition, being tied with the load-bearing walls of the house, it provides the building with lateral stability, evenly distributing possible loads. Therefore, the highest requirements are placed on the reliability of this design.

Regardless of what material is used in the construction of a house, in the private sector, the most common is just wooden floors. They are often seen in various stone cottages, and it is quite obvious that in wooden construction(log, beam, frame and frame-panel technology) there is no alternative to such a solution. There are many objective reasons for this. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of wood floors.

In private low-rise construction, floors are mounted in several versions:

• Finished concrete slab
• Monolithic reinforced concrete slab,
• Ready reinforced concrete beams,
• Beams and trusses from rolled metal products,
• Lumber cover.

pros

Or why hardwood floors are so popular.

• Small mass. Using a board or beam, we do not overload bearing walls and foundation. The weight of the floor is several times less than that of concrete or metal structures. Usually no technology is required.
• Minimum terms of performance of works. The minimum labor intensity among all options.
• Versatility. Suitable for any building, in any environment.
• Possibility of installation at sub-zero and very high temperatures.
• Absence of "wet" and dirty processes.
• The possibility of obtaining any level of heat-insulating and sound-proofing characteristics.
• Possibility of using cavities for laying engineering communications(electricity, heating, water supply, sewerage, low current ...).
• Relatively low price of a prefabricated frame floor made of lumber, both in terms of the cost of parts / components, and in terms of the contractor's wages.

Minuses

The disadvantages of a wooden overlapping system made of wood are rather arbitrary.

• The complexity of choosing the cross-section of materials and design solutions to ensure the calculated bearing capacity.
• The need to perform additional fire prevention measures, as well as provide protection from moisture and pests (antiseptic).
• The need to purchase soundproofing materials.
• Strict adherence to technology to avoid construction errors.

2. What material to use for assembly

Wooden floor - always consists of beams. That's just made they can be from a variety of lumber:

• Log rounded up to 30 cm in diameter.
• The beam is four-edged.
• Board of large section (thickness from 50 mm, width up to 300 mm).
• Several boards of relatively small thickness, twisted with layers to each other.
• I-beams, the upper and lower chords of which are made of edged planed board / bar, and the vertical wall is made of OSB-3, plywood or profiled metal (wood-metal product).
• Closed boxes from sheet materials(plywood, OSB).
• SIP panel. In fact, these are separate sections in which the beams are already sheathed and have an insulator inside.
• Various truss designs, allowing you to cover large spans.

The simplest for installation, as well as the cheapest and most convenient for subsequent operations, are the options when the floor beams are made of edged lumber.

Due to the very high requirements for load-bearing capacity, durability and geometrical deviations, first-class sawn timber must be considered as blanks. It is possible to use products that belong to the second grade according to GOST, which do not have critical geometric deviations, flaws and processing defects that can reduce the strength characteristics and service life of finished parts (through knots, graininess, oblique layers, deep extended cracks ...).

In these structures, the use of dead wood (dead wood, fallen wood, burnt wood) is excluded due to insufficient strength and multiple lesions by wood-destroying diseases and insects. It would also be a big mistake to buy a beam or a board “with air”, “with Armenian size”, “TU” - due to underestimated sections.

It should be an exceptionally healthy material from green spruce or pine, since the needles, due to their resin content and the structure of the massif, endure bending loads and compression much better than most hardwoods, and having a relatively low specific gravity.

Anyway edged lumber must be freed from the remnants of the bark and bast fibers, treated with an antiseptic and flame retardant. Dry planed sawn timber will show itself best here, but the material natural humidity(up to 20 percent) during normal processing is also actively (and most importantly - effectively) used, especially since the price of edged timber or boards of this type is noticeably lower.

3. How to choose the size of the beams and with what step to arrange them

The length of the beam is calculated in such a way that it overlaps the existing span and has a “margin” to provide support to the load-bearing walls (read below for specific figures for allowable spans and entry into the wall).

The cross section of the board / beam is determined depending on the design loads that will be exerted on the floor during the operation of the building. These loads are divided into:

• Permanent.
• Temporary.

Live loads in a residential building include the weight of people and animals that can move across the floor, moving objects. Constant loads include the mass of the lumber of the structure itself (beams, logs), floor filling (insulation / noise protection, insulating sheets), hemming (rolling), rough and finishing flooring, finishing floor covering, partitions, as well as built-in communications, furniture, equipment and household items...

Also, do not lose sight of the possibility of storing objects and materials, for example, when determining the bearing capacity of the floors of a non-residential cold attic, where unnecessary, rarely used things can be stored.

The sum of permanent and live loads is taken as a starting point, and a safety factor of 1.3 is usually applied to this. The exact figures (including the cross section of lumber) should be determined by specialists in accordance with the provisions of SNiP 2.01.07-85 "Loads and Impacts", but practice shows that the values ​​of loads in private houses with wooden beams are almost identical:

• For interfloor (including under a residential attic) and basement floors, the total load is about 350 - 400 kg / m2, where the share of the structure's own weight is about 100 kilograms.
• To cover an unloaded attic - about 130 - 150 kg / m2.
• To cover the loaded non-residential attic up to 250 kg/m2.

Obviously, unconditional security is paramount. Here a good margin is taken into account and the option is considered not so much of distributed loads on the entire floor (in such quantities they are practically unrealistic), but the possibility of a local load that can lead to deflections, which in turn caused:

• physiological discomfort of residents,
• destruction of components and materials,
• loss of aesthetic properties by the design.

By the way, certain deflection values ​​are allowed normative documents. For residential premises, they can be no more than 1/350 of the span length (that is, 10 mm at 3 meters or 20 mm at six meters), but provided that the above listed limiting requirements are not violated.

When choosing a section of lumber to create a beam, they are usually guided by the ratio of the width and thickness of the beam or board within 1 / 1.5 - 1/4. Specific figures will depend primarily on: loads and span lengths. When designing independently, you can use the data obtained on the basis of calculations using online calculators or publicly available tables.

Optimal average cross-section of timber floor beams, mm

As you can see, in order to increase the bearing capacity of the floor, it is enough to choose lumber with a greater width or greater thickness. Including, it is possible to assemble a beam from two boards, but so that the resulting product has a cross section not less than the calculated one. It should also be noted that the load-bearing properties and stability of a wooden floor increase if logs or various kinds of draft floors are used over the beams (sheet flooring made of plywood / OSB or edged boards).

Another way to improve the power qualities of a wooden floor is to reduce the spacing of the beams. Engineers in their projects of private houses determine in different conditions the distance between the beams is from 300 mm to one and a half meters. AT frame construction the step of the beams is made dependent on the spacing of the racks so that there is a rack under the beam, and not just a run of horizontal strapping. Practice shows that the most appropriate from the point of view of practicality and cost of construction is a step of 600 or 1000 mm, since it is best suited for the subsequent installation of heaters and noise insulation by surprise (insulating materials just have such a form factor of plates and rolls). This distance also creates optimal distance between the support points for mounting the floor log, installed perpendicular to the beams. The dependence of the cross section on the pitch is clearly seen from the numbers in the table.

Possible cross-section of floor beams when changing the pitch (total load per square meter is about 400 kg)

4. How to properly install and secure beams

We decided on a step - from 60 centimeters to a meter will be the golden mean. As for the spans, it is best to limit yourself to 6 meters, ideally: four to five meters. Therefore, the designer always tries to "lay" the beams along the smaller side of the house / room. If the spans are too large (more than 6 meters), then they resort to installing load-bearing walls or supporting columns with crossbars inside the house. This approach allows the use of lumber of a smaller section and increase the spacing, thereby reducing the mass of the floor and its cost for the customer with the same (or better) load-bearing characteristics. Alternatively, trusses are created from lighter lumber using perforated metal fasteners, such as nail plates.

In any case, the beams are set strictly horizontally, parallel to each other, with the same pitch. On load-bearing walls and girders, a wooden beam must rest at least 10 centimeters. As a rule, use 2/3 of the thickness outer wall from the side of the room (so that the end of the beam does not go outside and remains protected from freezing). AT wooden walls make a cut, in stone - leave openings during masonry. At the point where the beams touch load-bearing structures it is necessary to lay insulating materials: damper elastic pads made of rubber / felt, several layers of roofing material as waterproofing, etc. Sometimes, firing of sections of the beam subsequently hidden or coating them with bituminous mastics / primers is used.

Recently, special perforated brackets “beam holders / supports” are used more and more actively to create a ceiling, which allow you to mount the beam end-to-end with the wall. With the help of this type of brackets, nodes with transverse crossbars and beams truncated along the length (an opening for a flight of stairs, a chimney passage, etc.) are also assembled. The advantages of such a solution are obvious:

• The resulting T-connection is very reliable.
• The work is done quickly (you don’t have to make cuts, it’s much easier to set up a single plane).
• There are no cold bridges along the body of the beams, because the end is moving away from the street.
• It is possible to buy lumber of a shorter length, since it is not necessary to start a timber / board inside the wall.

In any case, it is very important to carefully antisepticize the end of the beam after fitting the lumber to size.

5. What insulation layers should be used inside wooden floors

To answer this question, first of all, it is necessary to divide the overlapping structures (in a year-round habitable house) into three separate types:

• ground floor,
• Interfloor,
• Attic.

In each case, the set of pie will be different.

Interfloor ceilings in the vast majority of cases separate the premises in which temperature regime similar or close in value (if there is room / floor / zone adjustment heating system). These also include the attic floor, which separates residential attic, since this room is heated, and the insulation is located inside the roofing pie. For these reasons, thermal insulation is not needed here, but the issue of combating noise, air (voices, music ...) and shock (steps, furniture rearrangement ...) becomes very relevant. As sound insulation in the floor cavity, acoustic fibrous materials created on the basis of mineral wool are laid, and sheets of sound-proof membranes are laid under the skin.

The basement design assumes that under the floor there is soil or a basement, a cellar, ground floor. Even if an operating room is equipped below, this type of flooring needs full insulation, which is characteristic of the building envelope of a specific climatic zone and a specific building with its unique thermal balance. According to the standards, on average for the Moscow region, the thickness of a modern insulation with good thermal conductivity will be about 150-200 mm.

Similar requirements for thermal insulation apply to attic floor, above which there is no heated attic, because it will be the main barrier to heat loss through the roof of the building. By the way, due to the greater flow of heat through the upper part of the house, the thickness of the insulation here may be required more than in other places, for example, 200 mm instead of 150 or 250 mm instead of 200.

Apply foam, EPPS, mineral wool with a density of 35 kg / m3 in slabs or cut into roll mats (the one that is allowed for use in unloaded horizontal structures is suitable). Thermal insulation is laid between the beams, as a rule, in several layers, with dressing of the joints. The load from the insulation is transferred to the beam through a rough hemming (often it is attached to the beams by means of cranial bars).

Where a watt insulation / sound insulator works in structures, it should be protected from moisture. In the basement, moisture can rise in the form of vapor from the ground or from the basement / cellar. Water vapor can get into the interfloor ceilings and attic, which always saturates the air of residential premises in the process of human activities. In both cases, from below, under the insulation, it is necessary to lay a construction vapor barrier film, which can be ordinary or reinforced polyethylene. But, if thermal insulation is carried out using extruded polystyrene foam, which does not have any significant level of water absorption, then vapor barrier is not needed.

From above, insulation and fibrous soundproofing materials are protected by waterproof canvases, which can be membranes or non-perforated waterproofing.

A reliable hydrobarrier is especially relevant in rooms with high humidity: kitchen, laundry, bathroom ... In such places it is spread over the beams, always with an overlap of strips by 100-150 mm and sizing the seam. Cloths along the entire perimeter of the premises are necessarily brought to the wall - to a height of at least 50 mm above the finish coating.

Overlapping, which will be lined in the future tiles, it makes sense to supplement with a rough flooring made of waterproof sheet materials - various types cement-containing slabs, preferably grooved. On such a continuous flooring, additional coating waterproofing can be carried out, a thin-layer leveling of the plane with a leveling compound can be performed, or tiles can be laid immediately.

You can choose another option - to assemble a solid flooring from an edged board, lay a hydro-barrier, pour a thin-layer screed (up to 30 mm), mount a tile.

There are also modern adhesives (and elastic grouts) that allow tiling wooden bases, including movable and heated ones. Therefore, tiled floors are often sold here on moisture-resistant plywood or OSB.

Important! Taking into account the increasing loads (general or local - a large bath, a jacuzzi bowl, a floor-standing boiler ...), the calculation of the section and step of the beams under such premises must be performed individually.

If desired, the floors in the bathroom or in the kitchen wooden house can be completed with a heating cable or pipes for the water circuit of the heating system. They are mounted both in screeds and a layer of tile adhesive, and between lags in a deliberately created air gap. With any option chosen, the ceiling must be well insulated so as not to heat the ceiling of the room from below, preferably equipped with waterproofing with a reflective foil layer.

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